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Title:
The energy and nutrient intakes of different types of vegetarian: a case for supplements?
Authors:
Draper, A.; Lewis, J.; Malhotra, N.; Wheeler, E.
Abstract:
Vegetarians of three types were studied in Greater London: thirty-four meat-avoiders, fifty-two lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and thirty-eight vegans. Weighed dietary intake measures were made over 3 d. Cereals were the mainstay of the diet, supplemented by dairy products (demi-vegetarians and lacto-ovo-vegetarians), vegetables and fruit, and soya-bean products (vegans). Many vegans progressed by stages to complete avoidance of animal foods; some had retreated, but most were highly committed. Demi-vegetarians were the least involved in a 'vegetarian lifestyle'. All groups had mean energy intakes close to the current dietary reference values (DRV), with adequate protein intakes. Only vegans had fat intakes close to current recommendations; all groups had high dietary polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratios. Mean intakes of all micronutrients studied for demi- and lacto-ovo-vegetarians met the UK DRV. Intakes of iodine, riboflavin, and vitamin B12 for vegans were below DRV; more than half considered their diets supplied all necessary vitamins. About 25% took some type of dietary supplement during the survey. The impact of low I intakes should be further studied, and it is recommended that 'new' vegetarians and vegans should use appropriate dietary supplements.
Published:
1993-01
Title:
The energy and nutrient intakes of different types of vegetarian: a case for supplements?
Authors:
Draper, A.; Lewis, J.; Malhotra, N.; Wheeler, E.
Abstract:
Vegetarians of three types were studied in Greater London: thirty-four meat-avoiders, fifty-two lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and thirty-eight vegans. Weighed dietary intake measures were made over 3 d. Cereals were the mainstay of the diet, supplemented by dairy products (demi-vegetarians and lacto-ovo-vegetarians), vegetables and fruit, and soya-bean products (vegans). Many vegans progressed by stages to complete avoidance of animal foods; some had retreated, but most were highly committed. Demi-vegetarians were the least involved in a 'vegetarian lifestyle'. All groups had mean energy intakes close to the current dietary reference values (DRV), with adequate protein intakes. Only vegans had fat intakes close to current recommendations; all groups had high dietary polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratios. Mean intakes of all micronutrients studied for demi- and lacto-ovo-vegetarians met the UK DRV. Intakes of iodine, riboflavin, and vitamin B12 for vegans were below DRV; more than half considered their diets supplied all necessary vitamins. About 25% took some type of dietary supplement during the survey. The impact of low I intakes should be further studied, and it is recommended that 'new' vegetarians and vegans should use appropriate dietary supplements.
Published:
1993-01
Title:
[Severe megaloblastic anemia in child breast fed by a vegetarian mother]
Authors:
Monfort-Gouraud, M.; Bongiorno, A.; Le Gall, M. A.; Badoual, J.
Abstract:
The case of a 15-month-old, strictly breast-fed infant whose mother had been following a vegetarian diet for ten years is reported. The infant had severe megaloblastic anemia with an arrest in growth, hypotonia, and failure of psychomotor development. The very low levels of vitamin B12 in the infant's serum and mother's milk confirmed the diagnosis. Management of such cases consists in administration of vitamin B12 supplements, with a blood transfusion if needed. Other concomitant deficiencies should be looked for. The outcome is rapidly favorable. The patient reported here is now four years of age and has normal statural growth and psychomotor development.
Published:
1993-01
Title:
Differential regulation of glucose transport and transporters by glucose in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells
Authors:
Kaiser, Nurit; Sasson, Shlomo; Feener, Edward P.; Boukobza-Vardi, Nizza; Higashi, Shinya; Moller, David E.; Davidheiser, Sandra; Przybylski, Ronald J.; King, George L.
Abstract:
Hyperglycemia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both micro- and macrovascular complications in diabetes. Little is known, however, about glucose transporters and their regulation in the vascular system. In this study, the regulation of glucose transporters by glucose was examined in cultured BAECs and BSMCs, and in human arterial smooth muscle cells. Both BAECs and BSMCs transported glucose via the facilitated diffusion transport system. Glucose-transport activity in vascular smooth muscle cells was inversely and reversibly regulated by glucose. Exposure of BSMCs and HSMCs to high glucose decreased Vmax for 2DG and 3-O-MG uptake, whereas Km remained unchanged. The hexose-transport system of BAECs exhibited lower 2DG and 3-O-MG uptake compared with BSMCs and showed little or no adaptation to changes in ambient glucose. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that GLUT1 mRNA levels in BAECs and BSMCs were unaffected by the concentration of glucose in the medium. GLUT2-5 mRNA could not be detected by Northern blot analysis. GLUT1 protein, quantified by Western blot analysis, was more abundant in BSMCs than in BAECs and was decreased by approximately 50% when medium glucose was elevated from 1.2 to 22 mM for 24 h. The alterations in the level of GLUT1 protein correlated with the changes observed in transport activity. These observations suggest differential regulation of glucose transporter in response to glucose between smooth muscle and endothelial cells. The sites of autoregulation may involve translational control and/or the stability of the protein in the smooth muscle cells.
