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Title:
A history of diabetes mellitus or how a disease of the kidneys evolved into a kidney disease
Authors:
Eknoyan, Garabed; Nagy, Judit
Abstract:
Diabetes mellitus has a long history during which it was considered to be a disease of the kidneys well into the middle of the 19th century. Recognized in antiquity from its excessive urine output and described as a disease of the urinary tract, its clinical features and fatal outcome were quite accurately recorded by the 1st century ad . Galen (129-200) described it as a disease specific to the kidneys because of a weakness in their retentive faculties. The sweet taste of diabetic urine, which is described in ancient Indian texts and noted by Avicenna (980-1037) and Morgagni (1635-1683), was attributed to the passage of absorbed water and nutrients unchanged into the urine. In 1674, Thomas Willis (1621-1675) first differentiated diabetes from other causes of polyuria by the sweet taste (quasi melle) of diabetic urine and suggested that the sweetness first appears in the blood. A century later, Matthew Dobson (1732-1784) showed that the urine sweetness was because of sugar and was preceded and accompanied by sugar in the blood. Although diabetes then came to be ascribed to increased sugar in the blood, the presence of sugar in the urine continued to be attributed to the decreased retentive properties of the kidneys. The experimental production of diabetes in pancreatectomized dogs that could be reversed by subcutaneous pancreatic transplantation in 1889, and ultimate isolation of insulin in 1922 clearly established diabetes as an endocrine disease. The stage of diabetes as a disease of the kidneys was now over but that of diabetes as a cause of kidney disease was yet to come. Diabetes as a cause of end stage kidney disease was first described in 1936 and extensively documented shortly thereafter, whereas the evidence of its increasing prevalence as a cause of chronic kidney disease continues to accrue.
Published:
2005-04
Title:
Can you predict an immediate, complete, and sustained response to the ketogenic diet?
Authors:
Than, Khoi D.; Kossoff, Eric H.; Rubenstein, James E.; Pyzik, Paula L.; McGrogan, Jane R.; Vining, Eileen P. G.
Abstract:
PURPOSE: Although the ketogenic diet has been in use for >80 years, little agreement exists as to which patients are most likely to have dramatic, sudden, and complete seizure control. METHODS: A case-control study was performed of children with intractable epilepsy started on the ketogenic diet at our institution since June 2001. Patients with a dramatic response were defined as those becoming seizure free within 2 weeks of diet onset. These children were compared with all other patients treated with the diet over the same time period in terms of patient demographics, epilepsy characteristics, and diet parameters. RESULTS: Eighteen early, dramatic responders over a 3-year period were identified and compared with 89 patients who were not similarly improved. The absence of complex partial seizures as the predominant seizure type (0 vs. 23%; p = 0.02) correlated with this dramatic success. The presence of infantile spasms (39% vs. 20%; p = 0.09) approached significance, but all other variables did not. CONCLUSIONS: An early, dramatic response to the ketogenic diet is more likely in patients with predominant seizure types other than complex partial. It may also be more likely to occur in children who have infantile spasms. In all other patient demographics and diet parameters, an equal likelihood of similar success was found.
Published:
2005-04
Title:
Glucose Metabolism of Human Prostate Cancer Mouse Xenografts
Authors:
Jadvar, Hossein; Li, Xiankui; Shahinian, Antranik; Park, Ryan; Tohme, Michel; Pinski, Jacek; Conti, Peter S.
Abstract:
We hypothesized that the glucose metabolism of prostate cancer is modulated by androgen. We performed in vivo biodistribution and imaging studies of [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) accumulation in androgen-sensitive (CWR-22) and androgen-independent (PC-3) human prostate cancer xenografts implanted in castrated and noncastrated male athymic mice. The growth pattern of the CWR-22 tumor was best approximated by an exponential function (tumor size in mm3 = 14.913 e0.1086 Â days, R2 = .96, n = 5). The growth pattern of the PC-3 tumor was best approximated by a quadratic function (tumor size in mm3 = 0.3511 Â days2 + 49.418 Â day À 753.33, R2 = .96, n = 3). The FDG accumulation in the CWR-22 tumor implanted in the castrated mice was significantly lower, by an average of 55%, in comparison to that implanted in the noncastrated host (1.27 vs. 2.83, respectively, p
Published:
2005-04
Title:
Role of mitochondria in toxic oxidative stress
Authors:
Fariss, Marc W.; Chan, Catherine B.; Patel, Manisha; Van Houten, Bennett; Orrenius, Sten
Abstract:
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial oxidative damage have been implicated in the etiology of numerous common diseases. The critical mitochondrial events responsible for oxidative stress-mediated cell death (toxic oxidative stress), however, have yet to be defined. Several oxidative events implicated in toxic oxidative stress include alterations in mitochondrial lipids (e.g., cardiolipin), mitochondrial DNA, and mitochondrial proteins (eg. aconitase and uncoupling protein 2). Furthermore, recent findings indicate the enrichment of mitochondrial membranes with vitamin E protects cells against the toxic effects of oxidative stress. This review briefly summarizes the role of these mitochondrial events in toxic oxidative stress, including: 1) the protective role of mitochondrial vitamin E in toxic oxidative stress, 2) the role of mitochondrial DNA in toxic oxidative stress, 3) the interaction between cardiolipin and cytochrome c in mitochondrial regulation of apoptosis, 4) the role of mitochondrial aconitase in oxidative neurodegeneration, and 5) the role of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
Published:
2005-04
Title:
Severe Nutritional Vitamin Deficiency in a Breast-Fed Infant of a Vegan Mother
Authors:
R, Baatenburg de Jong; J, Bekhof; R, Roorda; P, Zwart
Abstract:
Severe Nutritional Vitamin Deficiency in a Breast-Fed Infant of a Vegan Mother
Published:
2005-04
Title:
Urinary ketones reflect serum ketone concentration but do not relate to weight loss in overweight premenopausal women following a low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet
Authors:
Coleman, Mary Dean; Nickols-Richardson, Sharon M.
