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Domestic Chicken

Gallus gallus domesticus

🐔

Chordata

Aves

Galliformes

Galloanserae

Phasianidae

Gallus

Gallus gallus domesticus

From Latin gallus (“rooster”) and domesticus (“of the household”), emphasizing its status as one of the first truly domestic animals.

The domestic chicken — the world’s most widespread bird, evolved from the junglefowl of Southeast Asia to become humanity’s most numerous livestock species.

Description

The domestic chicken is a small to medium-sized ground-dwelling bird descended from the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) of Southeast Asia, domesticated roughly 8,000 years ago.
Adults typically weigh 1.5–4 kg, with body size and color variation depending on breed and purpose — egg-laying, meat, or ornamental. Chickens are omnivores, feeding on seeds, insects, and small invertebrates. Their social structure is hierarchical, centered around roosters (males) that protect and court hens.

With an estimated 30 billion individuals, chickens have the largest population of any bird on Earth, their biology deeply intertwined with human food systems, religious rituals, and symbolism.

Quick Facts

Max Mass

Shoulder Height

Standing Height

Length

Diet

Trophic Level

6

kg

m

m

m

Omnivore

Omnivore Broad plant/animal consumer

Hunt History

Genetic and archaeological evidence points to domestication in Southeast Asia — particularly in Thailand, Vietnam, and China — from the red junglefowl. Chickens spread westward along trade and migration routes by the 2nd millennium BCE, reaching Mesopotamia, Africa, and eventually Europe.
In early cultures, chickens symbolized dawn, fertility, and prophecy — sacred to deities from Eos in Greece to Murugan in India.
By the Iron Age, they were widely farmed for meat and eggs.
Modern breeds derive from millennia of selective breeding — a human-made lineage so far removed from the wild that the chicken is arguably the most anthropogenic animal on Earth.

Time & Range

Extinction Status

Domesticated 8,000 years ago

Extinction Date

Temporal Range

Region

BP

Holocene - Present

Asia; now global

Wiki Link

Fat Analysis

Fatness Profile:

Medium

Fat %

15

Est. Renderable Fat

1

kg

Targeted Organs

Subcutaneous Fat, Mesenteric Fat

Adipose Depots

Subcutaneous Fat, Perirenal Fat, Omental Fat

Preferred Cuts

Subcutaneous Fat (skin layer and abdominal deposits)

Hunt Difficulty (x/5)

1

Ethnography List

Historical Entries

January 27, 1860

Curing Hiccups with Small Fires: A Delightful Miscellany of Great British Eccentrics

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Sir George Reresby Sitwell, 4th Baronet, lived on an exclusive diet of roasted chicken according to a 2009 book.

[This is the full wiki page  about this man, but the only interesting part is the last sentence]


Sir George Reresby Sitwell, 4th Baronet (27 January 1860 – 9 July 1943) was a British antiquarian writer and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1885 and 1895.

Biography

Sitwell was born in London, the son of Sir Sitwell Reresby Sitwell, 3rd Baronet and his wife Louisa Lucy Hutchinson, daughter of the Hon. Henry Hely Hutchinson. His father died in 1862 and he succeeded to the baronetcy at the age of two. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He was a lieutenant in the West Yorkshire Yeoman Cavalry.[1]

Sitwell contested Scarborough seven times, losing twice in 1884. He was elected Member of Parliament for the constituency at the 1885 general election, but lost it at the 1886 general election. After regaining the seat in the 1892 general election, he lost it again in the 1895 general election.[2]

A keen antiquarian, Sitwell worked on the Sacheverell papers, and wrote a biography of his ancestor, William Sacheverell and published The Letters of the Sitwells and Sacheverells. His collection of books and papers are said to have filled seven sitting-rooms at the family house, Renishaw Hall, in Derbyshire. He researched genealogy and heraldry, and was a keen designer of gardens (he studied garden design in Italy).[3]

In 1909 he purchased the Castello di Montegufoni, near Florence, then a wreck inhabited by three hundred peasants.[4] Over the next three decades he restored it to its original design, commissioned the Italian painter Gino Severini to paint the murals,[5] and took up permanent residence there in 1925, writing to the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Chancellor of the Exchequer to explain that taxes had forced him to settle in Italy.[4]

He remained in Italy at the outbreak of war, but in 1942 moved to Switzerland and died at Locarno at the age of 83. He held his baronetcy for 81 years 89 days, longer than all his three predecessors, and one of the longest times anyone has held a baronetcy in England.