Published:
1993
Title:
Late Quaternary Lake-Level Changes and Climates of Australia
Authors:
Harrison, Sandy P.
Abstract:
Spatial and temporal patterns in lake-level data from 38 sites in Australia and PNG provide a basis for reconstructing changes in water balance and atmospheric circulation during the past 30,000 years. The reconstructions are consistent with hydrological changes inferred from pollen analysis and palaeowind directions inferred from dunes. Generally wetter conditions between 30,000 and 24,000 BP are consistent with a strong Walker circulation with the STA near it's present position. General aridity at the glacial maximum until 12,000 BP with higher than present lake levels in the southeastern interior of Australia, implies that the southern margin of the subtropical anticyclone belt was expanded southward and the southern Westerlies were correspondingly displaced. Relaxation to modern conditions occurred after 6,000 BP interrupted by an unexplained dry phase (6,000 to 5,000 BP) in Tasmania and Queensland.
Published:
1993
Title:
Life history invariants: some explorations of symmetry in evolutionary ecology
Authors:
Charnov, Eric L
Abstract:
Published:
1993
Title:
Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of insulin on human hearts
Authors:
Ferrannini, E; Santoro, D; Bonadonna, R; Natali, A; Parodi, O
Abstract:
Myocardial muscle is considered to be a target tissue for insulin action, but direct measurements of insulin's effects on cardiac hemodynamics and intermediary metabolism in humans are scarce. We combined great vein (GCV)/arterial catheterization with the euglycemic insulin clamp technique and thermodilution in six healthy middle-aged (53 +/- 2 yr) volunteers. In the fasting state, the extracted free fatty acid (FFA), lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate (6.4 +/- 0.8, 6.2 +/- 1.0, 0.58 +/- 0.12, 0.44 and 11 +/- 2 mumol/min, respectively) and consumed 0.26 +/- 0.02 oxygen. As fasting plasma insulin (73 +/- 6 pmol/l) was raised and clamped at 503 +/- 16 pmol/l for 100 min while maintaining euglycemia (approximately 5 mmol/l), arterial levels of lactate and rose (by 121 and 159%, respectively), whereas FFA, glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate fell (by 69, 48, and 85%, respectively, all P \textless Correspondingly, net myocardial uptake of glucose, lactate, and increased to 18.9 +/- 3.5, 32.0 +/- 2.3, and 2.7 +/- 0.5 mumol/min, respectively, whereas net extraction of circulating FFA, glycerol, beta-hydroxybutyrate was abolished (all P \textless 0.001). The stimulation lactate and pyruvate uptake was the result of both increased arterial and enhanced myocardial extraction ratio (from 19 +/- 3 to 51 +/- 6% lactate, from 26 +/- 5 to 44 +/- 5% for pyruvate, P \textless 0.001 for shift from fat to carbohydrate fuel usage occurred in the absence of in oxygen consumption, heart rate, GCV blood flow, aortic pressures, coronary vascular resistance, and left ventricular end- pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published:
1993
Title:
Paracelsus and the Science of Nutrition in the Renaissance
Authors:
Guggenheim, Karl
Abstract:
Published:
1993
Title:
Pleistocene vegetation change and early human occupation of a tropical mountainous enviroment
Authors:
Haberle, S.
Abstract:
Published:
1993
Title:
Quantitative determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in plasma of omnivorous and vegetarian women by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Authors:
Adlercreutz, H.; Fotsis, T.; Lampe, J.; Wähälä, K.; Mäkelä, T.; Brunow, G.; Hase, T.
Abstract:
The first quantitative method for the determination of both lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in plasma is presented. Using ion-exchange chromatography the diphenols are separated into two fractions 1) the biologically "active" fraction containing the free compounds + mono- and disulfates and 2) the biologically "inactive" fraction containing the mono- and diglucuronides and the sulfoglucuronides. After hydrolysis the fractions are further purified by solid phase extraction and ion exchange chromatography. Losses during the complete procedure are corrected for using radioactive estrogen conjugates during the first steps and later by adding deuterated internal standards of all compounds measured (matairesinol, enterodiol, enterolactone, daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, equol, and genistein). The final determination is carried out by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/MS/SIM). The diphenols may be measured at concentrations as low as 0.2 to 1.0 nmol/l. Results of plasma analyses of all compounds in 27 pre- and postmenopausal omnivorous and vegetarian women are presented for the first time. The most important findings are that the free+sulfate fraction is low for genistein (3.8% of total), but as much as 21-25% of enterolactone and enterodiol occurs in this fraction. A good correlation between plasma and urine values was found. Total concentrations of individual compounds vary greatly between the subjects (from pmol/l to mumol/l), the vegetarians having higher values, particularly one vegan subject. The highest total enterolactone concentration value exceeded 1 mumol/l. It is concluded that a highly specific method for the assay of 3 lignans and 4 isoflavonoids in plasma has been developed. This method will be useful in future studies of lignan and isoflavonoid metabolism.