Abstract:
This study examined the effect of a low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet on serum and urine ketone body concentrations. Thirteen overweight premenopausal women aged 32 to 45 years consumed < or =20 g carbohydrate/day with liberal intakes of protein and fat for 2 weeks; thereafter, carbohydrate intake increased 5 g/week for 10 weeks. Women were weighed and provided fasting urine and blood samples to detect urinary ketones and quantify serum ketone concentrations, respectively, at baseline and weeks 1 to 4, 6, and 12. Women lost 8.3%+/-2.8% of initial body weight by week 12. Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate production was highest at week 1 and declined weekly, with all values higher than baseline (P <.05). Each week, serum beta-hydroxybutyrate was correlated with presence of urinary ketones (P
Published:
2005-04
Title:
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Presenting as Oedema in Infants of Vegetarian Mothers
Authors:
A, Reghu; S, Hosdurga; B, Sandhu; C, Spray
Abstract:
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Presenting as Oedema in Infants of Vegetarian Mothers
Published:
2005-04
Title:
Evolution of bitter taste receptors in humans and apes
Authors:
Fischer, Anne; Gilad, Yoav; Man, Orna; Pääbo, Svante
Abstract:
Bitter taste perception is crucial for the survival of organisms because it enables them to avoid the ingestion of potentially harmful substances. Bitter taste receptors are encoded by a gene family that in humans has been shown to contain 25 putatively functional genes and 8 pseudogenes and in mouse 33 putatively functional genes and 3 pseudogenes. Lineage-specific expansions of bitter taste receptors have taken place in both mouse and human, but very little is known about the evolution of these receptors in primates. We report the analysis of the almost complete repertoires of bitter taste receptor genes in human, great apes, and two Old World monkeys. As a group, these genes seem to be under little selective constraint compared with olfactory receptors and other genes in the studied species. However, in contrast to the olfactory receptor gene repertoire, where humans have a higher proportion of pseudogenes than apes, there is no evidence that the rate of loss of bitter taste receptor genes varies among humans and apes.
Published:
2005-03
Title:
Metabolomics: building on a century of biochemistry to guide human health
Authors:
German, J. Bruce; Hammock, Bruce D.; Watkins, Steven M.
Abstract:
Medical diagnosis and treatment efficacy will improve significantly when a more personalized system for health assessment is implemented. This system will require diagnostics that provide sufficiently detailed information about the metabolic status of individuals such that assay results will be able to guide food, drug and lifestyle choices to maintain or improve distinct aspects of health without compromising others. Achieving this goal will use the new science of metabolomics - comprehensive metabolic profiling of individuals linked to the biological understanding of human integrative metabolism. Candidate technologies to accomplish this goal are largely available, yet they have not been brought into practice for this purpose. Metabolomic technologies must be sufficiently rapid, accurate and affordable to be routinely accessible to both healthy and acutely ill individuals. The use of metabolomic data to predict the health trajectories of individuals will require bioinformatic tools and quantitative reference databases. These databases containing metabolite profiles from the population must be built, stored and indexed according to metabolic and health status. Building and annotating these databases with the knowledge to predict how a specific metabolic pattern from an individual can be adjusted with diet, drugs and lifestyle to improve health represents a logical application of the biochemistry knowledge that the life sciences have produced over the past 100 years.
Published:
2005-03
Title:
Fasting unmasks a strong inverse association between ghrelin and cortisol in serum: studies in obese and normal-weight subjects
Authors:
Espelund, Ulrick; Hansen, Troels Krarup; Højlund, Kurt; Beck-Nielsen, Henning; Clausen, Jes Thorn; Hansen, Birgit Sehested; Orskov, Hans; Jørgensen, Jens Otto Lunde; Frystyk, Jan
Abstract:
Administration of ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor, stimulates not only GH secretion but also appetite and food intake in humans. Endogenous ghrelin levels display a distinct circadian rhythm, which is reciprocal to that of insulin and presumed to be meal dependent and not associated with GH secretion. We tested the hypothesis that food deprivation could impact circadian serum ghrelin levels and unmask meal-independent regulatory mechanisms. Thirty-three young adults, subdivided according to gender and level of obesity, were studied with blood sampling every 3 h from 12-84 h of fasting. Serum ghrelin levels showed a marked diurnal rhythm with a nadir in the morning (0800 h), peak levels in the afternoon, and a gradual decline during the night. This pattern was preserved during the entire fasting period and was independent of gender and obesity. Mean 24-h ghrelin levels exhibited a small but significant decline during the fast (P < 0.001). As expected, GH secretion increased with fasting in lean subjects, and a gradual decline in insulin concentrations was observed in all subjects. Neither GH nor insulin showed any significant relationship to ghrelin. In contrast, serum cortisol exhibited a strong inverse temporal association with ghrelin (r = -0.79; P
Published:
2005-02
Title:
From the ape's dilemma to the weanling's dilemma: early weaning and its evolutionary context
Authors:
Kennedy, G. E.
Abstract:
Although humans have a longer period of infant dependency than other hominoids, human infants, in natural fertility societies, are weaned far earlier than any of the great apes: chimps and orangutans wean, on average, at about 5 and 7.7 years, respectively, while humans wean, on average, at about 2.5 years. Assuming that living great apes demonstrate the ancestral weaning pattern, modern humans display a derived pattern that requires explanation, particularly since earlier weaning may result in significant hazards for a child. Clearly, if selection had favored the survival of the child, humans would wean later like other hominoids; selection, then, favored some trait other than the child's survival. It is argued here that our unique pattern of prolonged, early brain growth--the neurological basis for human intellectual ability--cannot be sustained much beyond one year by a human mother's milk alone, and thus early weaning, when accompanied by supplementation with more nutritious adult foods, is vital to the ontogeny of our larger brain, despite the associated dangers. Therefore, the child's intellectual development, rather than its survival, is the primary focus of selection. Consumption of more nutritious foods--derived from animal protein--increased by ca. 2.6 myr ago when a group of early hominins displayed two important behavioral shifts relative to ancestral forms: the recognition that a carcass represented a new and valuable food source-potentially larger than the usual hunted prey-and the use of stone tools to improve access to that food source. The shift in the hominin "prey image" to the carcass and the use of tools for butchery increased the amount of protein and calories available, irrespective of the local landscape. However, this shift brought hominins into competition with carnivores, increasing mortality among young adults and necessitating a number of social responses, such as alloparenting. The increased acquisition of meat ca. 2.6 Ma had significant effects on the later course of human evolution and may have initiated the origin of the genus Homo.
