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Total Entries: 10690
Title:
Disease and Class: Tuberculosis and the Shaping of Modern North American Society
Authors:
Feldberg, Georgina D.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Early agriculture in New Guinea and the Torres Strait divide
Authors:
Harris, D.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Excavation at Red Bluff 1
Authors:
Morwood, M. J.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Excavations at Giant Horse
Authors:
Morwood, M. J.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Excavations at Magnificent Gallery
Authors:
Morwood, M. J.; Jung, S.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Excavations at Red Horse
Authors:
Morwood, M. J.; L'Oste-Brown, S.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Excavations at Sandy Creek 1 and 2
Authors:
Morwood, M. J.; Hobbs, D. R.; Price, D. M.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Excavations of Hann River 1, central Cape York Peninsula
Authors:
Morwood, M. J.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Food Matters: The Influence of Gender on Science and Practice in the Nutrition Profession: An Institutional Ethnography
Authors:
Liquori, Toni
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Holocene evolution of coastal wetlands in wet-tropical northeastern Australia
Authors:
Crowley, G.M.; Gagan, M.K.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Information and Advertising: The Case of Fat Consumption in the United States
Authors:
Ippolito, Pauline M.; Mathios, Alan D.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Jeremy Coote and Anthony Shelton, eds. Anthropology, Art, and Aesthetics
Authors:
Forrest, John
Abstract:
Anthropology, Art, and Aesthetics. Edited by JEREMY COOTE and ANTHONY SHELTON. Oxford Studies in the Anthropology of Cultural Forms. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. xi. 281 pp. 69 halftones, 15 color plates, notes, references, index. $69.00 (cloth).
Published:
1995
Title:
Paleoecology of archaeological and swamp sites in south east Cape York Peninsula
Authors:
Stephens, K.; Head, L.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Pathogenetic aspects of the A8344G mutation of mitochondrial DNA associated with MERRF syndrome and multiple symmetric lipomas
Authors:
Larsson, Nils‐Göran ‐G; Tulinius, Mar H.; Holme, Elisabeth; Oldfors, Anders
Abstract:
Myoclonus epilepsy and ragged‐red fibers syndrome (MERRF) is caused by a heteroplasmic mutation at nucleotide 8344 (A8344G) of the tRNALys gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This mutation impairs mitochondrial protein synthesis and causes a respiratory chain dysfunction. The risk for transmission of the A8344G mutation from mother to child is dependent on the levels of mutated mtDNA in the mother and above a threshold level of 35–40% the mutation is transmitted to all children. The progression of symptoms in MERRF can be explained by a gene dosage effect with accumulation over time of mutated mtDNA. High levels of mutated mtDNA, ultrastructurally abnormal mitochondria, and a clonal deletion on chromosome 6 are found in lipomas associated with MERRF. These findings indicate that there is a respiratory chain dysfunction in the lipomas and that lipomas may be a manifestation of the A8344G mutation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Published:
1995
Title:
Posterior dental size reduction in hominids: the Atapuerca evidence
Authors:
Bermúdez de Castro, J. M.B; Nicolas, M. E
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Potential cariogenicity of starches and fruits as assessed by the plaque-sampling method and an intraoral cariogenicity test
Authors:
Pollard, M. A.
Abstract:
The cariogenicity of starches and fruits was investigated by measuring acidogenicity (plaque sampling) and enamel demineralization. Test foods were oranges, apples, bananas, Cornflakes, Branflakes, Weetabix, Alpen (no added sugar), white bread, wholemeal bread, rice, and spaghetti, with positive and negative controls of sucrose and sorbitol. Plaque sampling indicated that all the foods were less acidogenic than sucrose, but only significantly so (p
Published:
1995
Title:
Rock art in the Laura-Cooktown region, S.E. Cape York Peninsula
Authors:
Cole, Noelene
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Science Gendered: Nutrition in the United States, 1840-1940
Authors:
Apple, Rima D.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Shell mound formation in coastal northern Australia
Authors:
Stone, T.