Sitwell married, in 1886, Ida Emily Augusta Denison, daughter of William Henry Forester Denison (later 1st Earl of Londesborough). In 1915 he refused to pay off her many creditors, and saw her prosecuted and imprisoned at Holloway for three months. He was succeeded by his elder son Osbert, who described him vividly in his five-volume autobiography. Sir George's other two children were the writers Edith and Sacheverell Sitwell.[4]

Sitwell was known for his eccentric behaviour.[6] He banned electricity in his household well into the 1940s and made his guests use candles.[6] He deliberately mislabelled his self-medication to stop anyone else using it. Sitwell lived on an exclusive diet of roasted chicken.[6]

January 15, 1933

Ten Lessons on Meat for use in School

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"At the beginning of the second year small servings of tender meat—beef, chicken, lamb, or liver, boiled, broiled, or roasted, and finely minced should be given at least three times a week. By the time the child is eighteen months old he may have meat or fish every day."

Meat in the diet of the child. 


The growing child has a greater "protein requirement" than an adult, because of constantly building new tissue and wearing out old. There are the same good reasons for using meat as the source of protein in the diet of the child as in the diet of the grown-up. 


Liver is used with excellent results in child feeding. In the first place, the protein of liver is of high biologic value and it is relatively free from connective tissue; in the second place, it is a good source of vitamins; and in the third place, it is rich in iron. In regard to vitamins, liver is given as an excellent source of vitamins A and G; a good source of vitamin B; and vitamins C and D are present. Bacon, because it is so easily digested, is one of the first meats to be given to the very young child. In planning the diet of the child, it must be borne in mind that the "protein requirement" should be met with protein of high biologic value, and the animal proteins—meat, milk, cheese, and eggs—fall in this class. 


A publication from the Children's Bureau, United States Department of Labor, makes the following statement regarding meat in the diet of the pre-school child: 


"Meat and fish supply valuable proteins, minerals, and vitamins. At the beginning of the second year small servings of tender meat—beef, chicken, lamb, or liver, boiled, broiled, or roasted, and finely minced should be given at least three times a week. By the time the child is eighteen months old he may have meat or fish every day. As the child's ability to chew increases, he may be given larger pieces of meat, but it always must be tender. Veal, ham, or pork, properly cooked, may be given to the child over four."3 


Meat in reproduction and lactation. 


In recent animal experimentation4  it has been found that reproduction and lactation were improved by the addition of a meat supplement to a wheat-milk diet. The rate of growth and the general vigor of the young of the meat fed animals were greater than in the control group. Experiments of this nature are of considerable significance in human nutrition.

January 3, 1923

Elliott P. Joslin

The Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

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Joslin's food values important to the treatment of diabetes lists many zerocarb foods such as meat, chicken, bacon, cheese, butter, oil, fish, and broth. He jokes later that it is impractible to show carb counts in other foods because they're effectively banned.

"Caloric Values which Every Doctor Should Know by Heart. 


The quantity of carbohydrate, protein and fat found in an ordinary diet must be known by a physician if he wishes to treat a case of diabetes successfully. If he cannot calculate the diet he will lose the respect of his patient. The value of the different foods in the diet can be calculated easily from the diet Table 165. This is purposely simple, because a diet chart, to be useful, must be easily remembered . With these food values as a basis it is possible to give a rough estimate of the value and composition of almost any food . Various foods are also classified according to the content of carbohydrate (see p.435) in 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent groups, and the lists are so arranged that those first in each group contain the least, those at the end the most . This is a practical and sufficiently accurate arrangement , because except in the most exact experiments the errors in the preparation of the food are too great to warrant closer reckoning. It is practically impossible , except when accurate analyses of the diet are made , to reckon the car bohydrate for the twenty - four hours closer than within 5 to 10 grams , and we had best acknowledge that fact . It is really surprising , however , how reliable the figures are if we do not push the matter to extremes . For example, the protein was analyzed in 10 portions of cooked lean meat, similar to 10 other portions served the same day at the New England Deaconess Hospital. In these analyses it was found that the protein content was 30 per cent . 


Repeatedly physicians have requested me to arrange the above table in terms of household measures. To a considerable extent this is impracticable because the diabetic diet deals with so small a quantity of carbohydrate."

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