Published:
2005-02
Title:
Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors:
Young, Genevieve; Conquer, Julie
Abstract:
Epidemiological evidence suggests that dietary consumption of the long chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), commonly found in fish or fish oil, may modify the risk for certain neuropsychiatric disorders. As evidence, decreased blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids have been associated with several neuropsychiatric conditions, including Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder, Alzheimer's Disease, Schizophrenia and Depression. Supplementation studies, using individual or combination omega-3 fatty acids, suggest the possibility for decreased symptoms associated with some of these conditions. Thus far, however, the benefits of supplementation, in terms of decreasing disease risk and/or aiding in symptom management, are not clear and more research is needed. The reasons for blood fatty acid alterations in these disorders are not known, nor are the potential mechanisms by which omega-3 fatty acids may function in normal neuronal activity and neuropsychiatric disease prevention and/or treatment. It is clear, however, that DHA is the predominant n-3 fatty acid found in the brain and that EPA plays an important role as an anti-inflammatory precursor. Both DHA and EPA can be linked with many aspects of neural function, including neurotransmission, membrane fluidity, ion channel and enzyme regulation and gene expression. This review summarizes the knowledge in terms of dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and metabolism, as well as evidence pointing to potential mechanisms of omega-3 fatty acids in normal brain functioning, development of neuropsychiatric disorders and efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in terms of symptom management.
Published:
2005-02
Title:
Worldwide use of the ketogenic diet
Authors:
Kossoff, Eric H.; McGrogan, Jane R.
Abstract:
PURPOSE: Over the past decade, the use of the ketogenic diet internationally has increased dramatically. The purpose of this survey was to evaluate the use of the diet worldwide. METHODS: With the use of the Internet, e-mail requests for information about international ketogenic diet centers (outside the United States) were made over a 9-month period. Assistance also was obtained from the Child Neurology Society and International League Against Epilepsy. Questions included patient enrollment (total and annually), year the diet was first offered, unique cultural and religious issues in the country, community opinion, and research interests. RESULTS: Successful communication was made with 73 academic centers in 41 countries outside the United States. Sixteen (39%) countries provided information from multiple centers. The median duration offering the diet was 8 years (range, 1-45 years). The average number of patients enrolled to date was 71.6 per country, with 5.4 new patients annually. Common difficulties included avoiding rice intake, tolerating higher fat-to-protein and carbohydrate ratios (e.g., 4:1), finding specific nutritional labels on foods, and handling the growing interest from large populations with limited resources. Nevertheless, cultural and religious issues were generally not limiting; physician and patient acceptance of the diet as an option is high; and most meals were similar among countries. Centers often had great pride in their programs, and international collaborative groups are forming rapidly. A website is now available with updated center information at http://www.neuro.jhmi.edu/Epilepsy/Peds/ketoworldwide.htm CONCLUSIONS: Despite occasional difficulties, the ketogenic diet is being used worldwide.
Published:
2005-02
Title:
Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism.
Authors:
Heilbronn, Leonie K.; Smith, Steven R.; Martin, Corby K.; Anton, Stephen D.; Ravussin, Eric
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Prolonged dietary restriction increases the life span in rodents. Some evidence suggests that alternate-day fasting may also prolong the life span. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine whether alternate-day fasting is a feasible method of dietary restriction in nonobese humans and whether it improves known biomarkers of longevity. DESIGN: Nonobese subjects (8 men and 8 women) fasted every other day for 22 d. Body weight, body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), temperature, fasting serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and ghrelin were assessed at baseline and after 21 d (12-h fast) and 22 d (36-h fast) of alternate-day fasting. Visual analogue scales were used to assess hunger weekly. RESULTS: Subjects lost 2.5 +/- 0.5% of their initial body weight (P < 0.001) and 4 +/- 1% of their initial fat mass (P < 0.001). Hunger increased on the first day of fasting and remained elevated (P < 0.001). RMR and RQ did not change significantly from baseline to day 21, but RQ decreased on day 22 (P or =15 g. Glucose and ghrelin did not change significantly from baseline with alternate-day fasting, whereas fasting insulin decreased 57 +/- 4% (P
Published:
2005-01
Title:
Blood pressure regulation and vegetarian diets
Authors:
Berkow, Susan E.; Barnard, Neal D.
Abstract:
Hypertension affects approximately 50 million individuals in the United States and approximately 1 billion worldwide. Although heredity plays a role in blood pressure variability, diet and lifestyle exert considerable influence in blood pressure regulation. This report reviews the evidence of the relationship between a vegetarian diet and blood pressure regulation and presents data as to the putative mechanisms of action.
Published:
2005-01
Title:
Blood pressure regulation and vegetarian diets
Authors:
Berkow, Susan E.; Barnard, Neal D.
Abstract:
Hypertension affects approximately 50 million individuals in the United States and approximately 1 billion worldwide. Although heredity plays a role in blood pressure variability, diet and lifestyle exert considerable influence in blood pressure regulation. This report reviews the evidence of the relationship between a vegetarian diet and blood pressure regulation and presents data as to the putative mechanisms of action.
Published:
2005-01
Title:
Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women
Authors:
McAuley, K. A.; Hopkins, C. M.; Smith, K. J.; McLay, R. T.; Williams, S. M.; Taylor, R. W.; Mann, J. I.
Abstract:
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: A diet low in saturated fatty acids and rich in wholegrains, vegetables and fruit is recommended in order to reduce the risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However there is widespread interest in high-fat ("Atkins Diet") and high-protein ("Zone Diet") alternatives to the conventional high-carbohydrate, high-fibre approach. We report on a randomised trial that compared these two alternative approaches with a conventional diet in overweight insulin-resistant women. METHODS: Ninety-six normoglycaemic, insulin-resistant women (BMI >27 kg/m(2)) were randomised to one of three dietary interventions: a high-carbohydrate, high-fibre (HC) diet, the high-fat (HF) Atkins Diet, or the high-protein (HP) Zone Diet. The experimental approach was designed to mimic what might be achieved in clinical practice: the recommendations involved advice concerning food choices and were not prescriptive in terms of total energy. There were supervised weight loss and weight maintenance phases (8 weeks each), but there was no contact between the research team and the participants during the final 8 weeks of the study. Outcome was assessed in terms of body composition and indicators of cardiovascular and diabetes risk. RESULTS: Body weight, waist circumference, triglycerides and insulin levels decreased with all three diets but, apart from insulin, the reductions were significantly greater in the HF and HP groups than in the HC group. These observations suggest that the popular diets reduced insulin resistance to a greater extent than the standard dietary advice did. When compared with the HC diet, the HF and HP diets were shown to produce significantly (p10% increase in LDL cholesterol, whereas this occurred in only 13% of subjects on the HC diet and 3% of those on the HP diet. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In routine practice a reduced-carbohydrate, higher protein diet may be the most appropriate overall approach to reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. To achieve similar benefits on a HC diet, it may be necessary to increase fibre-rich wholegrains, legumes, vegetables and fruits, and to reduce saturated fatty acids to a greater extent than appears to be achieved by implementing current guidelines. The HF approach appears successful for weight loss in the short term, but lipid levels should be monitored. The potential deleterious effects of the diet in the long term remain a concern.
