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Title:
Nutrient retention in foods after earth-oven cooking compared to other forms of domestic cooking☆: 1. Proximates, carbohydrates and dietary fibre
Authors:
Kumar, Shailesh; Aalbersberg, Bill
Abstract:
Effects of Pacific traditional style of cooking in an earth-oven11Traditional Pacific style of cooking, lovo as it is known in Fijian, is performed in an oven in the earth prepared by digging a smooth sloping pit on the ground. The main source of heat is provided by the stones (once or twice the size of a fist), heated in an open fire (normally 1–2 h) until extremely hot. All food to be cooked is put in the pit at once on these extremely hot and dry stones (without water being poured to generate steam for cooking) and left in the pit, covered with earth, and left to cook for 1–2 h (1 h and 15 min in this research). on proximate content of chicken, lamb chops, fish, cassava, taro and palusami22A vegetable-based dish that consists of a filling, made by mixing canned meat (fish, mutton or beef) with coconut cream, wrapped by a layer of taro leaves. Depending on the taste and likings of people, onion, chilies, carrot, tomatoes and salt are also added to the filling. were investigated. Retention of proximates in earth-oven-cooked samples was compared with the retention in microwaved and oven-roasted chicken and lamb chops, microwave-cooked fish, boiled cassava and taro, and steamed-cooked palusami, the nutrient analyses of all of which were conducted during the course of this study. Water content of the samples generally decreased most upon earth-oven cooking. As much as 32.9% moisture was lost from earth-oven-cooked lean of lamb chops. Loss of water from microwave-cooked meat, ranging from 6.6 to 25.8 g/100 g, was second to the moisture loss in earth-oven-cooked meat and the least amount of moisture was lost from the gas-oven roasted meat with the values ranging from 4.4 to 22.2 g/100 g. Retention of protein ranged from 96% to 103% in all samples, the differences being not statistically significant. However, interestingly high retention values of fat were noted in separable lean of lamb chops ranging from 291% to 294%. A simple and logical explanation for this observation is adsorption of fat from separable fat, as it melted during cooking, into the muscle tissue of lamb chops. Retention of over 100% dietary fiber in all foods that had this component in the raw state was noted upon all types of cooking, except in steam-cooked palusami. This implied an increase in this component of food after cooking, whereas starch and sugars generally decreased after cooking.
Published:
2006-06
Title:
Parent and teacher rating scales in the evaluation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: contribution to diagnosis and differential diagnosis in clinically referred children
Authors:
Tripp, Gail; Schaughency, Elizabeth A.; Clarke, Bronwyn
Abstract:
This study evaluated diagnostic utility of parent and teacher ratings in the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) assessment and differential diagnosis of a clinical sample of children referred for suspected ADHD. Participants were 184 5- to 12-year-old children for whom the following were available: multimethod multi-informant assessment, firm decision regarding presence or absence of ADHD, and parent-completed Child Behavior Checklist and revised 48-item Conners Parent Rating Scale, and teacher-completed Teacher Report Form and 39-item Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Parent ratings of children diagnosed with and without ADHD were generally similar. In contrast, teachers rated students diagnosed with ADHD as displaying higher levels of behavioral difficulties. Discriminant function analyses indicated parent ratings of narrowband measures of ADHD and broadband measures of externalizing symptoms displayed high sensitivity. Teacher ratings outperformed parent ratings when considering sensitivity, specificity, and overall classification accuracy. For clinically recommended cut scores, teacher measures displayed good specificity and positive predictive power. Combining rating scales within informants. did not improve classification accuracy. Combining across parent and teacher measures produced results consistent with teacher ratings. Results support recommendations to include parent and teacher rating scales in ADHD assessment. Scales contributing most to classification accuracy were those designed to assess ADHD. Imperfect performance of rating scales supports recommendations to include other methodologies in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ADHD.
Published:
2006-06
Title:
The Natural Diet of Man
Authors:
Kellogg, John Harvey
Abstract:
Published:
2006-06
Title:
The Science of Soy: What Do We Really Know?
Authors:
Barrett, Julia R.
Abstract:
Published:
2006-06
Title:
Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of apolipoprotein (a) kringles suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth in mice
Authors:
Lee, Kyuhyun; Yun, Sung-Tae; Kim, Young-Gun; Yoon, Yeup; Jo, Eui-Cheol
Abstract:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes more than 90% of all primary liver cancers. HCC is a hypervascular tumor that develops from dedifferentiation of small avascular HCC and is therefore a good target for anti-angiogenic gene therapy. Recent studies have identified apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] kringles LK68 and LK8 (LKs) as having a potential antiangiogenic and anti-tumor activity, and the current study evaluates the therapeutic potential of gene therapy with recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying genes encoding LKs (rAAV-LK) in the treatment of hypervascular HCC. We generated rAAV-LK to obtain persistent transgene expression in vivo, which is essential for anti-angiogenic therapy. The rAAV-produced LKs substantially inhibited proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro, validating their anti-angiogenic potential. Intramuscular administration of rAAV-LK gave 60% to 84% suppression (P < .05) of tumor growth in mice bearing subcutaneously transplanted HCC derived from Huh-7 and Hep3B cells, respectively. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of HCC tumor sections showed that a single administration of rAAV-LK gave rise to persistent expression of LKs that inhibited tumor angiogenesis and triggered tumor apoptosis, and, thus, significantly suppressed tumor growth. The administration of rAAV-LK provided a significant survival benefit (P
Published:
2006-05
Title:
An open-label study of the tolerability of mixed amphetamine salts in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and treated primary essential hypertension
Authors:
Wilens, Timothy E.; Zusman, Randall M.; Hammerness, Paul G.; Podolski, Amy; Whitley, Julia; Spencer, Thomas J.; Gignac, Martin; Biederman, Joseph
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short-term tolerability of an extended-release preparation of the stimulant medication mixed amphetamine salts (MAS XR) in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) whose hypertension has been successfully treated with antihypertensive medications. METHOD: An 8-week, 2-phase, open-label study design was implemented. All adults had ADHD (DSM-IV diagnosis) and essential hypertension and were required to be normotensive (blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg at 2 consecutive visits) was observed in the subjects treated with MAS XR. Similar rates of single episodes of hypertension were observed in phases 1 and 2. Similarly, there was no group mean increase in systolic or diastolic blood pressure or pulse during treatment with MAS XR. No clinically significant changes in the ECG were observed. During the 6-week medication phase, significant improvement was found on rating scales assessing ADHD symptoms and severity that reversed with discontinuation of MAS XR. CONCLUSION: The results of this open study suggest that adults with ADHD and controlled hypertension can be safely treated with MAS XR.