Published:
1993
Title:
Shell mounds in 1972 and 1992: reflections on recent controversies at Ballina and Weipa
Authors:
Bailey, G. N.
Abstract:
Published:
1993
Title:
Species, species concepts, and primate evolution
Authors:
Kimbel, W. H; Martin, L.
Abstract:
Published:
1993
Title:
The Nariokotome Homo erectus skeleton
Authors:
Walker, A.; Leakey, R. E
Abstract:
Published:
1993
Title:
The Newest Knowledge of Nutrition: Wise Burroughs, DES, and Modern Meat
Authors:
Marcus, Alan I.
Abstract:
Published:
1993
Title:
The health of the Inuit of North America. A bibliography from the earliest times through 1990
Authors:
Fortuine, R.; Braund-Allen, J.; Alward, J.; Andress, L.; van den Top, J.
Abstract:
Published:
1993
Title:
The paleopathology of the cardiovascular system
Authors:
Zimmerman, M. R.
Abstract:
Paleopathology, the study of disease in ancient remains, adds the dimension of time to our study of health and disease. The oldest preserved heart is from a mummified rabbit of the Pleistocene epoch, over 20,000 years old. Cardiovascular disease has been identified in human mummies from Alaska and Egypt, covering a time span ranging from approximately 3,000 to 300 years ago. An experimental study suggests that the potential exists for identifying a wide range of cardiovascular pathologic conditions in mummified remains. The antiquity and ubiquity of arteriosclerotic heart disease is considered in terms of pathogenesis.
Published:
1993
Title:
The point mutation of mitochondrial DNA characteristic for MERRF disease is found also in healthy people of different ages
Authors:
Münscher, C.; Rieger, T.; Müller-Höcker, J.; Kadenbach, B.
Abstract:
The A-to-G transition mutation in the tRNALys gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), characteristic for the maternally inherited MERRF syndrome (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers), has been identified by point mutation-specific polymerase chain reaction in extraocular muscle from 11 of 16 healthy people of different ages. No mutation was found in navel-string samples from 5 newborns, in HeLa cells, and in 2 individuals younger than 20 years. On the other hand, the mutation is present in all 5 tested 74-89-year-old individuals and in 6 of 9 20-70-year-old individuals. The amount of mutated from total mtDNA was estimated by 'mispairing PCR' in extraocular muscle of 2 individuals of 74 and 89 years to 2.0 and 2.4%, respectively. In most tissue samples the MERRF mutation occurs together with the 'common deletion' of mtDNA, which was previously shown to accumulate in healthy individuals with increasing age. It is proposed that during aging, deletions and point mutations of mtDNA accumulate, which could impair mitochondrial energetics. © 1993.
Published:
1993
Title:
Why do female primates have such long lifespans and so few babies? or Life in the slow lane
Authors:
Charnov, Eric L.; Berrigan, David
Abstract:
A major goal of life history studies is to identify and explain features of the life history of individual species that follow broad rules across many groups of organisms, features that are characteristic of particular phylogenetic lineages, and features that are specific adaptations, to local ecological situations. In recent years we have developed a general theory of life history that interrelates many aspects of ontogeny and reproduction across a wide range of organisms. Contrasted to most other mammals, primates have long average adult lifespans and few babies per year for their adult body size. This new theory suggests that these aspects of life history follow directly from the fact that primates have slow individual growth rates. This slow growth rate is thus the basic phenomenon that needs explanation to understand primate slowness.
Published:
1993
Title:
A high-monounsaturated-fat/low-carbohydrate diet improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients
Authors:
Parillo, M.; Rivellese, A. A.; Ciardullo, A. V.; Capaldo, B.; Giacco, A.; Genovese, S.; Riccardi, G.