Published:
2005-01
Title:
Dietary intake among young adolescents in Ontario: associations with vegetarian status and attitude toward health
Authors:
Greene-Finestone, Linda S.; Campbell, M. Karen; Gutmanis, Iris A.; Evers, Susan E.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to describe the dietary intakes of adolescent vegetarians and omnivores and determine if, and how, attitude toward personal health related to food consumption. METHODS: Among grade 9 students in Ontario, Canada (n = 630), vegetarian status and estimated consumption of foods and food groups were determined by food frequency questionnaire. Personal health was self-categorized as very important (the "health conscious") or somewhat/not important (the "non-health conscious"). RESULTS: The prevalence of vegetarianism was 6.5% (CI = 4.6-8.4%) among females and 1.0% (CI = 0.2-1.8%) among males. Health-conscious omnivores consumed more grain, vegetables and fruit, and milk product than non-health-conscious omnivores (P < 0.05). Health-conscious vegetarians ingested more grain products, vegetables and fruit, and meat and alternatives than non-health-conscious vegetarians (P < 0.05). Among non-health-conscious vegetarians, none consumed two daily servings of meat and alternatives compared to 60.5% of non-health-conscious omnivores (P
Published:
2005-01
Title:
Dietary intakes and blood concentrations of antioxidant vitamins in German vegans
Authors:
Waldmann, Annika; Koschizke, Jochen W.; Leitzmann, Claus; Hahn, Andreas
Abstract:
We report on an evaluation of intake and blood concentrations of antioxidant vitamins in a cross-sectional study of 104 German vegans, and examine the association between blood concentration of antioxidant vitamins and their intake as well as fruit and vegetable intake. Comparisons are made with dietary reference intakes and established threshold values (ETV) for blood concentrations. Mean intakes of vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene were higher than actual recommendations, but comparable to reported intakes in other vegan cohorts. Mean blood concentrations were 0.76 micromol/L for beta-carotene and 117 micromol/L for vitamin C, so that nearly all participants showed concentrations that were above the ETV for the prevention of chronic diseases. Although mean vitamin E intake was 24.8 mg/day, only 32% of female and 18% of male participants showed plasma concentrations above the ETV. However, the mean vitamin E/cholesterol ratio was high (5.97), indicating a good protection of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) against peroxidation. Of the reported antioxidant vitamins, only plasma vitamin C concentration was a good biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake. The high concentration of antioxidative compounds in plasma may be one of the reasons for the lower incidence of chronic diseases in people consuming a plant-only diet.
Published:
2005-01
Title:
Experience in the use of the ketogenic diet as early therapy
Authors:
Rubenstein, James E.; Kossoff, Eric H.; Pyzik, Paula L.; Vining, Eileen P. G.; McGrogan, Jane R.; Freeman, John M.
Abstract:
The ketogenic diet has traditionally been considered an anticonvulsant therapy of last resort, despite excellent efficacy and limited side effects. We hypothesized that the ketogenic diet would have similar results in patients with new-onset epilepsy. A retrospective study was conducted of patients started on the ketogenic diet since 1994. Thirteen of 460 (2.8%) patients were started on the ketogenic diet as early (zero or one prior anticonvulsant) therapy for seizures. Of those remaining on the diet, 60% (6 of 10) had a > 90% seizure reduction at 6 months and 100% (6 of 6) had a > 90% reduction at 12 months. Patients with infantile spasms were as likely to achieve > 50% seizure reduction at 6 months as patients with other seizure types (75% vs 60%; P = .6). The ketogenic diet can be a valuable therapy before epilepsy becomes intractable. In the 13 patients reported, efficacy without side effects was achieved similarly to that with patients with intractable epilepsy.
Published:
2005-01
Title:
Gestational diabetes exhibits lack of carnitine deficiency despite relatively low carnitine levels and alterations in ketogenesis
Authors:
Pappa, Kalliopi I.; Anagnou, Nicholas P.; Salamalekis, Emmanuel; Bikouvarakis, Stylianos; Maropoulos, George; Anogianaki, Nektaria; Evangeliou, Athanasios; Koumantakis, Eugene
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have underlined the importance of the carnitine shuttle system and its dysfunction both in normal pregnancy and in type 1 and 2 diabetes. The objective of this paper was to delineate more systematically the role of the carnitine shuttle system in normal pregnancy and in gestational diabetes. METHODS: A total of 119 women matched for age comprised three groups: 40 normal adult non-pregnant women (NNP), 46 normal pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancy (NP) and 33 women with gestational diabetes (GDM). The latter group was further subdivided into those being managed either by diet alone (25 women, GDM-D) or by insulin (8 women,GDM-I). The following biochemical parameters were assayed: fasting plasma total, free and acyl-carnitine, FFA and beta-OH-butyrate, together with several essential anthropometric parameters. RESULTS: Women with GDM, in contrast to the control groups, displayed the biochemical features characteristic of insulin resistance: higher body weight, higher BMI, higher skinfold and higher HbAlc levels. No differences on any parameters were found between the two GDM subgroups. Both NP and GDM groups had low levels of total carnitine compared to NNP control group, but surprisingly, the GDM group did not exhibit any further decrease of carnitine levels, as would have been expected by the combination of pregnancy and diabetes. Both groups, despite these low carnitine levels, had no clinical symptoms of carnitine deficiency. Furthermore, the GDM group displayed higher levels of FFA and beta-hydroxybutyrate, which were statistically significant compared to the other two control groups. CONCLUSIONS: The data corroborate the negative effect of normal gestation on the carnitine shuttle system, while they document for the first time that GDM does not further affect the efficiency of the carnitine system. The mild effect of GDMon carnitine status could be explained by the concurrent increased gluconeogenesis, a process which does not affect directly carnitine metabolism.