Published:
2006-05
Title:
An open-label trial of OROS methylphenidate in adults with late-onset ADHD
Authors:
Biederman, Joseph; Mick, Eric; Spencer, Thomas; Surman, Craig; Hammerness, Paul; Doyle, Robert; Dougherty, Megan; Aleardi, Megan; Schweitzer, Karl
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Many adults with current impairing symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) do not report an age at onset before 7 years of age and cannot, therefore, be assigned the full Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), diagnosis of ADHD. We hypothesized that treatment with oral release osmotic system (OROS) methylphenidate (MPH) will be safe and efficacious for the treatment of adults with late-onset ADHD. METHOD: This was a 6-week, open-label, prospective treatment study of OROS MPH monotherapy in 36 adult patients with late-onset ADHD (onset later than the required 7 years of age) using standardized instruments for diagnosis and a robust oral daily dose of up to 1.3 mg/kg/day. Symptom severity was assessed with the Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Report Scale (AISRS) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale. RESULTS: Subjects reported robust current symptoms of ADHD at pre-treatment baseline (11.1+/-2.8 DSM-IV symptoms), but had an atypical mean age at onset of 14.2+/-8.6 years. Treatment with OROS MPH at an average daily dose of 78.2+/-29.4 mg was associated with a statistically and clinically significant reduction in ADHD symptoms relative to baseline as assessed through the AISRS (-16.4+/-10.5; P
Published:
2006-05
Title:
Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia
Authors:
Krauss, Ronald M.; Blanche, Patricia J.; Rawlings, Robin S.; Fernstrom, Harriett S.; Williams, Paul T.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets have been used to manage obesity and its metabolic consequences. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the effects of moderate carbohydrate restriction on atherogenic dyslipidemia before and after weight loss and in conjunction with a low or high dietary saturated fat intake. DESIGN: After 1 wk of consuming a basal diet, 178 men with a mean body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 29.2 +/- 2.0 were randomly assigned to consume diets with carbohydrate contents of 54% (basal diet), 39%, or 26% of energy and with a low saturated fat content (7-9% of energy); a fourth group consumed a diet with 26% of energy as carbohydrate and 15% as saturated fat. After 3 wk, the mean weight loss (5.12 +/- 1.83 kg) was induced in all diet groups by a reduction of approximately 1000 kcal/d for 5 wk followed by 4 wk of weight stabilization. RESULTS: The 26%-carbohydrate, low-saturated-fat diet reduced triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein B, small LDL mass, and total:HDL cholesterol and increased LDL peak diameter. These changes were significantly different from those with the 54%-carbohydrate diet. After subsequent weight loss, the changes in all these variables were significantly greater and the reduction in LDL cholesterol was significantly greater with the 54%-carbohydrate diet than with the 26%-carbohydrate diet. With the 26%-carbohydrate diet, lipoprotein changes with the higher saturated fat intakes were not significantly different from those with the lower saturated fat intakes, except for LDL cholesterol, which decreased less with the higher saturated fat intake because of an increase in mass of large LDL. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate carbohydrate restriction and weight loss provide equivalent but nonadditive approaches to improving atherogenic dyslipidemia. Moreover, beneficial lipid changes resulting from a reduced carbohydrate intake were not significant after weight loss.
Published:
2006-05
Title:
The determination of the redox states and phosphorylation potential in living tissues and their relationship to metabolic control of disease phenotypes
Authors:
Veech, Richard L.
Abstract:
This paper reviews the development in the 1950s of methods to determine the redox states of the free [NAD(+) ]/[NADH] in cytoplasm of yeast by Helmut Holzer and Feodore Lynen and in rat liver by Theodore Bucher and Martin Klingenberg. This work was extended in the 1960s in the laboratory of Hans Krebs, where the use of basic thermodynamic and kinetic principles allowed the extension of this approach to the determination of the free mitochondrial [NAD(+) ]/NADH] in mitochondria and the redox state of the free NADP system in cytoplasm and mitochondria. This work also outlined the linkage between the redox states in the various couples to the phosphorylation state or the free [ATP]/[ADP][P(i) ] ratio, the central energy parameter of living cells. This work has since been extended to include other energy-linked systems including the gradients of inorganic ions between extra and intracellular phases of the cell and the redox state of the co-enzyme Q couple of mitochondria. This system of linked near-equilibrium redox and phosphorylation potentials constitutes a framework of primitive metabolic control that is altered in a number of disease phenotypes. The alteration of such disease phenotypes by substrate availability is discussed, as well as the importance of a thorough grounding in basic kinetics and thermodynamics in designing new therapies to normalize the metabolic abnormalities that are the proximate cause of many common and some rare diseases states.