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
The Evolution of National Nutrition Policy
Authors:
Kessler, David A.
Abstract:
Domestic regulatory efforts in the area of nutrition historically have focused on achieving and sustaining the highest possible level of food safety and availability. More recently, the linkages between certain dietary practices and the risk of chronic, degenerative diseases have also become a significant focus of public policy. In order to promote good nutrition practices, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires a detailed and informative Nutrition Facts food label on virtually all food packages. Other public policies promoted by the FDA and others include increasing public knowledge of the relationship between diet and health; promoting unified food and nutrition policies among all government agencies; educating the American consumer about sound dietary practices; and encouraging the development of technologies that may result in more healthful, more abundant, and more affordable foods.
Published:
1995
Title:
The Medicalization and Demedicalization of Obesity
Authors:
Sobal, Jeffery
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
The science and culture of nutrition, 1840-1940
Authors:
Kamminga, Harmke; Cunningham, Andrew
Abstract:
Published:
1995
Title:
Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves glucose oxidation and spares lean body mass: comparison to hypocaloric high-carbohydrate diet
Authors:
Piatti, P. M.; Monti, F.; Fermo, I.; Baruffaldi, L.; Nasser, R.; Santambrogio, G.; Librenti, M. C.; Galli-Kienle, M.; Pontiroli, A. E.; Pozza, G.
Abstract:
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of two hypocaloric (800-kcal) diets on body weight reduction and composition, insulin sensitivity, and proteolysis in 25 normal glucose-tolerant obese women. The two diets had the following composition: 45% protein, 35% carbohydrate (CHO), and 20% fat (HP diet, 10 subjects), and 60% CHO, 20% protein, and 20% fat (HC diet, 15 subjects); both lasted 21 days. A euglycemic hyperinsulinemic (25 mU/kg/h) clamp lasting 150 minutes combined with indirect calorimetry was performed before and after the diet. Both diets induced a similar decrease in body weight and fat mass (FM), whereas fat-free mass (FFM) decreased only after the HC diet. 3-Methylhistidine (3-CH3-HIS) excretion was reduced by 48% after the HP diet and remained unchanged after the HC diet (P < .05). A significant correlation was found between the changes in FFM and in 3-CH3-HIS excretion after the diet (rs = .50, P < .02). Blood glucose remained unchanged, while insulin decreased in both diets. Free fatty acids (FFA) significantly increased only after the HC diet (P
Published:
1994-12
Title:
Lipedema: A Clinical Entity Distinct from Lymphedema
Authors:
Rudkin, George H. M. D.; Miller, Timothy A. M. D.
Abstract:
In a review of 250 cases of lymphedema of the lower extremity, 9 patients were noted to share unique similarities in their history and physical findings. Although these patients had mild swelling in their pretibial areas and were all referred with a diagnosis of lymphedema of the legs, their findings differed significantly from the usual patient with either congenital or acquired lymphedema. Notably, the lower extremity swelling was always bilateral and symmetrical in nature and never involved the feet. Skin changes characteristic of lymphedema were not found, and consistent fat pads were present anterior to the lateral malleoli in each patient. These findings are representative of a clinical entity known as lipedema, which is distinct from lymphedema and for which treatment may be different., (C)1994American Society of Plastic Surgeons
Published:
1994-11
Title:
Changes in plasma phospholipid fatty acids and their relationship to disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with a vegetarian diet
Authors:
Haugen, M. A.; Kjeldsen-Kragh, J.; Bjerve, K. S.; Høstmark, A. T.; Førre, O.
