Description

The cave bear was among the largest terrestrial mammals of its time. It inhabited Europe from Spain to the Ural Mountains, thriving in temperate and alpine environments. Its skeleton reveals immense forelimbs, a high domed skull, and massive jaws suited for grinding tough vegetation — though it retained the carnivore’s dental heritage.

Genetic and isotopic studies show Ursus spelaeus was primarily herbivorous, feeding on roots, grasses, and herbs, yet its bulk demanded enormous caloric intake. Caves across Europe served as both dens and graveyards: many sites contain layered remains of bears that died during hibernation.

Evolutionarily, it descended from Ursus deningeri and is closely related to the modern brown bear (Ursus arctos), though distinct genetically and behaviorally.