Published:
2005-01
Title:
Macronutrients, fatty acids, cholesterol and prostate cancer risk
Authors:
Bidoli, E.; Talamini, R.; Bosetti, C.; Negri, E.; Maruzzi, D.; Montella, M.; Franceschi, S.; La Vecchia, C.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: The role of selected macronutrients, fatty acids and cholesterol in the etiology of prostate cancer was analyzed using data from a case-control study carried out in five Italian areas between 1991 and 2002. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cases were 1294 men with incident, histologically confirmed prostate cancer, and admitted to the major teaching and general hospitals of study areas. Controls were 1451 men admitted for acute, non-neoplastic conditions to the same hospital network. Information on dietary habits was elicited using a validated food frequency questionnaire including 78 food groups and recipes. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for increasing levels of nutrient intake. RESULTS: A direct association with prostate cancer was found for starch intake (OR = 1.4 in the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake; 95% CI: 1.1-1.8), whereas an inverse association emerged for polyunsaturated fatty acids (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.6-1.0). Among polyunsaturated fatty acids, linolenic acid (OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6-0.9) and linoleic acid (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.6-1.0) were inversely related to prostate cancer. When the six major macronutrients were included in the same model, the adverse effect of high intake of starch and monounsaturated fatty acids was statistically significant together with the protective effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results were consistent in separate strata of age, body mass index and family history of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Starch and monounsaturated fatty acids were directly associated with prostate cancer risk and polyunsaturated fatty acids were inversely associated.
Published:
2005-01
Title:
A Theoretical Method for Normalizing Total Serum Valproic Acid Concentration in Hypoalbuminemic Patients
Authors:
Hermida, Jesús; Tutor, J. Carlos
Abstract:
In patients with hypoalbuminemia, the total serum concentration of valproic acid may offer poor clinical information; however, very few clinical laboratories routinely analyze the free concentration of the drug. The aim of this study was to design a procedure to normalize the total concentration of valproic acid according to the level of serum albumin and using previously published free fraction values. In 121 adult patients, with albumin levels of 18 – 41 g / L, the total concentration of valproic acid was normalized using the derived equation: CN = a HCH/ 6.5, where a H is the free fraction of the drug corresponding to the patient’s particular albuminemia and CH is the total concentration of valproic acid. The value of 6.5 corresponds to the free fraction of the drug for a serum albumin of 42 g / L (percentile 50 of the reference range). For total concentrations lower than 75 mg /L, the predicted normalized valproic acid concentrations were reasonably concordant with the observed normalized concentrations calculated using the data from a protein-binding study. In a significant number of cases, subtherapeutic concentrations of the drug became therapeutic and even supratherapeutic when corrected according to the albumin levels. Furthermore, cases with therapeutic drug concentrations frequently became supratherapeutic when normalized. The limitations and clinical aplications of the proposed formula for normalizing the total concentration of valproic acid are presented. It is concluded that it may be useful for the posological management of hypoalbuminemic patients when the free concentration of the drug is not available, and decisions have to be made based on the total serum concentration.
Published:
2005
Title:
A dietary pattern protective against type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) - Potsdam Study cohort
Authors:
Heidemann, C.; Hoffmann, K.; Spranger, J.; Klipstein-Grobusch, K.; Möhlig, M.; Pfeiffer, A.F.H.; Boeing, H.
Abstract:
Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to identify a dietary pattern associated with diabetes-related biomarkers and to investigate whether this pattern is associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Methods: A nested case-control study of 192 cases of incident type 2 diabetes and 382 control subjects matched for sex and age was conducted. All subjects were participants in the population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Dietary pattern score was derived using intake data on 48 food groups as exposure variables and the biomarkers HbA 1c, HDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein and adiponectin as response variables in reduced rank regression. The association of the score with diabetes risk was estimated by conditional logistic regression analysis. Results: A high score for the identified dietary pattern was characterised by a high intake of fresh fruit and a low intake of high-caloric soft drinks, beer, red meat, poultry, processed meat, legumes and bread (excluding wholegrain bread). Subjects with high scores had high plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol and adiponectin and low plasma concentrations of HbA1c and C-reactive protein. After multivariate adjustment, the odds ratios for type 2 diabetes across increasing quintiles of the dietary pattern score were 1.0, 0.59, 0.51, 0.26 and 0.27, respectively (p=0.0006 for trend). Conclusions/interpretation: A high score for the identified dietary pattern is associated with a more favourable biomarker profile and a substantially reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes. © Springer-Verlag 2005.
Published:
2005
Title:
A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations
Authors:
Weigle, David S.; Breen, Patricia A.; Matthys, Colleen C.; Callahan, Holly S.; Meeuws, Kaatje E.; Burden, Verna R.; Purnell, Jonathan Q.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND Ad libitum, low-carbohydrate diets decrease caloric intake and cause weight loss. It is unclear whether these effects are due to the reduced carbohydrate content of such diets or to their associated increase in protein intake. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that increasing the protein content while maintaining the carbohydrate content of the diet lowers body weight by decreasing appetite and spontaneous caloric intake. DESIGN Appetite, caloric intake, body weight, and fat mass were measured in 19 subjects placed sequentially on the following diets: a weight-maintaining diet (15% protein, 35% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 2 wk, an isocaloric diet (30% protein, 20% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 2 wk, and an ad libitum diet (30% protein, 20% fat, and 50% carbohydrate) for 12 wk. Blood was sampled frequently at the end of each diet phase to measure the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) for insulin, leptin, and ghrelin. RESULTS Satiety was markedly increased with the isocaloric high-protein diet despite an unchanged leptin AUC. Mean (+/-SE) spontaneous energy intake decreased by 441 +/- 63 kcal/d, body weight decreased by 4.9 +/- 0.5 kg, and fat mass decreased by 3.7 +/- 0.4 kg with the ad libitum, high-protein diet, despite a significantly decreased leptin AUC and increased ghrelin AUC. CONCLUSIONS An increase in dietary protein from 15% to 30% of energy at a constant carbohydrate intake produces a sustained decrease in ad libitum caloric intake that may be mediated by increased central nervous system leptin sensitivity and results in significant weight loss. This anorexic effect of protein may contribute to the weight loss produced by low-carbohydrate diets.
Published:
2005
Title:
Alcohol and public health
Authors:
Room, Robin; Babor, Thomas; Rehm, Jürgen
Abstract:
Published:
2005
Title:
Anorexia Nervosa
Authors:
Yager, Joel
Abstract:
Published:
2005
Title:
Anti-Angiogenic and Pro-Apoptotic Effects of Dietary Restriction in Experimental Brain Cancer: Role of Glucose and Ketone Bodies
Authors:
Seyfried, T.N.; Mukherjee, P.