Published:
2006-05
Title:
Total zinc absorption in young women, but not fractional zinc absorption, differs between vegetarian and meat-based diets with equal phytic acid content
Authors:
Kristensen, Mette Bach; Hels, Ole; Morberg, Catrine M.; Marving, Jens; Bügel, Susanne; Tetens, Inge
Abstract:
Zn bioavailability is often lower in vegetarian diets mainly due to low Zn and high phytic acid contents. The objective of the present study was to determine the fractional and total absorption of Zn from a vegetarian diet in comparison with meat diets with equal concentrations of phytic acid. A randomized cross-over design, comprising three whole-day diet periods of 5 d each, with a vegetarian diet or diets containing Polish-produced meat or Danish-produced meat, was conducted. Twelve healthy female subjects completed the study. All diets had a high content of phytic acid (1250 micromol/d) and in the meat diets the main meals contained 60 g pork meat. All main meals were extrinsically labelled with the radioactive isotope 65Zn and absorption of Zn was measured in a whole-body counter. The mean Zn content of the whole-day diet was: Polish meat diet 9.9 (SE 0.14) mg, Danish meat diet 9.4 (SE 0.19) mg and vegetarian diet 7.5 (SE 0.18) mg. No difference was observed in the fractional absorption of Zn (Polish meat diet: 27 (SE 1.2) %, Danish meat diet: 27 (SE 1.9) % and vegetarian diet: 23 (SE 2.6) %). A significantly lower amount of total Zn was absorbed from the vegetarian diet (mean Zn absorption of Polish meat diet: 2.7 (SE 0.12) mg/d (P
Published:
2006-05
Title:
A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans
Authors:
Bilsborough, Shane; Mann, Neil
Abstract:
Considerable debate has taken place over the safety and validity of increased protein intakes for both weight control and muscle synthesis. The advice to consume diets high in protein by some health professionals, media and popular diet books is given despite a lack of scientific data on the safety of increasing protein consumption. The key issues are the rate at which the gastrointestinal tract can absorb amino acids from dietary proteins (1.3 to 10 g/h) and the liver's capacity to deaminate proteins and produce urea for excretion of excess nitrogen. The accepted level of protein requirement of 0.8g x kg(-1) x d(-1) is based on structural requirements and ignores the use of protein for energy metabolism. High protein diets on the other hand advocate excessive levels of protein intake on the order of 200 to 400 g/d, which can equate to levels of approximately 5 g x kg(-1) x d(-1), which may exceed the liver's capacity to convert excess nitrogen to urea. Dangers of excessive protein, defined as when protein constitutes > 35% of total energy intake, include hyperaminoacidemia, hyperammonemia, hyperinsulinemia nausea, diarrhea, and even death (the "rabbit starvation syndrome"). The three different measures of defining protein intake, which should be viewed together are: absolute intake (g/d), intake related to body weight (g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and intake as a fraction of total energy (percent energy). A suggested maximum protein intake based on bodily needs, weight control evidence, and avoiding protein toxicity would be approximately of 25% of energy requirements at approximately 2 to 2.5 g x kg(-1) x d(-1), corresponding to 176 g protein per day for an 80 kg individual on a 12,000kJ/d diet. This is well below the theoretical maximum safe intake range for an 80 kg person (285 to 365 g/d).
Published:
2006-04
Title:
Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) Inhibition Beyond Raising High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels: Pathways by Which Modulation of CETP Activity May Alter Atherogenesis
Authors:
Klerkx, Anke H.E.M.; Harchaoui, Karim El; van der Steeg, Wim A.; Boekholdt, S. Matthijs; Stroes, Erik S.G.; Kastelein, John J.P.; Kuivenhoven, Jan Albert
Abstract:
Published:
2006-04
Title:
Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, suppresses apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stresses by inhibiting caspase signaling
Authors:
Yamazaki, Takao; Muramoto, Masakazu; Oe, Tomoya; Morikawa, Noriyuki; Okitsu, Osamu; Nagashima, Takeyuki; Nishimura, Shintaro; Katayama, Yoshiki; Kita, Yasuhiro
Abstract:
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used in the treatment of inflammation and pain. In many reports, NSAIDs have induced apoptosis in a variety of cell lines such as colon cancer cells. On the other hand, more recently a few reports have found that NSAIDs protect against apoptosis. Here we investigate endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-induced apoptosis of neuronal cells. The aim of this study is to examine the involvement of NSAIDs, in particular diclofenac, on ER-stress-induced apoptosis of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Diclofenac significantly suppressed SH-SY5Y cell death induced by two types of ER-stress-inducing agents: thapsigargin, an inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPase on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and tunicamycin, a glycosylation blocker. Other NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, ibuprofen, aspirin, and ketoprofen, also suppressed ER-stress-induced SH-SY5Y cell death. The dose-dependent anti-apoptotic effect of diclofenac did not correlate with the reduction of prostaglandin release. Administration of prostaglandin E2, which was a primary product of arachidonic metabolism, showed no effects against anti-apoptotic effects produced by diclofenac. Thapsigargin and tunicamycin each significantly activated caspase-3, -9, and -2 in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Diclofenac suppressed the activation of caspases induced by both ER stresses. Thapsigargin and tunicamycin decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in SH-SY5Y cells. Diclofenac suppressed the mitochondrial depolarization induced by both ER stresses. Diclofenac inhibited ER-stress-induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells by suppressing the activation of caspases in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This is the first report to find that diclofenac has protective effects against ER-stress-induced apoptosis.
Published:
2006-04
Title:
Macrophage insulin receptor deficiency increases ER stress-induced apoptosis and necrotic core formation in advanced atherosclerotic lesions
Authors:
Han, Seongah; Liang, Chien-Ping; DeVries-Seimon, Tracie; Ranalletta, Mollie; Welch, Carrie L.; Collins-Fletcher, Kadesha; Accili, Domenico; Tabas, Ira; Tall, Alan R.
Abstract:
Published:
2006-04
Title:
Positive selection, relaxation, and acceleration in the evolution of the human and chimp genome
Authors:
Arbiza, Leonardo; Dopazo, Joaquín; Dopazo, Hernán
Abstract:
For years evolutionary biologists have been interested in searching for the genetic bases underlying humanness. Recent efforts at a large or a complete genomic scale have been conducted to search for positively selected genes in human and in chimp. However, recently developed methods allowing for a more sensitive and controlled approach in the detection of positive selection can be employed. Here, using 13,198 genes, we have deduced the sets of genes involved in rate acceleration, positive selection, and relaxation of selective constraints in human, in chimp, and in their ancestral lineage since the divergence from murids. Significant deviations from the strict molecular clock were observed in 469 human and in 651 chimp genes. The more stringent branch-site test of positive selection detected 108 human and 577 chimp positively selected genes. An important proportion of the positively selected genes did not show a significant acceleration in rates, and similarly, many of the accelerated genes did not show significant signals of positive selection. Functional differentiation of genes under rate acceleration, positive selection, and relaxation was not statistically significant between human and chimp with the exception of terms related to G-protein coupled receptors and sensory perception. Both of these were over-represented under relaxation in human in relation to chimp. Comparing differences between derived and ancestral lineages, a more conspicuous change in trends seems to have favored positive selection in the human lineage. Since most of the positively selected genes are different under the same functional categories between these species, we suggest that the individual roles of the alternative positively selected genes may be an important factor underlying biological differences between these species.