Abstract:
In a controlled clinical trial we have recently shown that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) improved after fasting for 7-10 d and that the improvement could be sustained through 3.5 months with a vegan diet and 9 months with a lactovegetarian diet. Other studies have indicated that the inflammatory process in RA can be reduced through manipulation of dietary fatty acids. A switch to a vegetarian diet significantly alters the intake of fatty acids. Therefore, we have analysed the changes in fatty acid profiles of the plasma phospholipid fraction and related these changes to disease activity. The concentrations of the fatty acids 20:3n-6 and 20:4n-6 were significantly reduced after 3.5 months with a vegan diet (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01 respectively), but the concentration increased to baseline values with a lactovegetarian diet. The concentration of 20:5n-3 was significantly reduced after the vegan diet (P < 0.0001) and the lactovegetarian diet periods (P
Published:
1994-10
Title:
Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology: weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food-frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records
Authors:
Bingham, S. A.; Gill, C.; Welch, A.; Day, K.; Cassidy, A.; Khaw, K. T.; Sneyd, M. J.; Key, T. J.; Roe, L.; Day, N. E.
Abstract:
Women (n 160) aged 50 to 65 years were asked to weigh their food for 4 d on four occasions over the period of 1 year, using the PETRA (Portable Electronic Tape Recorded Automatic) scales. Throughout the year, they were asked to complete seven other dietary assessment methods: a simple 24 h recall, a structured 24 h recall with portion size assessments using photographs, two food-frequency questionnaires, a 7 d estimated record or open-ended food diary, a structured food-frequency (menu) record, and a structured food-frequency (menu) record with portion sizes assessed using photographs. Comparisons between the average of the 16 d weighed records and the first presentation of each method indicated that food-frequency questionnaires were not appreciably better at placing individuals in the distribution of habitual diet than 24 h recalls, due partly to inaccuracies in the estimation of frequency of food consumption. With a 7 d estimated record or open-ended food diary, however, individual values of nutrients were most closely associated with those obtained from 16 d weighed records, and there were no significant differences in average food or nutrient intakes.
Published:
1994-10
Title:
Evaluation of a gas chromatographic method to identify irradiated chicken, pork, and beef by detection of volatile hydrocarbons
Authors:
Schreiber, G. A.; Schulzki, G.; Spiegelberg, A.; Helle, N.; Bogl, K. W.
Abstract:
A method suitable for routine application was used in an interlaboratory study to detect irradiation treatment of chicken carcass, pork, and beef. By using gas chromatographic analysis, 17 participating laboratories determined the quantity of 4 different radiation-induced volatile hydrocarbons (tetradecene, pentadecane, hexadecadiene, and heptadecene) in the fat fraction of coded specimens approximately 3 and 6 months after irradiation. The specimens of each type of meat were supplied by 2 different producers. The dose range tested (0.6-7.5 kGy) included levels commercially used to reduce the number of contaminating microorganisms (1-5 kGy). The method employed permitted a correct identification of irradiated or nonirradiated in 98.3% of the 864 specimens.
Published:
1994-10
Title:
High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mass in multiple sclerosis
Authors:
Nieves, J.; Cosman, F.; Herbert, J.; Shen, V.; Lindsay, R.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Female patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at risk for osteoporosis because of gender, immobility, and corticosteroid use. METHODS: Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry in 80 female MS patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital. All patients completed a questionnaire that included measurements of dietary intake and sunlight exposure. Biochemical indices of bone metabolism and turnover were measured in a random sample of 52 patients. RESULTS: BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck was 1 to 2 SDs lower in MS women compared with a healthy reference population. BMD was lower in patients with more severe MS. The mean 25(OH)D level of the sample population (43 nmol/l) was in the insufficient range, and 12 patients (23%) had frank vitamin D deficiency (
Published:
1994-09
Title:
Nutrient intake of endurance runners with ovo-lacto-vegetarian diet and regular western diet
Authors:
Eisinger, M.; Plath, M.; Jung, K.; Leitzmann, C.