Abstract:
Angiogenesis involves neovascularization or the formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels and is associated with the processes of tissue inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. Recent studies from this laboratory show that moderate restriction of dietary energy intake (dietary restriction, DR) has powerful anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects against the CT-2A experimental mouse astrocytoma. DR reduces blood glucose levels while elevating ketone bodies. As most brain tumour cells are dependent on glycolysis for energy due to mitochondrial defects, they are unable to switch from glucose to ketone bodies for energy. An energy source shift from glucose to ketone bodies will enhance the bioenergetic potential of normal brain cells while reducing tumour cell growth and tissue inflammation. It is suggested that cancer therapeutics that reduce tumour growth, while also reducing food intake and body weight, may operate in large part through the anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects of DR.
Published:
2005
Title:
Are Food Advanced Glycation End Products Toxic in Biological Systems?
Authors:
Chuyen, N. V.; Arai, H.; Nakanishi, T.; Utsunomiya, N.
Abstract:
Abstract: Model food advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were prepared as glycated casein (GC) and glycated soy protein (GS) by the reaction of casein or soy protein with glucose at 50°C, relative humidity 75% for seven days in a powder state. These browned proteins were used as materials for animal experiments. A mixture of 20% glycated proteins (GC:GS = 1:1) diet was fed to streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats for 11 weeks. The results showed that: (1) fructoselysine was observed in the hepatic portal veins, arteries, and femoral veins of rats fed with glycated proteins after 2 h of feeding; (2) blood sugar of glycated protein-fed rats was lower than that of diabetic rats fed with intact protein, while HbA1C in blood and glucose in urine of both groups were similar; (3) lipid peroxidation status in serum, liver, and kidney of both groups was similar; (4) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymatic activity in serum and liver of both groups were also similar; (5) there were no differences in degree of cataract formation and concentration of glucose, fructose, sorbitol, and lipid peroxide in the lenses of both groups. From the above results, it can be estimated that food AGEs are not toxic in biological systems, and reactive oxygen species increase in diabetic rats is not caused by glycated proteins but by other pathways.
Published:
2005
Title:
Behavioral and Physiological Consequences of Sleep Restriction
Authors:
Banks, Siobhan; Ph, D; Dinges, David F
Abstract:
Published:
2005
Title:
Beneficial effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems
Authors:
Mattson, Mark P.; Wan, Ruiqian
Abstract:
Intermittent fasting (IF; reduced meal frequency) and caloric restriction (CR) extend lifespan and increase resistance to age-related diseases in rodents and monkeys and improve the health of overweight humans. Both IF and CR enhance cardiovascular and brain functions and improve several risk factors for coronary artery disease and stroke including a reduction in blood pressure and increased insulin sensitivity. Cardiovascular stress adaptation is improved and heart rate variability is increased in rodents maintained on an IF or a CR diet. Moreover, rodents maintained on an IF regimen exhibit increased resistance of heart and brain cells to ischemic injury in experimental models of myocardial infarction and stroke. The beneficial effects of IF and CR result from at least two mechanisms - reduced oxidative damage and increased cellular stress resistance. Recent findings suggest that some of the beneficial effects of IF on both the cardiovascular system and the brain are mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the brain. Interestingly, cellular and molecular effects of IF and CR on the cardiovascular system and the brain are similar to those of regular physical exercise, suggesting shared mechanisms. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which IF and CR affect the blood vessels and heart and brain cells will likely lead to novel preventative and therapeutic strategies for extending health span. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Published:
2005
Title:
Brief communication: Is variation in the cranial capacity of the Dmanisi sample too high to be from a single species?
Authors:
Lee, S. H
Abstract:
Published:
2005
Title:
California Teachers Perceive School Gardens as an Effective Nutritional Tool to Promote Healthful Eating Habits
Authors:
Graham, Heather; Zidenberg-Cherr, Sheri
Abstract:
Published:
2005
Title:
Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber in relation to risk of stroke in women
Authors:
Oh, Kyungwon; Hu, Frank B.; Cho, Eunyoung; Rexrode, Kathryn M.; Stampfer, Meir J.; Manson, Jo Ann E.; Liu, Simin; Willett, Walter C.
Abstract:
The associations of dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index, and glycemic load with stroke risk were examined among 78,779 US women who were free of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in 1980 and completed a food frequency questionnaire. During an 18-year follow-up, 1,020 stroke cases were documented (including 515 ischemic and 279 hemorrhagic). In analyses adjusting for nondietary risk factors and cereal fiber, carbohydrate intake was associated with elevated risk of hemorrhagic stroke when the extreme quintiles were compared (relative risk = 2.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.10, 3.83; p(trend) = 0.02), but not with ischemic stroke. The positive association between carbohydrate intake and stroke risk was most evident among women with a body mass index of \textgreater or =25 kg/m(2). Likewise, dietary glycemic load was positively associated with total stroke among only those women whose body mass index was \textgreater or =25 kg/m(2). Cereal fiber intake was inversely associated with total and hemorrhagic stroke risk; for total stroke, relative risk = 0.66 (95% confidence interval: 0.52, 0.83; p(trend) = 0.001) and for hemorrhagic stroke, relative risk = 0.51 (95% confidence interval: 0.33, 0.78; p(trend) = 0.01). Findings suggest that high intake of refined carbohydrate is associated with hemorrhagic stroke risk, particularly among overweight or obese women. In addition, high consumption of cereal fiber was associated with lower risk of total and hemorrhagic stroke.
Published:
2005
Title:
Carbohydrate restriction improves the features of Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome may be defined by the response to carbohydrate restriction
Authors:
Volek, Jeff S.; Feinman, Richard D.
Abstract:
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) represents a constellation of markers that indicates a predisposition to diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other pathologic states. The definition and treatment are a matter of current debate and there is not general agreement ...
Published:
2005
Title:
Comparison of serum lipid values in patients with coronary artery disease at \textless50, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and \textgreater70 years of age
Authors:
Da Luz, Protásio L.; Cesena, Fernando H.Y.; Favarato, Desidério; Cerqueira, Eliana S.