Published:
2006-04
Title:
Preclinical diagnosis of testotoxicosis in a boy with an activating mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor
Authors:
Teles, Milena; Brito, Vinicius Nahime; Arnhold, Ivo Jorge Prado; Mendonca, Berenice Bilharinho; Latronico, Ana Claudia
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Testotoxicosis is an autosomal dominant disorder usually recognized by progressive virilization, linear growth acceleration, skeletal maturation and pubertal testosterone levels in boys before 4 years of age. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and hormonal follow-up of a male infant with testotoxicosis who was initially diagnosed by molecular analysis. PATIENT: A healthy asymptomatic 10 month-old boy was referred to the endocrinologist because his older brother had diagnosis of familial testotoxicosis due to the activating mutation Thr577Ile of the luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor. RESULTS: Automatic sequencing of exon 11 of the LH receptor gene revealed the same heterozygous Thr577Ile mutation in the asymptomatic boy. He had no signs of virilization or accelerated growth. His bone age was delayed. Serum LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were in the prepubertal range, testosterone levels were slightly elevated (31 ng/dl [1.07 nmol/l]). In the following 6 months, his testosterone levels progressively increased, achieving higher levels (146 ng/dl [5 nmol/l]) without testicular enlargement or pubic hair development. Despite the lack of virilization signs, an anti-androgen was started due to the increase in testosterone levels and growth velocity at the age of 1.3 years. CONCLUSION: We describe the preclinical diagnosis of testotoxicosis in a boy by DNA analysis. Very early diagnosis in affected families can result in prompt treatment, and reduce the deleterious consequences of premature puberty in boys with this rare monogenic disorder.
Published:
2006-04
Title:
Prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in migraine patients
Authors:
Ifergane, G.; Buskila, D.; Simiseshvely, N.; Zeev, K.; Cohen, H.
Abstract:
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic pain syndrome of unknown aetiology characterized by diffuse pain over more than 3 months and tenderness in specific sites named tender points. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of FMS among patients suffering from episodic migraine. Ninety-two consecutive patients (20 male, 72 female) fulfilling the International Headache Society criteria for migraine with and without aura from a tertiary headache clinic were evaluated. A headache and generalized pain history was recorded, tender points were evaluated by thumb palpation. The diagnosis of FMS was made based on the 1990 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for FMS. Sixteen (22.2%) of the female patients and none of the male patients were diagnosed as suffering from FMS. Migraine severity and characteristics were similar to other female migraine patients. Patients suffering from migraine-FMS had lower quality of life scores and higher levels of mental distress. A high incidence of FMS was found among female migraine patients but not in males. The coexistence of FMS should be considered when choosing a prophylactic migraine therapy.
Published:
2006-04
Title:
Vegetarian diets and weight status
Authors:
Berkow, Susan E.; Barnard, Neal
Abstract:
The increasing global health problems of overweight and obesity are associated with coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and certain cancers, among other health concerns. Vegetarian diets are associated with reduced body weight, lower incidence of certain chronic disease, and lower medical costs compared with non-vegetarian diets. We reviewed the literature to ascertain the extent to which and by what mechanism(s) a plant-based diet may mediate body weight.
Published:
2006-04
Title:
[Food poisoning by toxic plants in Hokkaido]
Authors:
Anetai, Masaki
Abstract:
Published:
2006-04
Title:
A Review of the Biochemistry, Metabolism and Clinical Benefits of Thiamin(e) and Its Derivatives
Authors:
Lonsdale, Derrick
Abstract:
Thiamin(e), also known as vitamin B1, is now known to play a fundamental role in energy metabolism. Its discovery followed from the original early research on the ‘anti-beriberi factor’ found in rice polishings. After its synthesis in 1936, it led to many years of research to find its action in treating beriberi, a lethal scourge known for thousands of years, particularly in cultures dependent on rice as a staple. This paper refers to the previously described symptomatology of beriberi, emphasizing that it differs from that in pure, experimentally induced thiamine deficiency in human subjects. Emphasis is placed on some of the more unusual manifestations of thiamine deficiency and its potential role in modern nutrition. Its biochemistry and pathophysiology are discussed and some of the less common conditions associated with thiamine deficiency are reviewed. An understanding of the role of thiamine in modern nutrition is crucial in the rapidly advancing knowledge applicable to Complementary Alternative Medicine. References are given that provide insight into the use of this vitamin in clinical conditions that are not usually associated with nutritional deficiency. The role of allithiamine and its synthetic derivatives is discussed. Thiamine plays a vital role in metabolism of glucose. Thus, emphasis is placed on the fact that ingestion of excessive simple carbohydrates automatically increases the need for this vitamin. This is referred to as high calorie malnutrition.
Published:
2006-03
Title:
Association of hypogonadism and type II diabetes in men attending an outpatient erectile dysfunction clinic
Authors:
Corona, G.; Mannucci, E.; Petrone, L.; Ricca, V.; Balercia, G.; Mansani, R.; Chiarini, V.; Giommi, R.; Forti, G.; Maggi, M.
