

Domestic Sheep
Ovis aries
🐏
Chordata
Mammalia
Artiodactyla
Pecora
Bovidae
Ovis
Ovis aries
From Latin ovis (“sheep”) and aries (“ram”), reflecting its deep agricultural lineage and long association with pastoralism.
Domesticated sheep — the wool-bearing ruminant that transformed human economies from foraging to farming.
Description
The domestic sheep is a highly social, gregarious ruminant derived from wild mouflon (Ovis orientalis) populations native to the Fertile Crescent and western Iran. Adults typically weigh between 45 and 160 kilograms depending on breed.
Unlike goats, sheep are grazers — they prefer low-growing grasses and forbs — and their docile nature made them ideal for early domestication. Selective breeding over millennia has produced an astonishing diversity of breeds specialized for wool, milk, or meat.
Their thick fleece, refined by human hands, remains one of the most symbolically and economically important animal products in history.
Quick Facts
Max Mass
Shoulder Height
Standing Height
Length
Diet
Trophic Level
160
kg
m
m
m
Grazer
Ruminant Grazer Grasses/sedges
Hunt History
Domestication began around 11,000 years ago in the Zagros Mountains (modern Iran and Iraq). Early Neolithic remains at sites such as Zawi Chemi Shanidar, Çayönü, and Jarmo show evidence of managed flocks.
By the Bronze Age, sheep herding had spread from the Levant to Europe, South Asia, and North Africa, forming the foundation of pastoral economies.
Sheep bones, spindle whorls, and loom weights appear together in early city sites — proof that textiles were the first large-scale industries.
Culturally, sheep were sacred in Mesopotamia and Egypt, sacrificial in Judaism, and emblematic of innocence and domesticity throughout Eurasia.
Time & Range
Extinction Status
No
Extinction Date
Temporal Range
Region
11000
BP
Domesticated 11,000 BP from Mouflon
Africa
Fat Analysis
Fatness Profile:
Medium
Fat %
18
Est. Renderable Fat
20
kg
Targeted Organs
Tail Fat (in fat-tailed breeds), Perirenal Fat, Mesenteric Fat
Adipose Depots
Subcutaneous Fat, Tail Fat, Omental Fat, Mesenteric Fat
Preferred Cuts
Tail Fat (for Near Eastern breeds), Perirenal Fat
Hunt Difficulty (x/5)
1
Historical Entries
March 5, 1888
J.H. Salisbury
LII. A FINAL WORD ON FOODS AND ON MEAT DYSPEPSIA.
I will state in this connection, that bread, rice, wheaten grits, hominy, tapioca, sago, potatoes, green peas, string beans, green corn, beets, turnips, squash, asparagus and the various meats, have each been fed upon exclusively and continuously by from four to six men at a time, for from seven to forty-five days. I have had patients afflicted with grave diseases, thrive and become perfectly well upon beef. Many of them have continued this as an exclusive diet from three to four years, before bringing breads and vegetables into their diet list.
The foregoing descriptions of the results of continuous feeding upon one food at a time, with a view of determining what especial diseased states might be brought about by each food, in the human body, are sufficient to give a clear idea of the significance, scope and character of this painstaking work. To go through all my food experiments in detail would make this treatise far too voluminous to be read and studied, except as a work of reference. This would defeat my desire of getting it into the hands of as many students as possible in the opening of their career, directing their attention, as well as that of all earnest thinkers, whether in the profession or out of it, to the urgent necessity of dietetic reform, and to the real nature of most of our diseases, based as they are upon departure from dietetic laws indicated by the organic structure of man.
I will state in this connection, that bread, rice, wheaten grits, hominy, tapioca, sago, potatoes, green peas, string beans, green corn, beets, turnips, squash, asparagus and the various meats, have each been fed upon exclusively and continuously by from four to six men at a time, for from seven to forty-five days. The results in all cases were recorded and tabulated as in the preceding experiments. Bread, rice, wheaten grits, hominy, sago, tapioca and potatoes have each been fed upon continuously for from forty to fortyfive days, before serious diseases and symptoms were produced. These foods are very similar in their action upon the human body, and cause like derangements and pathological states. They sustain the organism far better, and can be borne longer than any other vegetable aliment, before grave disturbances arise from their exclusive use. The diseased conditions and states finally induced by them are as follows : Flatulence, weak heart, oppressed breathing, singing in ears, dizzy head, headaches, lumbago, constipation lirst and afterwards chronic diarrhcBa ; tliickened large bowel, cold feet, numbness in extremities, and general lassitude and weakness. Were the exclusive feeding too long kept up, either consumption of the bowels, or lungs, or both may result ; or either locomotor ataxy, Bright's disease, diabetes, paresis, or fatty diseases of liver, spleen, or heart might be the final outcome. Also goitre, ovarian tumors, uterine fibroids, fibrous growths and fibrous consumption may be caused by such feeding in course of time. Green peas and string beans rank next to the seven foods above named in point of alimentary qualities. Green corn, turnips, beets and squash, cannot be subsisted upon for more than a very short period (when taken exclusively) before most unpleasant and more or less grave derangements ensue. Of all vegetables, asparagus is one of the most injurious when lived upon alone. Seven days is about as long as it would be safe to subsist upon this plant. The great efforts made by the kidneys to eliminate the asparagine, which overstimulates them, rapidly exhausts the vitality of the victim, and in a few days he is scarcely able to navigate.
The experiments upon meat feeding showed that meats, and especially beef and mutton, can be subsisted upon without resulting in diseased states, for a much longer time than can the best vegetable products under the same conditions. The reason of this is that the first organ of the digestive apparatus — the stomach — is a meat-digesting organ. I have had patients afflicted with grave diseases, thrive and become perfectly well upon beef. Many of them have continued this as an exclusive diet from three to four years, before bringing breads and vegetables into their diet list. Good, fresh beef and mutton stand at the head of all aliments as foods promotive of human health.
Eggs, fish, pork, veal, chickens, turkeys and game come in merely as side dishes : they may be subsisted upon singly tor a limited time without bad results. All of these, however, if continued alone for too long a time, or if eaten in undue proportion constantly, may eventually produce meat dyspepsia, and various scorbutic conditions which are disagreeable and sometimes difficult to handle, and may result fatally. In meat dyspepsia there is more or less distress, oppression and load about the stomach, with usually a ball in the throat, and the " gulping of wind " that tastes like "rotten eggs " (Sulphuretted Hydrogen). With these symptoms there is frequently much sickness and weakness, with loss of appetite and great heat and bewilderment in the head. In treating this form of dyspepsia, all food by the mouth has to be discontinued, and nourishment given by the rectum till the stomach can be thoroughly washed out and disinfected. Then feeding by the mouth is carefully begun by giving a very small quantity of pulp of beef and bread foods at first, gradually increasing them as digestion improves.