Abstract:
It is commonly believed that high-carbohydrate (CHO) diets improve peripheral insulin sensitivity; however, this concept is based on anecdotal evidence. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients treated with insulin, a high-monounsaturated-fat (MUFA) diet is more effective than a high-complex-CHO diet in reducing blood glucose levels. The aim of our study was to compare the effect of a high-MUFA diet and a high-CHO diet on peripheral insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Ten non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients aged 52 +/- 8 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 26.7 +/- 3.5 kg/m2 who were being treated with diet alone (n = 5) or with diet plus glibenclamide (n = 5) were randomly assigned to a 15-day period of either a high-MUFA/low-CHO diet (CHO, 40%; fat, 40%; protein, 20%; fiber, 24g) or a low-MUFA/high-CHO diet (CHO, 60%; fat, 20%; protein, 20%; fiber, 24g) and were then crossed-over to the other diet. Diets were similar in their content of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and saturated fats, and were administered to the patients in a metabolic ward. The dosage of hypoglycemic drugs was maintained at a constant level throughout the study. With the high-MUFA/low-CHO diet, a decrease in both postprandial glucose (8.76 +/- 2.12 v 10.08 +/- 2.76 mmol/L; P < .05) and plasma insulin (195.0 +/- 86.4 v 224.4 +/- 75.6 pmol/L; P < .02) levels was observed. Furthermore, fasting plasma triglyceride levels were reduced after the high-MUFA fat/low-CHO diet (1.16 +/- 0.59 v 1.37 +/- 0.59 mmol/L; P
Published:
1992-12
Title:
Endotoxin rapidly induces changes in lipid metabolism that produce hypertriglyceridemia: low doses stimulate hepatic triglyceride production while high doses inhibit clearance
Authors:
Feingold, K. R.; Staprans, I.; Memon, R. A.; Moser, A. H.; Shigenaga, J. K.; Doerrler, W.; Dinarello, C. A.; Grunfeld, C.
Abstract:
Hyperlipidemia frequently accompanies infectious diseases and may be due to increases in lipoprotein production or decreases in lipoprotein clearance. The administration of endotoxin (LPS) has been used to mimic infection and prior studies demonstrate that LPS produces hypertriglyceridemia. In the present study in rodents, the dose of LPS necessary to induce hyperlipidemia was orders of magnitude less than that necessary to induce shock and death. As little as 10 ng/100 g body weight induced hypertriglyceridemia and this increase in serum triglyceride levels occurred rapidly (78% increase at 2 h). At high doses of LPS (50 micrograms/100 g body weight), the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was decreased. At low doses of LPS (100 ng/100 g body weight), triglyceride clearance was not altered but the hepatic secretion of triglyceride was increased. Low dose LPS stimulated hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis and lipolysis, both of which provided a source of fatty acids for the increase in hepatic triglyceride production. High dose LPS did not increase hepatic fatty acid synthesis or peripheral lipolysis, and hepatic triglyceride secretion was not stimulated. Thus, low dose LPS produces hypertriglyceridemia by increasing hepatic lipoprotein production, while high dose LPS produces hypertriglyceridemia by decreasing lipoprotein catabolism. Administration of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies or interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist did not prevent the increase in serum triglyceride levels induced by LPS. However, anti-TNF antibodies and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) blocked the increase in serum triglycerides induced by TNF or IL-1, respectively. These data suggest that neither of these cytokines is absolutely required for the increase in serum triglycerides induced by LPS, raising the possibility that other cytokines, small molecular mediators, or LPS itself may play a crucial role.
Published:
1992-12
Title:
An uncooked vegan diet shifts the profile of human fecal microflora: computerized analysis of direct stool sample gas-liquid chromatography profiles of bacterial cellular fatty acids
Authors:
Peltonen, R.; Ling, W. H.; Hänninen, O.; Eerola, E.
Abstract:
The effect of an uncooked extreme vegan diet on fecal microflora was studied by direct stool sample gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of bacterial cellular fatty acids and by quantitative bacterial culture by using classical microbiological techniques of isolation, identification, and enumeration of different bacterial species. Eighteen volunteers were divided randomly into two groups. The test group received an uncooked vegan diet for 1 month and a conventional diet of mixed Western type for the other month of the study. The control group consumed a conventional diet throughout the study period. Stool samples were collected. Bacterial cellular fatty acids were extracted directly from the stool samples and measured by GLC. Computerized analysis of the resulting fatty acid profiles was performed. Such a profile represents all bacterial cellular fatty acids in a sample and thus reflects its microflora and can be used to detect changes, differences, or similarities of bacterial flora between individual samples or sample groups. GLC profiles changed significantly in the test group after the induction and discontinuation of the vegan diet but not in the control group at any time, whereas quantitative bacterial culture did not detect any significant change in fecal bacteriology in either of the groups. The results suggest that an uncooked extreme vegan diet alters the fecal bacterial flora significantly when it is measured by direct stool sample GLC of bacterial fatty acids.
Published:
1992-11
Title:
Serum sex hormones and endurance performance after a lacto-ovo vegetarian and a mixed diet
Authors:
Raben, A.; Kiens, B.; Richter, E. A.; Rasmussen, L. B.; Svenstrup, B.; Micic, S.; Bennett, P.