Abstract:
Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) were more often hypogonadal than normal fasting glucose subjects. The aim of this investigation is the assessment of characteristics and psychobiological correlates of DM associated with hypogonadism (DMAH). The Structured Interview SIEDY© was used along with several biochemical, psychological and instrumental investigations in a series of more than 1200 patients with erectile dysfunction (ED); 16% of whom with type II DM. Hypogonadism was defined as circulating total testosterone (T) below 10.4 nmol/l. The prevalence of hypogonadism was 24.5% in DM versus 12.6% in the rest of the sample (P
Published:
2006-03
Title:
Consumers' readiness to eat a plant-based diet
Authors:
Lea, E. J.; Crawford, D.; Worsley, A.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine consumers' readiness to change to a plant-based diet. DESIGN: Mail survey that included questions on readiness to change, eating habits and perceived benefits and barriers to the consumption of a plant-based diet. SETTING: Victoria, Australia. SUBJECTS: A total of 415 randomly selected adults. RESULTS: In terms of their readiness to eat a plant-based diet, the majority (58%) of participants were in the precontemplation stage of change, while 14% were in contemplation/preparation, and 28% in action/maintenance. Those in the action/maintenance stage ate more fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole-meal bread, and cooked cereals than those in earlier stages. There were statistically significant differences in age and vegetarian status between the stages of change, but not for other demographic variables. There were strong differences across the stages of change with regard to perceived benefits and barriers to plant-based diets. For example, those in action/maintenance scored highest for benefit factors associated with well-being, weight, health, convenience and finances, whereas those in the precontemplation stage did not recognise such benefits. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can be utilised to help provide appropriate nutrition education and advertising, targeted at specific stages of change. For example, education about how it is possible to obtain iron and protein from a plant-based diet and on the benefits of change, in addition to tips on how to make a gradual, easy transition to a plant-based diet, could help progress precontemplators to later stages. SPONSORSHIP: Australian Research Council.
Published:
2006-03
Title:
Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids, estrogen metabolism, and in vivo oxidative stress in postmenopausal vegetarian women
Authors:
Wu, W. H.; Lu, S. C.; Wang, T. F.; Jou, H. J.; Wang, T. A.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Vegetarians are generally deficient in long-chain n-3 fatty acids. Long-chain n-3 fatty acids have a beneficial effect on plasma lipid levels, and some studies showed that they had breast cancer suppression effect. One of the biomarkers of breast cancer risk is the ratio of urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE(1)) to 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE(1)). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) supplementation on blood lipids, estrogen metabolism and oxidative stress in vegetarians. DESIGN: Single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. INTERVENTIONS: Twenty-seven postmenopausal vegetarian women were recruited. After a 2-week run-in period with 6 g placebo corn oil, the subjects were subsequently randomized to receive either 6 g corn oil (n=13) or 6 g DHA-rich algae oil (2.14 g of DHA/day) (n=14) for 6 weeks. Two subjects in corn oil group withdrew before completion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma lipids, urinary 2-OHE(1) and 16alpha-OHE(1), urinary F(2)-isoprostanes and plasma alpha-tocopherol. RESULTS: Plasma LDL-DHA and EPA level increased significantly by DHA supplementation. DHA decreased plasma cholesterol (C) levels (P=0.04), but did not influence the levels of plasma TG, LDL-C and HDL-C, alpha-tocopherol, urinary F(2)-isoprostanes, 2-OHE(1), 16alpha-OHE(1) and ratio of 2-OHE(1) to 16alpha-OHE(1) as compared to corn oil. CONCLUSION: DHA supplementation at a dose of 2.14 g/day for 42 days decreases plasma cholesterol but neither does it show beneficial effects on estrogen metabolism, nor does it induce deleterious effects on the observed in vivo antioxidant or oxidative stress marker in postmenopausal vegetarian women. SPONSORSHIP: A grant (# DOH89-TD-1062) from Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan.
Published:
2006-03
Title:
L-tryptophan
Authors:
Abstract:
L-tryptophan (tryptophan; Trp) is a large neutral amino acid essential to human metabolism because it is the metabolic precursor of serotonin (a neurotransmitter), melatonin (a neurohormone), and niacin (vitamin B3). As a component of dietary protein, tryptophan is particularly plentiful in chocolate, oats, bananas, dried dates, milk, cottage cheese, meat, fish, turkey, and peanuts. Approximately 300 mg Trp is available in three ounces of turkey, lamb, beef, tuna, or peanuts. Relative to other amino acids, small amounts are needed to have a therapeutic effect, which is fortunate because Trp is the least abundant amino acid in the diet. In 1989, the importation of L-tryptophan was banned in the United States after cases of a deadly autoimmune illness called eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome were traced to an improperly-prepared batch of tryptophan. Although the tryptophan was isolated to a single Japanese factory that allowed a toxic bacterial metabolite through the purification process, the ban was maintained and Trp availability was limited to the prescription drug (Tryptan), infant formulas, and enteral feeding products. Since 1994 tryptophan has been available and marketed as a dietary supplement in the United States, while imported product remains limited by special regulations.
Published:
2006-03
Title:
Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic plaques recruits inflammatory cells through interaction with Mac-1 integrin
Authors:
Sotiriou, Sotirios N.; Orlova, Valeria V.; Al-Fakhri, Nadia; Ihanus, Eveliina; Economopoulou, Matina; Isermann, Berend; Bdeir, Khalil; Nawroth, Peter P.; Preissner, Klaus T.; Gahmberg, Carl G.; Koschinsky, Marlys L.; Chavakis, Triantafyllos
Abstract:
Published:
2006-03
Title:
Olive oil consumption and weight change: the SUN prospective cohort study
Authors:
Bes-Rastrollo, M.; Sánchez-Villegas, A.; de la Fuente, C.; de Irala, J.; Martinez, J. A.; Martínez-González, M. A.
Abstract:
The aim of this dynamic prospective follow-up study was to assess the association between olive oil consumption and the likelihood of weight gain or the incidence of overweight or obesity in a large Mediterranean cohort of 7,368 male and female Spanish university graduates (the SUN Project) who were followed for a median period of 28.5 mon. A validated Food Frequency Questionnaire was administered at baseline, and respondents also completed a follow-up questionnaire after 28.5 mon. Changes in participants' consumption of olive oil and their weight were assessed during follow-up. A higher baseline consumption of olive oil was associated with a lower likelihood of weight gain, although the differences were not statistically significant. The adjusted difference in weight gain (kg) was -0.16 [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.42 to +0.11] for participants in the upper quintile of olive oil consumption (median: 46 g/d) compared with those in the lowest quintile (median: 6 g/d). For participants with a high baseline consumption of olive oil whose olive oil consumption also increased during follow-up, we found a slightly increased but nonsignificant risk of incidence of overweight or obesity (adjusted odds ratio = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.73 to 1.95). Our study, carried out in a sample of free-living people, shows that a high amount of olive oil consumption is not associated with higher weight gain or a significantly higher risk of developing overweight or obesity in the context of the Mediterranean food pattern.