Abstract:
We evaluated the relation between lipids and precocity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the real world as characterized by increasing statin use. The highest mean values of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol were found when CAD was detected in patients who were \textless50 years of age (p \textless0.01 for all); the opposite occurred for HDL cholesterol (p \textless0.01). Triglycerides and ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol were the most powerful, independent variables related to precocity of CAD. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Published:
2005
Title:
Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction
Authors:
Dansinger, M L; Gleason, J A; Griffith, J L; Selker, H P; Schaefer, E J
Abstract:
Context: The scarcity of data addressing the health effects of popular diets is an important public health concern, especially since patients and physicians are interested in using popular diets as individualized eating strategies for disease prevention. Objective: To assess adherence rates and the effectiveness of 4 popular diets (Atkins, Zone, Weight Watchers, and Ornish) for weight loss and cardiac risk factor reduction. Design, Setting, and Participants: A single-center randomized trial at an academic medical center in Boston, Mass, of overweight or obese (body mass index: mean, 35; range, 27-42) adults aged 22 to 72 years with known hypertension, dyslipidemia, or fasting hyperglycemia. Participants were enrolled starting July 18, 2000, and randomized to 4 popular diet groups until January 24, 2002. Intervention: A total of 160 participants were randomly assigned to either Atkins (carbohydrate restriction, n=40). Zone (macronutrient balance, n=40), Weight Watchers (calorie restriction, n=40), or Ornish (fat restriction, n=40) diet groups. After 2 months of maximum effort, participants selected their own levels of dietary adherence. Main Outcome Measures: One-year changes in baseline weight and cardiac risk factors, and self-selected dietary adherence rates per self-report. Results: Assuming no change from baseline for participants who discontinued the study, mean (SD) weight loss at 1 year was 2.1 (4.8) kg for Atkins (21 [53 %] of 40 participants completed, P=.009), 3.2 (6.0) kg for Zone (26 [65%] of 40 completed, P=.002), 3.0 (4.9) kg for Weight Watchers (26 [65%] of 40 completed, P\textless.001), and 3.3 (7.3) kg for Ornish (20 [50%] of 40 completed, P=.007). Greater effects were observed in study completers. Each diet significantly reduced the low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio by approximately 10% (all P\textless.05), with no significant effects on blood pressure or glucose at 1 year. Amount of weight loss was associated with self-reported dietary adherence level (r=0.60; P\textless.001) but not with diet type (r=0.07; P= .40). For each diet, decreasing levels of total/HDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and insulin were significantly associated with weight loss (mean r=0.36, 0.37, and 0.39, respectively) with no significant difference between diets (P= .48, P= .57, P= .31, respectively). Conclusions: Each popular diet modestly reduced body weight and several cardiac risk factors at 1 year. Overall dietary adherence rates were low, although increased adherence was associated with greater weight loss and cardiac risk factor reductions for each diet group.
Published:
2005
Title:
Comparison of the zones of the human prostate with the seminal vesicle: Morphology, immunohistochemistry, and cell kinetics
Authors:
Laczkó, István; Hudson, David L.; Freeman, Alex; Feneley, Mark R.; Masters, John R.
Abstract:
Background The prostate contains three glandular zones (central, peripheral, transition) with widely differing susceptibilities to cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Most of the prostate is derived from urogenital sinus, but the central zone may be derived from Wolffian duct, in common with the seminal vesicles (SV). The peripheral zone is the most frequent site of cancer and the transition zone is the almost exclusive site of BPH. Method We compared the histology and immunohistochemistry of the SV with those of the prostate zones in order to identify differences associated with susceptibility to disease or different embryological origins. Sections from the prostates of nine organ donors (aged 15–36) were stained for tissue-specific markers, antigens previously shown to stain differentially between the zones and markers of cell proliferation and cell death. Results Neuroendocrine cells were absent from the SV and significantly fewer neuroendocrine cells were seen in the central zone compared to the peripheral zone. Most of the SV epithelium stained for lactoferrin, compared to approximately one-third of central zone and only 2% of peripheral zone epithelial cells. The proliferative index of the central zone was approximately 50% lower and the incidence of apoptotic cells approximately half that of the peripheral and transition zones. Conclusions The central zone has features in common with both the SV and the other zones of the prostate. The higher incidence of proliferative diseases in the transition and peripheral zones may be associated with the higher rate of cell turnover observed in these zones. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Published:
2005
Title:
Consumption of both black tea and green tea results in an increase in the excretion of hippuric acid into urine
Authors:
Mulder, Theo P.; Rietveld, Anton G.; van Amelsvoort, Johan M.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: A major portion of the catechins in green tea is not absorbed in the small intestine. Bacteria in the colon convert nonabsorbed catechins into simpler phenolic compounds, which may also be absorbed. During the production of black tea, most catechins are polymerized to complex molecules called thearubigins. Little is known about the microbial degradation of these complex polyphenols, but hippuric acid has been identified as a major excretion product associated with black tea consumption. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether green tea and black tea have the same metabolic fate in humans. DESIGN: Seventeen healthy male volunteers were studied with a randomized, full-crossover design. Each intervention period lasted 4 d, ie, a 2-d run-in period with a low-polyphenol diet followed by a 2-d treatment period. Volunteers consumed a daily dose of 6 g green tea solids, 6 g black tea solids, or 360 mg caffeine. Intervention periods were separated by a 10-d washout period. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected during the second day of each treatment period. Hippuric acid was analyzed with HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The mean excretion of urinary hippuric acid during black tea and green tea consumption was 3.75 +/- 0.28 mmol/24 h and 4.22 +/- 0.28 mmol/24 h, respectively (95% CI for the difference: -0.37 to +1.30 mmol/24 h). The hippuric acid excretion during the control treatment was much lower (1.89 +/- 0.28 mmol/24 h; P
Published:
2005
Title:
Continuity in tropical cave use: Examples from East Timor and the Aru Islands, Maluku
Authors:
Veth, Peter Marius; Spriggs, Matthew; O'Connor, Sue
Abstract:
Published:
2005
Title:
Controlled substitution of soy protein for meat protein: Effects on calcium retention, bone, and cardiovascular health indices in postmenopausal women
Authors:
Roughead, Z.K.; Hunt, J.R.; Johnson, L.K.; Badger, T.M.; Lykken, G.I.