Abstract:
Serum sex hormones and endurance performance after a lacto-ovo vegetarian and a mixed diet. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 24, No. 11, pp. 1290-1297, 1992. The effect of a lacto-ovo vegetarian (V) and a mixed, meat-rich (M) diet on the level of serum sex hormones, gonadotropins, and endurance performance of eight male endurance athletes was investigated in a 2 x 6 wk cross-over study. The energy contribution from carbohydrate, fat, and protein was 58%, 27%, and 15% on the V diet and 58%, 28%, and 14 E% on the M diet. For total fasting serum testosterone (T) there was a significant interaction between diet and time (P < 0.01). Thus, the V diet resulted in a lower total T level (13.7, 9.8-32.4 nmol.l-1) (median and range) compared with the M diet (17.4, 11.8-33.5 nmol.l-1). During exercise after 6 wk on the diets total T was also significantly lower on the V than on the M diet (P
Published:
1992-11
Title:
Axial and peripheral bone density and nutrient intakes of postmenopausal vegetarian and omnivorous women
Authors:
Tesar, R.; Notelovitz, M.; Shim, E.; Kauwell, G.; Brown, J.
Abstract:
The study investigated whether differences exist between postmenopausal Caucasian vegetarian and omnivorous women regarding trabecular and cortical bone density measured with single- and dual-photon absorptiometry. Anthropometric measurements, blood and urine samples, and food intakes of the twenty-eight matched pairs were also compared. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated no significant differences in bone measurements between vegetarians and omnivores at any sites except the skull. The vegetarians' serum globulin and total protein measured higher. Urine calcium and creatinine were similar between the groups. The vegetarians consumed greater quantities of carbohydrate, fiber, magnesium, ascorbic acid, copper, and energy as percent carbohydrate, and lower quantities of protein, niacin, alcohol, vitamin B-12, cholesterol, and energy as percent protein. Despite several differences in dietary intakes, the results indicate that neither cortical nor trabecular bone density in these postmenopausal women was affected by a lactoovovegetarian diet.
Published:
1992-10
Title:
Changing from a mixed diet to a Scandinavian vegetarian diet: effects on nutrient intake, food choice, meal pattern and cooking methods
Authors:
Johansson, G.; Callmer, E.; Gustafsson, J. A.
Abstract:
Twenty healthy, non-smoking, normal-weight omnivores volunteered for a nutrition counselling programme and changed from a mixed to a Scandinavian lactovegetarian diet. Dietary surveys were performed before and 3, 6 and 12 months after the dietary shift. The major trends when changing from a mixed diet to a lactovegetarian diet included an increase in the consumption of fruits, berries, vegetables, herbal tea and dairy products, and a decrease in the intake of biscuits and buns, sweets, alcoholic beverages, coffee and tea. There was a total absence of fish, eggs and meat products at 3 and 6 months after the dietary shift. At 12 months after the dietary shift two subjects ate small amounts of these animal products. The energy intake decreased throughout the study. The nutrient intake showed the greatest change between the period before and 3 months after the dietary shift. Between 3, 6 and 12 months after the dietary shift there were only minor changes. The observed change in meal pattern is associated with the change in consumption of various food items, the change in nutrient intake and the change in food preparation methods. Further studies should try to clarify the relationship between meal pattern and food intake, nutrient intake and food preparation methods, because counselling on meal pattern most certainly is more rapid and more easily understood than counselling on food and nutrient intake.
Published:
1992-10
Title:
Comparison of effects of high and low carbohydrate diets on plasma lipoproteins and insulin sensitivity in patients with mild NIDDM
Authors:
Garg, A.; Grundy, S. M.; Unger, R. H.
Abstract:
Previous studies indicate that diets rich in digestible carbohydrates improve glucose tolerance in nondiabetic individuals, but may worsen glycemic control in NIDDM patients with moderately severe hyperglycemia. The effects of such high-carbohydrate diets on glucose metabolism in patients with mild NIDDM have not been studied adequately. This study compares responses to an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet (60% of total energy from carbohydrates) and a low-carbohydrate diet (35% of total energy from carbohydrates) in 8 men with mild NIDDM. Both diets were low in saturated fatty acids, whereas the low-carbohydrate diet was rich in monounsaturated fatty acids. The two diets were matched for dietary fiber content (25 g/day). All patients were randomly assigned to receive first one and then the other diet, each for a period of 21 days, in a metabolic ward. Compared with the low-carbohydrate diet, the high-carbohydrate diet caused a 27.5% increase in plasma triglycerides and a similar increase in VLDL-cholesterol levels; it also reduced levels of HDL cholesterol by 11%. Plasma glucose and insulin responses to identical standard breakfast meals were studied on days 4 and 21 of each period, and these did not differ significantly between the two diets. At the end of each period, a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp study with simultaneous infusion of [3-3H]glucose revealed no significant changes in hepatic insulin sensitivity; and peripheral insulin-mediated glucose disposal remained unchanged (14.7 +/- 1.4 vs. 16.5 +/- 2.3 microM.kg-1.min-1 on the high-carbohydrate and low-carbohydrate diets, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published:
1992-10
Title:
Lower height of lacto-ovovegetarian girls at preadolescence: an indicator of physical maturation delay?