Abstract:
During an endurance run (1,000 km in 20 days) it was investigated whether an ovo-lacto-vegetarian diet (OLVD) could cover the nutritional requirements of endurance athletes. A regular western diet (RWD) was used as reference. Both diets were offered with an energy content of 4,500 kcal per day and an energy percentage of carbohydrate:fat:protein of 60:30:10. The runners were divided into two dietary groups according to their usual dietary habits. The results of the 55 participants who completed the race show that runners from both groups had the same intake of energy, carbohydrate, fat and protein. Runners of the OLVD group consumed more dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as less cholesterol. With the exception of sodium chloride and cobalamin, the intake of the calculated minerals and vitamins was higher in the OLVD and exceeded the official recommendations. This study shows that an OLVD with a high nutrient density is adequate to cover the nutritional requirements of endurance-athletes. The intake and absorption of iron should be monitored closely in all diet groups.
Published:
1994-09
Title:
Vegetarian diet for patients with rheumatoid arthritis--status: two years after introduction of the diet
Authors:
Kjeldsen-Kragh, J.; Haugen, M.; Borchgrevink, C. F.; Førre, O.
Abstract:
We have previously reported that a significant improvement can be obtained in rheumatoid arthritis patients by fasting followed by an individually adjusted vegetarian diet for one year. The patients who changed their diet could be divided into diet responders and diet nonresponders. After the clinical trial the patients were free to change diet or medication and after approximately one year they were asked to attend a new clinical examination. We compared the change from baseline (i.e. at the time of study entry) to the time of the follow-up examination for diet responders, diet nonresponders and controls who ate an omnivorous diet. The following variables favoured diet responders: pain score, duration of morning stiffness, Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire index, number of tender joints, Ritchie's articular index, number of swollen joints, ESR and platelet count [corrected]. The difference between the three groups were significant for all the clinical variables, except for grip strength. There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to laboratory or anthropometric variables. At the time of the follow-up examination all diet responders but only half of the diet nonresponders still followed a diet. Our findings indicate that a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis benefit from dietary manipulations and that the improvement can be sustained through a two-year period.
Published:
1994-09
Title:
Reduced brain metabolism in hyperactive girls
Authors:
Ernst, M.; Liebenauer, L. L.; King, A. C.; Fitzgerald, G. A.; Cohen, R. M.; Zametkin, A. J.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: This study assesses the effect of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and gender on cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRglu), using positron emission tomography and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. METHOD: Nineteen normal (6 females; 14.3 +/- 1.3 years old) and 20 ADHD adolescents (5 females; 14.7 +/- 1.6 years old) participated in the study. An auditory continuous performance task was used during the 30-minute uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in global or regional CMRglu between ADHD (N = 20) and normal (N = 19) adolescents. However, the global CMRglu in ADHD girls (N = 5) was 15.0% lower than in normal girls (N = 6) (p = .04), while global CMRglu in ADHD boys was not different than in normal boys. Furthermore, global CMRglu in ADHD girls was 19.6% lower than in ADHD boys (p = .02) and was not different between normal girls and normal boys. Clinical rating scales did not differentiate ADHD girls from ADHD boys, nor normal girls from normal boys. CONCLUSIONS: The greater brain metabolism abnormalities in females than males strongly stress that more attention be given to the study of girls with ADHD.
Published:
1994-08
Title:
Thyroid hormones and thyrotropin variations during long term overfeeding in identical twins
Authors:
Oppert, J. M.; Dussault, J. H.; Tremblay, A.; Després, J. P.; Thériault, G.; Bouchard, C.