Abstract:
In a controlled feeding study, the effects of substituting 25 g soy protein for meat on calcium retention and bone biomarkers were determined. Postmenopausal women (n = 13) ate two diets that were similar, except that, in one diet, 25 g high-isoflavone soy protein (SOY) was substituted for an equivalent amount of meat protein (control diet), for 7 wk each in a randomized crossover design. After 3 wk of equilibration, calcium retention was measured by labeling the 2-d menu with 47Ca, followed by whole-body counting for 28 d. Urinary calcium and renal acid excretion were measured at wk 3, 5, and 7. Biomarkers of bone and cardiovascular health were measured at the beginning and end of each diet. Calcium was similarly retained during the control and SOY diets (d 28, percent dose, mean ± pooled SD: 14.1 and 14.0 ± 1.6, respectively). Despite a 15-20% lower renal acid excretion during the SOY diet, urinary calcium loss was unaffected by diet. Diet also did not affect any of the indicators of bone or cardiovascular health. Substitution of 25 g high isoflavone soy protein for meat, in the presence of typical calcium intakes, did not improve or impair calcium retention or indicators of bone and cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women.
Published:
2005
Title:
Costa Rican Adolescents have a Deleterious Nutritional Profile as Compared to Adults in Terms of Lower Dietary and Plasma Concentrations of Antioxidant Micronutrients
Authors:
Kabagambe, E.K.; Baylin, A.; Furtado, J.; Campos, H.; Irwig, M.S.; Siles, X.; Campos, H.; Kim, M.K.
Abstract:
Objective: Most prospective studies in adult populations show an inverse association between consumption of fruits and vegetables and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants. The objective was to determine whether nutrient intakes and plasma concentrations of antioxidants of adolescents are similar to those of their parents or grandparents as a way of assessing whether dietary habits of parents are passed on to their adolescent children. Methods Parents or grandparents (n = 159) aged 29–77 y were selected from the participants of the myocardial case-control study in Costa Rica. One adolescent child or grandchild (12–20 y) was identified for each parent or grandparent. Nutrient intakes and plasma antioxidant concentrations were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire and by high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Results As compared to adults, adolescents consumed greater quantities of fruit, dairy products, red meat, carbonated drinks and polyunsaturated fat, but lower quantities of fiber and micronutrients (carotenoids, vitamins A and B6, folate, potassium, magnesium and zinc). Plasma concentrations of all carotenoids, except for lycopene, were lower in adolescents than in adults (p
Published:
2005
Title:
Cultures of the Abdomen: Diet, Digestion, and Fat in the Modern World
Authors:
Forth, Christopher E.; Carden-Coyne, Ana
Abstract:
Published:
2005
Title:
Diet and biomarkers of oxidative damage in women previously treated for breast cancer
Authors:
Thomson, C.A.; Giuliano, A.R.; Shaw, J.W.; Rock, C.L.; Ritenbaugh, C.K.; Hakim, I.A.; Hollenbach, K.A.; Alberts, D.S.; Pierce, J.P.
Abstract:
This study sought to evaluate the relationship between dietary intake of fat, poly unsaturated fat, saturated fat, arachidonic acid, and selected dietary antioxidants and levels of oxidative damage as measured by urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) in women previously treated for breast cancer. Two hundred two study subjects participating in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) study were included in this ancillary study. Dietary intakes and concentrations of urinary 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α were measured at baseline and 12 mo in the 179 women included in the analytical cohort. Study subjects demonstrated a significant reduction in dietary total, poly unsaturated, and saturated fat intake and a significant increase in vitamins E and C and β-carotene intake from baseline to 12 mo. Linear mixed-models analysis using baseline and Year 1 data indicated that vitamin E intake was inversely associated with both 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α. 8-Iso-PGF2α is increased with increased body mass index (BMI) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake, indicating an increase in lipid peroxidation with greater BMI and higher PUFA intake. 8-OHdG was inversely related to age but positively related to arachidonic acid, indicating an increase in DNA damage with higher intake of arachidonic acid (meat). The results of this nested case-controlled study provide potential mechanisms by which a high fruit and vegetable, low-fat diet might reduce the recurrence rate of or early-stage breast cancer. Copyright © 2005, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Published:
2005
Title:
Effect on absorption and oxidative stress of different oral Coenzyme Q10 dosages and intake strategy in healthy men
Authors:
Singh, R. B.; Niaz, M. A.; Kumar, Adarsh; Sindberg, C. D.; Moesgaard, S.; Littarru, G. P.
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: The effect of various dosages and dose strategies of oral coenzyme Q(10) (Q(100) administration on serum Q(10) concentration and bioequivalence of various formulations are not fully known. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial 60 healthy men, aged 18-55 years, were supplemented with various dosages and dose strategies of coenzyme Q(10) soft oil capsules (Myoqinon 100 mg, Pharma Nord, Denmark) or crystalline 100 mg Q(10) powder capsules or placebo. After 20 days blood levels were compared and oxidative load parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were monitored to evaluate bioequivalence. All the subjects were advised to take the capsules with meals. Blood samples were collected after 12 hours of overnight fasting at baseline and after 20 days of Q(10) administration. Compliance was evaluated by counting the number of capsules returned by the subjects after the trial. RESULTS: Compliance by capsule counting was >90%. Side effects were negligible. Serum concentrations of Q(10) (average for groups) increased significantly 3-10 fold in the intervention groups compared with the placebo group. Serum response was improved with a divided dose strategy. TBARS and MDA were in the normal ranges at baseline. After 20 days intervention in the 200 mg group TBARS and MDA decreased, but the decrease was only significant for MDA (Fig. 2). CONCLUSIONS: All supplementations increased serum levels of Q(10). Q(10) dissolved in an oil matrix was more effective than the same amount of crystalline Q(10) in raising Q(10) serum levels. 200 mg of oil/soft gel formulation of Q(10) caused a larger increase in Q(10) serum levels than did 100 mg. Divided dosages (2 x 100 mg) of Q(10) caused a larger increase in serum levels of Q(10) than a single dose of 200 mg. Supplementation was associated with decreased oxidative stress as measured by MDA-levels. Indians appear to have low baseline serum coenzyme Q(10) levels which may be due to vegetarian diets. Further studies in larger number of subjects would be necessary to confirm our findings.
Published:
2005
Title:
Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors:
Lieberman, Jeffrey A; Rosenheck, Robert A; Davis, Sonia M; Hsiao, John K
Abstract:
Published:
2005
Title:
Fat in America
Authors:
Stearns, Peter N.
Abstract:
Published:
2005
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