Authors:
Sabaté, J.; Llorca, M. C.; Sánchez, A.
Abstract:
Published:
1992-10
Title:
Risks of alternative nutrition in infancy: a case report of severe iodine and carnitine deficiency
Authors:
Kanaka, C.; Schütz, B.; Zuppinger, K. A.
Abstract:
A 7.5-month-old infant with failure to thrive, developmental delay, muscular hypotonia, a visible goitre and severe osteopenia is described. Laboratory examination revealed a markedly increased serum TSH with low free T4, severe iodine and carnitine deficiency. The infant was breastfed until the age of 2.5 months and was then given a mixture of almond extract in water. The mother is a strict vegan and the father a lactovegetarian. The nutritional intake of the child was severely depleted in calories (-46%), calcium (-73%) and iodine (-88%). The restrictive alternative nutrition was responsible for the various deficiency disorders.
Published:
1992-10
Title:
The Vegetarian Adolescent
Authors:
Johnston, null; Haddad, null; Sabate, null
Abstract:
Ecologic and philosophic as well as health concerns have led to an increasing number of adolescent vegetarians. The various types of vegetarianism differ substantially in dietary composition. Benefits of the vegetarian diet must be balanced by careful attention to ensuring adequate intake of protein and amino acids as well as certain vitamins and minerals that tend to be less available in plant foods.
Published:
1992-10
Title:
The Vegetarian Adolescent
Authors:
Johnston, null; Haddad, null; Sabate, null
Abstract:
Ecologic and philosophic as well as health concerns have led to an increasing number of adolescent vegetarians. The various types of vegetarianism differ substantially in dietary composition. Benefits of the vegetarian diet must be balanced by careful attention to ensuring adequate intake of protein and amino acids as well as certain vitamins and minerals that tend to be less available in plant foods.
Published:
1992-10
Title:
Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase positive (GGT+) hepatic preneoplastic foci and tumors by low protein diets: evidence that altered GGT+ foci indicate neoplastic potential
Authors:
Youngman, L. D.; Campbell, T. C.
Abstract:
Previous studies in this laboratory with young Fischer 344 male rats have shown that the post-initiation development of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase positive (GGT+) hepatic foci was markedly inhibited by low protein feeding, even though the energy intake was greater. This dietary effect, however, did not necessarily apply to hepatic tumor development. Thus, the present investigation was undertaken to examine this dietary effect upon the development of hepatic tumors and, is so doing, to determine the correlation of foci development with tumor development. Following AFB1 dosing (15 daily doses of 0.3 mg/kg each), animals were fed diets containing 6, 14 or 22% casein (5.2, 12.2, 19.1% protein) for 6, 12, 40, 58 and 100 weeks. Foci at 12 weeks and tumors at 40, 58 and 100 weeks developed dose-dependently to protein intake. Foci development, tumor incidence, tumor size and the number of tumors per animal were markedly reduced while the time to tumor emergence was increased with low protein feeding. Non-hepatic tumor incidence also was lower in the animals fed the lowest protein diet. Foci development indices (foci number, per cent liver volume occupied) were highly correlated with tumor incidence at 58 and 100 weeks (r = 0.90-1.00). Tumor and foci inhibition occurred in spite of the greater energy intake.
Published:
1992-09
Title:
Nutritional manipulations before and during endurance exercise: effects on performance
Authors:
Coggan, A. R.; Swanson, S. C.
Abstract:
1) Ingesting CHO during prolonged, moderate-intensity (60-85% VO2max) exercise can improve performance by maintaining plasma glucose availability and oxidation during the later stages of exercise. 2) Plasma glucose may be oxidized at rates in excess of 1 g.min-1 late in exercise. Athletes therefore need to ingest sufficient quantities of CHO in order to meet this demand. This can be accomplished by ingesting CHO at 40-75 g.h-1 throughout exercise or by ingesting approximately 200 g of CHO late in exercise. Ingesting CHO after fatigue has already occurred, however, is generally ineffective in restoring and maintaining plasma glucose availability, CHO oxidation, and/or exercise tolerance. 3) No apparent differences exist between glucose, sucrose, or maltodextrins in their ability to improve performance. Ingesting fructose during exercise, however, does not improve performance and may cause gastrointestinal distress. 4) The form of CHO (i.e., solid vs liquid) ingested during exercise is unlikely to be important provided that sufficient water is also consumed when ingesting CHO in solid form. 5) Ingesting 50-200 g of CHO 30-60 min before exercise results in transient hypoglycemia early in exercise, but this does not affect the rate of muscle glycogen utilization or, in most people, cause overt symptoms of neuroglucopenia. Whether performance is impaired, unaffected, or enhanced by such pre-exercise CHO feedings remains equivocal. 6) Ingesting 200-350 g of CHO 3-6 h before exercise appears to improve performance, possibly by maximizing muscle and/or liver glycogen stores or by supplying CHO from the small intestine during exercise itself.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published:
1992-09
Title:
Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials
Authors:
Mensink, R. P.; Katan, M. B.