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to evaluate variations in plasma thyroid hormones and TSH during a standardized long term overfeeding protocol (4.2 megajoules/day [corrected] during a 100-day period) in 24 lean adults (12 pairs of monozygotic twins) and to assess their relationships with body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) changes. Compared to preoverfeeding values, basal plasma T3 concentrations were increased on day 25, but not later; basal plasma T4 and free T4 (FT4) concentrations were unchanged; basal plasma rT3 concentrations were persistently decreased throughout the entire protocol; and the TSH response to TRH stimulation was persistently enhanced. The TSH response to TRH before overfeeding was positively correlated with the changes in RMR with overfeeding (r = -0.53; P < 0.01). No association was found between changes in basal plasma T3 concentrations and changes in RMR. However, changes in basal T3 were positively related to changes in body weight (r = 0.46; P < 0.05). A significant within-pair similarity was found for changes in T4 and FT4 with overfeeding (P
Published:
1994-08
Title:
Changes of faecal flora in rheumatoid arthritis during fasting and one-year vegetarian diet
Authors:
Peltonen, R.; Kjeldsen-Kragh, J.; Haugen, M.; Tuominen, J.; Toivanen, P.; Førre, O.; Eerola, E.
Abstract:
The beneficial effect of a 1-yr vegetarian diet in RA has recently been demonstrated in a clinical trial. We have analysed stool samples of the 53 RA patients by using direct stool sample gas-liquid chromatography of bacterial cellular fatty acids. Based on repeated clinical assessments disease improvement indices were constructed for the patients. At each time point during the intervention period the patients in the diet group were then assigned either to a group with a high improvement index (HI) or a group with a low improvement index (LI). Significant alteration in the intestinal flora was observed when the patients changed from omnivorous to vegan diet. There was also a significant difference between the periods with vegan and lactovegetarian diets. The faecal flora from patients with HI and LI differed significantly from each other at 1 and 13 months during the diet. This finding of an association between intestinal flora and disease activity may have implications for our understanding of how diet can affect RA.
Published:
1994-07
Title:
Particle size, satiety and the glycaemic response
Authors:
Holt, S. H.; Miller, J. B.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the hypothesis that the smaller the particle size of the food, the higher the glycaemic-insulin response and the lower the satiety rating. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Ten healthy subjects consumed equal carbohydrate portions of four test meals of equivalent nutritional composition based on four different grades of wheat: whole grains, cracked grains, coarse and fine wholemeal flour. RESULTS: The mean overall plasma glucose response (area under the curve: AUC) was highest for the fine flour meal (4205 +/- 451 mmol/l.120 min), followed by the coarse flour and cracked grain meals and lowest for the whole grain meal (1524 +/- 190 mmol/l.120 min). Insulin responses showed the same ranking but satiety responses were the reverse, the fine flour meal giving the lowest satiety response [AUC: 231.4 +/- 31.6 rating scale (RS) units.120 min] and the whole grain meal the highest response (AUC: 318.4 +/- 29.3 RS units.120 min). Total insulin responses (AUC) were significantly associated with subjective satiety when analyses on an individual basis (analysis of covariance coefficient = -0.024, P
Published:
1994-07
Title:
Vegetarian diet for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: can the clinical effects be explained by the psychological characteristics of the patients?
Authors:
Kjeldsen-Kragh, J.; Haugen, M.; Førre, O.; Laache, H.; Malt, U. F.
Abstract:
In a controlled, single blind clinical trial we have demonstrated recently a beneficial effect of fasting and vegetarian diet in RA. In the present study we compared 53 patients who participated in this clinical trial with 71 other RA patients with regard to some psychological parameters. The patients who participated in the clinical trial differed significantly from other RA patients. Firstly, they had a higher internal score and a lower chance score on the Multi-dimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLCS). Secondly, their belief in the effect of ordinary medical treatment, evaluated by a 10-cm visual analogue scale, was lower, and their belief in the effect of 'alternative', unconventional forms of treatment was higher. Of the patients who were randomized to a vegetarian diet, there was no significant difference between diet responders and diet non-responders with regard to the MHLCS scores. But, diet responders had a significantly lower belief in the effect of ordinary medical treatment compared with diet non-responders. The psychological distress imposed on the patients by changing from an omnivorous diet to a vegetarian diet was monitored during the clinical trial by means of the General Health Questionnaire. Throughout the clinical trial, this variable favoured the vegetarians compared with the omnivorous and the diet responders vs the diet non-responders. We conclude, firstly, that patients with certain psychological characteristics were selected to the clinical trial; secondly, that the MHLCS scores could not explain the clinical improvement, but it may have been influenced by the patients' beliefs in ordinary and 'alternative' forms of treatment; and thirdly, that dietary treatment decreased psychological distress.