Published:
2006-03
Title:
The effect of cooking method upon the titratable acidity of a popular vegetarian dish--scope for reducing its erosive potential?
Authors:
Chadwick, R. Graham
Abstract:
The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of cooking method on the erosive potential of ratatouille. Two cooking methods, stewing and oven roasting, were applied to standardised ingredients taken from the same fruits and vegetables. The resultant dishes were liquidised and diluted with 100 mls of distilled water. Five 25 ml samples of each group were titrated to pH 7.0 against 0.1 Molar Sodium Hydroxide. In order to ascertain the relative contribution of each ingredient each was singly prepared and cooked by stewing or oven roasting following the same quantities and dilutions as for the dish as a whole. 25 ml samples of these were titrated to pH 7.0 against 0.1 Molar Sodium Hydroxide. For ratatouille as a dish significantly (P < 0.0001) more alkali had to be added to the oven roast group (Mean = 8.60 mls, S.D. = 0.31) than to the stewed group (Mean = 3.92 mls, S.D. = 0.50) in order to bring about neutrality. Oven roasting of ingredients significantly (P < 0.001) lowered the initial pH with the exceptions of tomatoes and red peppers. Stewing reduced the volume of alkali required to neutralise aubergine (P < 0.001), green peppers (P < 0.001) and courgettes (P < 0.05). Significantly (P
Published:
2006-03
Title:
The importance of parental expectations of cognitive improvement for their children with epilepsy prior to starting the ketogenic diet
Authors:
Farasat, Sharifeh; Kossoff, Eric H.; Pillas, Diana J.; Rubenstein, James E.; Vining, Eileen P.; Freeman, John M.
Abstract:
Although the success rates and complications of various treatment options for children with intractable epilepsy have been described, the actual expectations of parents for these treatments are less clear. Since 1998, parents at our institution have written their goals in a letter before starting their children on the ketogenic diet. One hundred consecutive letters were evaluated. The most common first goal was seizure improvement, second was anticonvulsant reduction, and third was cognitive improvement. Ninety percent requested improvement in cognition or alertness. These expectations were either met or exceeded at 6 months in 52-60% of children. Achieving or surpassing parental expectations for cognitive improvement correlated with longer diet duration (P=0.04), but meeting goals for seizure or anticonvulsant reduction did not. Cognitive improvement (P90% seizure reduction (P=0.04) at 6 months positively correlated with longer eventual diet duration. Expectations for cognitive improvement need to be discussed prior to beginning the ketogenic diet.
Published:
2006-03
Title:
Validation of (1)H NMR spectroscopy as an analytical tool for methylamine metabolites in urine
Authors:
Lee, Martin B.; Storer, Malina K.; Blunt, John W.; Lever, Michael
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Methylamines have many metabolic roles and there is an increasing demand for their measurement. Glycine betaine is an important osmolyte, and a reservoir for methyl groups. Proline betaine and trigonelline are important dietary betaines. Trimethylamine, derived from gut flora, is normally converted to trimethylamine oxide but in 'fish odour syndrome' is excreted as TMA. These compounds are all suitable for quantification by (1)H NMR spectroscopy as they all have methyl protons. METHOD: Urine samples are acidified and (1)H NMR spectra are obtained using presaturation for water suppression. Peak integrals or heights are compared to an internal standard of acetonitrile. RESULTS: Inter- and intra-assay CV's were <5% for TMAO and creatinine, and or =97%. Limits of detection using NMR are slightly higher than alternative HPLC assays (15-25 microM). However, sensitivity is adequate for the detection of raised levels in urine, and sample analysis was complete in less than 5 min. CONCLUSION: (1)H NMR spectroscopy is a convenient, rapid and economical option for the determination of betaines and related compounds in urine in a single analysis.
Published:
2006-03
Title:
ADHD and DCD: a relationship in need of research
Authors:
Sergeant, Joseph A.; Piek, Jan P.; Oosterlaan, Jaap
Abstract:
Although the connection between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) has been recognized for several decades, little research has examined the relationship between these two disorders. This paper draws attention to the contribution the cognitive-energetic model (CEM) can make in determining the specific nature of these two disorders. An information processing approach such as the CEM is a useful model to identify specific and overlapping mechanisms that are disrupted in these two disorders. This paper describes the CEM and reviews the research so-far in relation to the model. The CEM has several advantages over other models: First, it predicts which task variables will be independent or may interact, thus enabling the investigator to determine the success/failure of the task manipulation(s) and identify spurious findings. Second, the CEM links energetic factors to task variables and predicts both additive and interactive effects. Third, the CEM enables executive processes such as selective attention, working memory and inhibition to be related to both energetic and lower level processes. Fourth, by employing the CEM in clinical research, taxonomy of deficits can be derived enabling further insight into the nature of the disorders and their specific neuropsychological dysfunction. Suggestions are made for future research into the neuropsychological deficits associated with ADHD and DCD.
Published:
2006-02
Title:
An exploratory open-label trial of aripiprazole as an adjuvant to clozapine therapy in chronic schizophrenia
Authors:
Henderson, D. C.; Kunkel, L.; Nguyen, D. D.; Borba, C. P.; Daley, T. B.; Louie, P. M.; Freudenreich, O.; Cather, C.; Evins, A. E.; Goff, D. C.