Abstract:
To calculate the effect of changes in carbohydrate and fatty acid intake on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels, we reviewed 27 controlled trials published between 1970 and 1991 that met specific inclusion criteria. These studies yielded 65 data points, which were analyzed by multiple regression analysis using isocaloric exchanges of saturated (sat), monounsaturated (mono), and polyunsaturated (poly) fatty acids versus carbohydrates (carb) as the independent variables. For high density lipoprotein (HDL) we found the following equation: delta HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) = 0.012 x (carb----sat) + 0.009 x (carb----mono) + 0.007 x (carb---- poly) or, in milligrams per deciliter, 0.47 x (carb----sat) + 0.34 x (carb----mono) + 0.28 x (carb----poly). Expressions in parentheses denote the percentage of daily energy intake from carbohydrates that is replaced by saturated, cis-monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fatty acids. All fatty acids elevated HDL cholesterol when substituted for carbohydrates, but the effect diminished with increasing unsaturation of the fatty acids. For low density lipoprotein (LDL) the equation was delta LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) = 0.033 x (carb----sat) - 0.006 x (carb----mono) - 0.014 x (carb----poly) or, in milligrams per deciliter, 1.28 x (carb----sat) - 0.24 x (carb----mono) - 0.55 x (carb---- poly). The coefficient for polyunsaturates was significantly different from zero, but that for monounsaturates was not. For triglycerides the equation was delta triglycerides (mmol/l) = -0.025 x (carb----sat) - 0.022 x (carb----mono) - 0.028 x (carb---- poly) or, in milligrams per deciliter, -2.22 x (carb----sat) - 1.99 x (carb----mono) - 2.47 x (carb----poly).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published:
1992-08
Title:
Lipoprotein risk factors in vegetarian women of Indian descent are unrelated to dietary intake
Authors:
Reddy, S.; Sanders, T. A.
Abstract:
Dietary intakes, anthropometric indices and plasma lipoprotein and alpha-tocopherol concentrations were measured in premenopausal vegetarian women of Indian descent (n = 22) and in white women of European descent consuming either mixed (n = 22) or vegetarian diets (n = 18). The Indian women were shorter in height than the white women and had a higher proportion of body fat. Energy intakes were lower in the Indian women, both in absolute terms and per kg body weight. The proportion of energy derived from saturated fatty acids was lower and that from polyunsaturated fatty acids was greater in both Indian and white vegetarians compared with the subjects on mixed diets. Intakes of dietary fibre and vitamins C and E were higher in the white vegetarians compared with the other groups. Plasma concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B and the ratio of apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein AI were lower and HDL and HDL2 cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol concentrations and the ratio of alpha-tocopherol/cholesterol were greater in the white vegetarian group than in the other groups. Total plasma cholesterol was associated with measures of truncal obesity, especially subscapular skinfold thickness and the percentage energy derived from saturated fatty acids. Plasma concentrations of apo(a) were higher and those of HDL and HDL2 cholesterol and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were lower in the Indian vegetarian women compared with both groups of white women. No relationship could be found between apo(a), HDL and HDL2 cholesterol concentration and nutrient intake but HDL and HDL2 were negatively associated with the proportion of body fat and apo(a) weakly with subscapular skinfold thickness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published:
1992-08
Title:
Resistance to ketosis in moderately obese patients: influence of fatty liver
Authors:
Inokuchi, T.; Orita, M.; Imamura, K.; Takao, T.; Isogai, S.
Abstract:
To elucidate whether the presence of fatty liver influences ketogenesis in obesity, the metabolic and hormonal changes in basal and low-dose epinephrine (EPI)-stimulated states were studied in 12 obese patients (OB) with normal glucose tolerance, consisting of 6 without fatty liver (OBN) and 6 with fatty liver (OBF). In the basal state, the total ketone body (TKB) concentration and the TKB to free fatty acid (FFA) ratio were significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the OBF than in the OBN group, despite elevated, but comparable, FFA levels in both groups. The basal FFA level and the TKB/FFA ratio correlated with the degree of fatty liver (p
Published:
1992-08
Title:
Blunted seasonal variation in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and increased risk of osteomalacia in vegetarian London Asians
Authors:
Finch, P. J.; Ang, L.; Colston, K. W.; Nisbet, J.; Maxwell, J. D.