Published:
1994-06
Title:
Egg consumption and cancer of the colon and rectum
Authors:
Steinmetz, K. A.; Potter, J. D.
Abstract:
We systematically reviewed 15 previous case-control and cohort studies that examined egg consumption as a risk factor for cancers of the colon and rectum. Nine of the 11 studies of colon cancer reported risk estimates consistent with a positive association; in three of these studies the association was statistically significant. The positive association for egg consumption was generally stronger for females than for males, and for cancer of the proximal, rather than distal colon. Six of eight studies of cancer of the rectum reported risk estimates consistent with a positive association; in two of these studies the association was statistically significant. Notably, in every study that met specific design criteria (defined a priori), risk estimates were consistent with a positive association. Two studies reported seven- to eight-fold increases in risk with high egg consumption. In some studies, positive associations remained after adjustment for intakes of macronutrients or for other food groups. The presence of a variety of bioactive compounds, including cholesterol, lends biological plausibility to a role of egg consumption in the aetiology of colorectal cancer.
Published:
1994-05
Title:
Foods and additives are common causes of the attention deficit hyperactive disorder in children
Authors:
Boris, M.; Mandel, F. S.
Abstract:
The attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a neurophysiologic problem that is detrimental to children and their parents. Despite previous studies on the role of foods, preservatives and artificial colorings in ADHD this issue remains controversial. This investigation evaluated 26 children who meet the criteria for ADHD. Treatment with a multiple item elimination diet showed 19 children (73%) responded favorably, P
Published:
1994-05
Title:
The influence of maternal vegetarian diet on essential fatty acid status of the newborn
Authors:
Reddy, S.; Sanders, T. A.; Obeid, O.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether a maternal vegetarian diet influences the essential fatty acid status of the newborn and whether this is related to outcome of pregnancy. DESIGN: Dietary intake and the fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids were determined in 24 South Asian vegetarian and 24 white omnivore non-pregnant premenopausal women randomly selected from the general population of North London. Umbilical cords and cord blood were collected at delivery from 48 South Asian vegetarian women and 98 white omnivores from the same catchment area along with details of antenatal history and the outcome of pregnancy. The fatty acid composition of the cord arteries and that of cord plasma phospholipids were analysed in a subset of 32 pairs of subjects, who were matched for maternal age, gestational age, parity and sex of infant. RESULTS: Intakes of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) expressed as proportion of the dietary energy and the ratio of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were higher in the vegetarian women, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) were absent from their diets. The proportion of linoleic acid, as well as the absolute concentration, was greater and those of EPA and DHA were lower in plasma phospholipids, plasma free fatty acid and total plasma lipids of the vegetarians compared with the white subjects. The proportion of DHA was lower (P > 0.001) but that of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6) was greater (P
Published:
1994-05
Title:
Good nutrition for the vegetarian mother
Authors:
Sanders, T.
Abstract:
A pregnant or nursing vegetarian mother needs to be aware of the need to vary her diet because the nutrients that she would otherwise get from meat or fish are more widely scattered in foods of plant origin. Diets which exclude dairy products require more careful planning. Particular attention needs to be made to the mother's intake of iron, calcium, vitamin B12 and vitamin D. Vegetarian mothers do not show a higher incidence of complications of pregnancy, but there are some links between vegetarians and lower birthweight and earlier labour. On weaning the infant's diet should not be too bulky and should provide adequate vitamin D and B12.
Published:
1994-04
Title:
Good nutrition for the vegetarian mother
Authors:
Sanders, T.