Abstract:
Objective: We conducted this 6-week open-label trial to examine the effects of adjunctive aripiprazole in clozapine-treated subjects on weight, lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Method: Ten clozapine-treated subjects received aripiprazole augmentation; eight completed the 6-week trial and two ended at week 4. Eighty percent were male, the mean age was 38.7 ± 8.9 years and the mean clozapine dose was 455 ± 83 mg daily. Results: There was a significant decrease in weight (P ¼ 0.003), body mass index (P ¼ 0.004), fasting total serum cholesterol (P ¼ 0.002) and total triglycerides (P ¼ 0.04) comparing baseline to study endpoint. There was no significant change in total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores. Conclusion: This combination may be useful for clozapine-associated medical morbidity and must be studied in placebo-controlled doubleblind randomized trials to determine efficacy and safety.
Published:
2006-02
Title:
Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and Pycnogenol treatment on retinal antioxidant enzymes in normal and diabetic rats
Authors:
Kamuren, Zipporah T.; McPeek, Chris G.; Sanders, Ruth A.; Watkins, John B.
Abstract:
Because chronic hyperglycemia of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may lead to increased reactive oxygen species and decreased enzymatic antioxidant defenses responsible for pathological processes in diabetic retinopathy, this study examined the hypothesis that a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, either alone or in combination with Pinus maritima can reduce hyperglycemia, restoring a more balanced, oxidative condition. Normal and streptozotocininduced diabetic rats were fed either a regular or low-carbohydrate diet for 30 or 90 d. In addition, normal and diabetic rats on the chronic (90-d) low-carbohydrate diet were treated with daily intraperitoneal Pinus maritima doses (10 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days. Retinas were fractionated to assay activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. After 30 d, the low-carbohydrate diet reduced glycemic parameters and normalized aspartate aminotransferase activity in diabetic animals, suggesting less organ damage. No differences were observed between males and females in any measured glycemic parameters. Whereas all diabetic control animals developed cataracts bilaterally, no treated diabetic animals developed cataracts. There were no deleterious effects on retinal antioxidant defenses with either a 30-d or chronic low-carbohydrate diet. When diet was combined with Pinus maritima treatment, both retinal glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities increased, suggesting that a low-carbohydrate diet plus Pinus maritima may be an effective antioxidant and antihyperglycemic therapy, reducing the risk of diabetic retinopathy and cataract formation.
Published:
2006-02
Title:
Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets
Authors:
Key, Timothy J.; Appleby, Paul N.; Rosell, Magdalena S.
Abstract:
Vegetarian diets do not contain meat, poultry or fish; vegan diets further exclude dairy products and eggs. Vegetarian and vegan diets can vary widely, but the empirical evidence largely relates to the nutritional content and health effects of the average diet of well-educated vegetarians living in Western countries, together with some information on vegetarians in non-Western countries. In general, vegetarian diets provide relatively large amounts of cereals, pulses, nuts, fruits and vegetables. In terms of nutrients, vegetarian diets are usually rich in carbohydrates, n-6 fatty acids, dietary fibre, carotenoids, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E and Mg, and relatively low in protein, saturated fat, long-chain n-3 fatty acids, retinol, vitamin B(12) and Zn; vegans may have particularly low intakes of vitamin B(12) and low intakes of Ca. Cross-sectional studies of vegetarians and vegans have shown that on average they have a relatively low BMI and a low plasma cholesterol concentration; recent studies have also shown higher plasma homocysteine concentrations than in non-vegetarians. Cohort studies of vegetarians have shown a moderate reduction in mortality from IHD but little difference in other major causes of death or all-cause mortality in comparison with health-conscious non-vegetarians from the same population. Studies of cancer have not shown clear differences in cancer rates between vegetarians and non-vegetarians. More data are needed, particularly on the health of vegans and on the possible impacts on health of low intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and vitamin B(12). Overall, the data suggest that the health of Western vegetarians is good and similar to that of comparable non-vegetarians.
Published:
2006-02
Title:
Homocysteine, circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule and carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal vegetarian women and omnivores
Authors:
Su, Ta-Chen; Jeng, Jiann-Shing; Wang, Jung-Der; Torng, Pao-Ling; Chang, Sue-Joan; Chen, Chen-Fang; Liau, Chiau-Suong
Abstract:
Since the adoption of vegetarian diets as a healthy lifestyle has become popular, the cardiovascular effects of long-term vegetarianism need to be explored. The present study aimed to compare the presence and severity of carotid atherosclerosis (CA), and the blood levels of Vitamin B12, homocysteine (Hcy) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) between 57 healthy postmenopausal vegetarians and 61 age-matched omnivores. Carotid atherosclerosis, as measured by ultrasound, was found to be of no significant difference between the two groups. Yet, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and Vitamin B12 were significantly lower, while Hcy and sVCAM-1 were higher in the vegetarians as comparing with the omnivores. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the level of Vitamin B12 was negatively associated with the level of Hcy. Vegetarianism itself and Hcy level were significantly associated with sVCAM-1 level in univariate analysis; however, after adjustment for covariates, we identified age but not vegetarianism as the determinant of sVCAM-1 level. Multiple linear regression analysis identified age and systolic blood pressure, but not vegetarianism, as determinants of common carotid artery IMT. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in CA between apparently healthy postmenopausal vegetarians and omnivores. The findings of elevated Hcy in vegetarians indicate the importance of prevention of Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Published:
2006-02
Title:
How to build an "active" patient? The work of AIDS associations in France
Authors:
Barbot, Janine
Abstract:
"What is an "active" patient?" is a question that arises in most medicine and illness-related social science research. This article examines the normative work carried out by AIDS associations in France to define an "active" patient in healthcare and research. While the fight against AIDS is often presented as being homogenous, we look at the diversity of opinion between different associations (Aides, Act Up-Paris, Actions Traitements and Positifs). We find four different cases: the patient as manager of his illness, the empowerment of patients, the science-wise patient and the experimenter. Systematic comparison of these cases shows that these perceptions of the "active" patient, in terms of the same pathology, are based upon different ways of seeing: the nature of the relationships between the different types of knowledge of the illness (scientific knowledge, clinical knowledge, experience of the illness) and the distribution of roles and powers among the various actors in the healthcare system (the government, pharmaceutical companies, the medical profession, the patients). This article highlights the historical dynamics which allow us to have a better understanding of these differences, especially the major distinction between two generations of associations, which adopted different positions with regard to their public identity.