Abstract:
A pregnant or nursing vegetarian mother needs to be aware of the need to vary her diet because the nutrients that she would otherwise get from meat or fish are more widely scattered in foods of plant origin. Diets which exclude dairy products require more careful planning. Particular attention needs to be made to the mother's intake of iron, calcium, vitamin B12 and vitamin D. Vegetarian mothers do not show a higher incidence of complications of pregnancy, but there are some links between vegetarians and lower birthweight and earlier labour. On weaning the infant's diet should not be too bulky and should provide adequate vitamin D and B12.
Published:
1994-04
Title:
Urinary excretion of methylamines in men with varying intake of fish from the Baltic Sea
Authors:
Svensson, B. G.; Akesson, B.; Nilsson, A.; Paulsson, K.
Abstract:
Fish contain methylamines, especially trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), trimethylamine (TMA), and dimethylamine (DMA). Further, DMA may be formed TMA and TMAO. DMA is a precursor of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), which is a potent carcinogen. Levels of DMA, TMA, and TMAO in urine were used as indicators of the dietary exposure and in vivo formation of these amines in 44 men, representing 3 groups with different fish consumption habits. The levels of TMA (median 0.24 mmol/mol creatinine; range 0-2.7) and TMAO (median 38 mmol/mol creatinine; range 8-290) were significantly associated with the weekly intake of fish (r = .47, p = .001, and r = .53, p = .0002, respectively), while no such relation was found for DMA (median 24 mmol/mol creatinine; range 5-46). Further, urinary levels of TMA and TMAO were dependent on recent intake of fish.
Published:
1994-04
Title:
Effects of macrobiotic diets on linear growth in infants and children until 10 years of age
Authors:
Dagnelie, P. C.; van Dusseldorp, M.; van Staveren, W. A.; Hautvast, J. G.
Abstract:
In order to study the relationship between diet and growth, we have assessed growth patterns in children 0-10 years old on macrobiotic diets. A cross-sectional anthropometric study (0-8 years old children, n = 243) indicated that deviation from the reference growth curve occurred during the weaning period. Between 2 and 4 years there was a partial catch-up for weight and arm circumference but not for height. As a next step, a mixed-longitudinal study was performed in 4-18-month-old macrobiotic infants (n = 53) and matched omnivorous controls (n = 57). For a period of 6 months, data on growth and dietary intake were collected. The data on linear growth supported the findings on growth stagnation observed cross-sectionally. Linear growth was associated with the protein content of the diet, but not with energy intake. On the basis of our findings nutritional modifications to the macrobiotic diet (addition of fat and fish) were recommended for all macrobiotic families. Six months later (two years after the first cross-sectional data collection) the anthropometric study was repeated in the same cohort (n = 194). This follow-up study revealed that children from families which, since the initial study, had increased the consumption of fatty fish, dairy products, or both, had grown in height more rapidly than the remaining children (P
Published:
1994-02
Title:
Lipoprotein(a) levels in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors:
Borba, E. F.; Santos, R. D.; Bonfa, E.; Vinagre, C. G.; Pileggi, F. J.; Cossermelli, W.; Maranhão, R. C.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: To determine lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its possible correlation with thrombosis, disease activity, anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and steroid therapy. METHODS: Serum Lp(a) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 34 Caucasian patients with SLE and compared to 66 healthy subjects. RESULTS: In patients with SLE Lp(a) levels were higher than in controls (42 +/- 35 vs 26 +/- 25 mg/dl, p = 0.01). Lp(a) levels were high (> or = 30 mg/dl) in 56% of the patients with SLE and in 30% of controls (p = 0.02) but were not correlated with the clinical and laboratory findings. CONCLUSIONS: Lp(a) levels are significantly higher in patients with SLE and are not influenced by disease activity, thrombosis, aCL and steroid therapy.
Published:
1994-02
Title:
Effect of dietary fat on metabolic adjustments to maximal VO2 and endurance in runners
Authors:
Muoio, D. M.; Leddy, J. J.; Horvath, P. J.; Awad, A. B.; Pendergast, D. R.
Abstract:
The present study examined the effects of dietary manipulations on six trained runners. The percent energy contributions from carbohydrate, fat, and protein were 61/24/14, 50/38/12, and 73/15/12 for the normal (N), fat (F), and carbohydrate (C) diets, respectively. Expiratory gases and blood responses to a maximum (VO2max) and a prolonged treadmill run were determined following 7 d on each diet. Free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides, glycerol, glucose, and lactate were measured. Dietary assessment of subjects' N diet indicated that they were consuming approximately 700 kcal.d-1 less than estimated daily expenditures. Running time to exhaustion was greatest after the F diet (91.2 +/- 9.5 min, P < 0.05) as compared with the C (75.8 +/- 7.6 min, P < 0.05) and N (69.3 +/- 7.2 min, P < 0.05) diets. VO2max was also higher on the F diet (66.4 +/- 2.7 ml.kg-1 x min-1, P < 0.05) as compared with the C (59.6 +/- 2.8 ml.kg-1 x min-1, P < 0.05) and N (63.7 +/- 2.6 ml.kg-1 x min-1, P < 0.05) diets. Plasma FFA levels were higher (P < 0.05) and glycerol levels were lower (P
Published:
1994-01
Title:
Lp(a): an acute-phase reactant?
Authors:
Noma, A.; Abe, A.; Maeda, S.; Seishima, M.; Makino, K.; Yano, Y.; Shimokawa, K.
Abstract:
The present study was designed to confirm the transient increases of plasma Lp(a) levels as an acute-phase reactant and to clarify the significance of these increases with the use of patients with acute myocardial infarction and patients subjected to surgical operations. Although interleukin 6, C-reactive protein and alpha 1 antitrypsin reached the maximal levels 1-2 days, 3 days and 4-5 days, respectively, after the episodes, the peak time of Lp(a) levels was delayed some extent in both patient groups. Studying the transient increases of Lp(a) levels as a function of apo(a) isoforms analyzed by density-gradient ultracentrifugation and SDS-PAGE, the higher-density Lp(a) particles preferentially containing high-molecular-weight apo(a) isoforms increased more than the lower-density Lp(a) particles containing low-molecular-weight apo(a) after the episodes. The immunohistochemical findings suggest that Lp(a) may play an important role as an acute-phase reactant in the repair of tissue injury, especially in the process of angiogenesis.
Published:
1994-01
Title:
Apparent absorption of copper and zinc from composite vegetarian diets in young Indian men
Authors:
Agte, V.; Chiplonkar, S.; Joshi, N.; Paknikar, K.
Abstract:
In order to identify the factors affecting apparent absorption of copper and zinc in vegetarian subjects, percent absorption of copper and zinc was estimated during 6 metabolic experiments, each of 2 weeks duration, carried out on 6 healthy young men. They were observed at 3 levels of energy, i.e. 9.2, 10.5 and 12.1 MJ/day. Intakes of zinc were in the range of 20.6-27.1 mg/day and the observed values of apparent absorption (intake-fecal output) were 11.2-20.3%. In case of copper, intakes were 2.7-5.2 mg/day while the apparent absorption was to the tune of 10.6-21.7%. These values of absorption were lower than those of the non-vegetarian diets. Multiple regression analysis of 17 dietary factors suggested that hemicellulose, milk protein, niacin and cereal protein act as significant enhancers in zinc absorption while thiamine, phytate, oxalates, ascorbic acid and phosphorus acted as inhibitors. Copper absorption was enhanced by the dietary levels of riboflavine, cellulose, milk proteins, oxalates and zinc, while phosphorus, niacin, calcium and pulse protein inhibited the absorption of copper.
Published:
1994
Title:
Archaeology in the North: proceedings of the 1993 Australian Archaeological Association Conference
Authors:
Abstract:
Published:
1994
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