Published:
2006-02
Title:
Meat as a first complementary food for breastfed infants: feasibility and impact on zinc intake and status
Authors:
Krebs, Nancy F.; Westcott, Jamie E.; Butler, Nancy; Robinson, Cordelia; Bell, Melanie; Hambidge, K. Michael
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to assess the feasibility and effects of consuming either meat or iron-fortified infant cereal as the first complementary food. METHODS: Eighty-eight exclusively breastfed infants were enrolled at 4 months of age and randomized to receive either pureed beef or iron-fortified infant cereal as the first complementary food, starting after 5 months and continuing until 7 months. Dietary, anthropometric, and developmental data were obtained longitudinally until 12 months, and biomarkers of zinc and iron status were measured at 9 months. RESULTS: Mean (+/-SE) daily zinc intake from complementary foods at 7 months for infants in the meat group was 1.9 +/- 0.2 mg, whereas that of the cereal group was 0.6 +/- 0.1 mg, which is approximately 25% of the estimated average requirement. Tolerance and acceptance were comparable for the two intervention foods. Increase in head circumference from 7 to 12 months was greater for the meat group, and zinc and protein intakes were predictors of head growth. Biochemical status did not differ by feeding group, but approximately 20% of the infants had low (<60 microg/dL) plasma zinc concentrations, and 30% to 40% had low plasma ferritin concentrations (
Published:
2006-02
Title:
The psychosocial and behavioral characteristics related to energy misreporting
Authors:
Maurer, Jaclyn; Taren, Douglas L.; Teixeira, Pedro J.; Thomson, Cynthia A.; Lohman, Timothy G.; Going, Scott B.; Houtkooper, Linda B.
Abstract:
Energy underreporting occurs in 2% to 85% and overreporting in 1% to 39% of various populations. Efforts are needed to understand the psychosocial and behavioral characteristics associated with misreporting to help improve the accuracy of dietary self-reporting. Past research suggests that higher social desirability and greater eating restraint are key factors influencing misreporting, while a history of dieting and being overweight are more moderately associated. Eating disinhibition, body image, depression, anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation may be related to energy misreporting, but evidence is insufficient. This review will provide a detailed discussion of the published associations among psychosocial and behavioral characteristics and energy misreporting.
Published:
2006-02
Title:
Vegetarian eating for children and adolescents
Authors:
Dunham, Laurie; Kollar, Linda M.
Abstract:
During the past decade, vegetarianism has risen in popularity among American families. Well-planned vegetarian diets can satisfy the nutritional needs and promote normal growth of infants and children. Research has highlighted nutritional advantages to vegetarian diets and has indicated that this style of eating can lead to lifelong healthy eating habits when adopted at a young age. Several vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients may be deficient within a vegetarian diet. Careful nutrition assessment and counseling will allow nurse practitioners to play a key role in encouraging families to adopt healthy eating habits to assist in disease prevention.
Published:
2006-02
Title:
Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement
Authors:
Grundy, Scott M; Cleeman, James I; Daniels, Stephen R; Donato, Karen A; Eckel, Robert H; Franklin, Barry A; Gordon, David J; Krauss, Ronald M; Savage, Peter J; Smith, Sidney C; Spertus, John A; Costa, Fernando
Abstract:
Published:
2006-01
Title:
Dietary cholesterol provided by eggs and plasma lipoproteins in healthy populations
Authors:
Fernandez, Maria Luz
Abstract:
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Extensive research has not clearly established a link between egg consumption and risk for coronary heart disease. The effects of egg intake on plasma lipids and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) atherogenicity in healthy populations need to be addressed. RECENT FINDINGS: The lack of connection between heart disease and egg intake could partially be explained by the fact that dietary cholesterol increases the concentrations of both circulating LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in those individuals who experience an increase in plasma cholesterol following egg consumption (hyperresponders). It is also important to note that 70% of the population experiences a mild increase or no alterations in plasma cholesterol concentrations when challenged with high amounts of dietary cholesterol (hyporesponders). Egg intake has been shown to promote the formation of large LDL, in addition to shifting individuals from the LDL pattern B to pattern A, which is less atherogenic. Eggs are also good sources of antioxidants known to protect the eye; therefore, increased plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in individuals consuming eggs are also of interest, especially in those populations susceptible to developing macular degeneration and eye cataracts. SUMMARY: For these reasons, dietary recommendations aimed at restricting egg consumption should not be generalized to include all individuals. We need to acknowledge that diverse healthy populations experience no risk in developing coronary heart disease by increasing their intake of cholesterol but, in contrast, they may have multiple beneficial effects by the inclusion of eggs in their regular diet.
Published:
2006-01
Title:
Dietary cholesterol provided by eggs and plasma lipoproteins in healthy populations
Authors:
Fernandez, Maria Luz
Abstract:
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Extensive research has not clearly established a link between egg consumption and risk for coronary heart disease. The effects of egg intake on plasma lipids and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) atherogenicity in healthy populations need to be addressed. RECENT FINDINGS: The lack of connection between heart disease and egg intake could partially be explained by the fact that dietary cholesterol increases the concentrations of both circulating LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in those individuals who experience an increase in plasma cholesterol following egg consumption (hyperresponders). It is also important to note that 70% of the population experiences a mild increase or no alterations in plasma cholesterol concentrations when challenged with high amounts of dietary cholesterol (hyporesponders). Egg intake has been shown to promote the formation of large LDL, in addition to shifting individuals from the LDL pattern B to pattern A, which is less atherogenic. Eggs are also good sources of antioxidants known to protect the eye; therefore, increased plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in individuals consuming eggs are also of interest, especially in those populations susceptible to developing macular degeneration and eye cataracts. SUMMARY: For these reasons, dietary recommendations aimed at restricting egg consumption should not be generalized to include all individuals. We need to acknowledge that diverse healthy populations experience no risk in developing coronary heart disease by increasing their intake of cholesterol but, in contrast, they may have multiple beneficial effects by the inclusion of eggs in their regular diet.
Published:
2006-01
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