Abstract:
Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were measured in 297 adult Asians and 68 white subjects at different times of year and seasonal variation compared between subjects grouped according to ethnic origin, religion and dietary habit. A sub-group of Asians with symptoms and biochemical changes suggestive of osteomalacia underwent bone biopsy, and static bone histomorphometry was performed. Histological osteomalacia was detected in 15 Asians and borderline changes in 13. The majority of these cases were among vegetarian Hindus. Significant seasonal variation in 25-hydroxy vitamin D was observed in all groups, but with lower peak and trough levels among Asians, and especially the Hindus and vegetarian Asians. Summer rises in 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were blunted among Hindus and vegetarian Asians, compared to whites, Muslims and non-vegetarian Asians. Vegetarian Asians had significantly lower serum calcium and higher PTH levels than non-vegetarians, but multivariate analysis indicated that this was an effect of osteomalacia, not vegetarianism. We conclude that solar exposure has a significant effect on vitamin D status in Asians resident in London. Non-vegetarian Asians have similar rise and peak levels to whites, but those taking a vegetarian diet (in particular, Hindus) have an impaired seasonal rise in 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, and are at particular risk of metabolic bone disease. This effect did not appear to be mediated through secondary hyperparathyroidism consequent on a vegetarian diet.
Published:
1992-07
Title:
Maintenance of a low-fat diet: follow-up of the Women's Health Trial
Authors:
White, E.; Shattuck, A. L.; Kristal, A. R.; Urban, N.; Prentice, R. L.; Henderson, M. M.; Insull, W.; Moskowitz, M.; Goldman, S.; Woods, M. N.
Abstract:
This report examines the maintenance of a low-fat diet 1 year on average after the completion of intervention sessions among participants in the Women's Health Trial (WHT). The WHT was a randomized controlled trial of the feasibility of adoption of a low-fat diet among women of moderate or increased risk of breast cancer, conduced in Seattle, Houston, and Cincinnati in 1985-1988. The women randomized to the low-fat diet attended an intensive dietary intervention program for 5-37 months. Intervention women were highly successful in reducing their dietary fat intake from 40.0% of energy intake at baseline to 26.3% by the end of the trial, based on a food frequency questionnaire (or an estimated 24% adjusted for the inaccuracies of a food frequency questionnaire versus a 4-day diet record). During 1989, 1 year on average after the WHT ended, 448 intervention women and 457 control women (87% of eligibles) completed a follow-up survey to determine the degree of maintenance of the diet. The intervention women maintained the low-fat diet with an increase of only 1.4 percentage points of energy from fat, despite the fact that they had attended no further intervention sessions and had made no commitment to maintain the diet beyond the end of the WHT. Furthermore, the degree of maintenance of the low-fat diet was not dependent on the length of time in the intervention, which suggests that intervention led to a sustained change in eating habits after as little as 5-9 months (8-13 classes).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published:
1992-06
Title:
Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin, and interferon induced changes in lipid metabolism as part of host defense
Authors:
Grunfeld, C.; Feingold, K. R.
Abstract:
As the immune response is activated during infection, multiple changes in lipid metabolism, especially increased production of VLDL, occur. Many of the cytokines that mediate the immune response are able to produce such changes in lipid metabolism in vivo. The induction of hypertriglyceridemia or other changes in lipid metabolism during infection do not directly cause the wasting syndrome. It appears that such changes in lipid metabolism may be beneficial to the host, as lipoproteins inactivate a variety of infectious agents. Cytokine-driven hepatic VLDL production during infection most likely represents a part of the acute phase response. The body is thus able to increase serum lipids during infection, or at least maintain triglyceride-rich lipoproteins despite the anorexia of infection. In this manner, the anti-infective, protective effects of lipoproteins are maintained.
Published:
1992-06
Title:
Carbohydrate restriction regulates the adaptive response to fasting
Authors:
Klein, S.; Wolfe, R. R.
Abstract:
The importance of either carbohydrate or energy restriction in initiating the metabolic response to fasting was studied in five normal volunteers. The subjects participated in two study protocols in a randomized crossover fashion. In one study the subjects fasted for 84 h (control study), and in the other a lipid emulsion was infused daily to meet resting energy requirements during the 84-h oral fast (lipid study). Glycerol and palmitic acid rates of appearance in plasma were determined by infusing [2H5]glycerol and [1-13C]palmitic acid, respectively, after 12 and 84 h of oral fasting. Changes in plasma glucose, free fatty acids, ketone bodies, insulin, and epinephrine concentrations during fasting were the same in both the control and lipid studies. Glycerol and palmitic acid rates of appearance increased by 1.63 +/- 0.42 and 1.41 +/- 0.46 mumol.kg-1.min-1, respectively, during fasting in the control study and by 1.35 +/- 0.41 and 1.43 +/- 0.44 mumol.kg-1.min-1, respectively, in the lipid study. These results demonstrate that restriction of dietary carbohydrate, not the general absence of energy intake itself, is responsible for initiating the metabolic response to short-term fasting.
Published:
1992-05
Title:
Role of circulating cholecystokinin in control of fat-induced inhibition of food intake in humans
Authors:
Drewe, J.; Gadient, A.; Rovati, L. C.; Beglinger, C.
Abstract:
Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been proposed to serve as a satiety signal in animals and humans. To further explore the role of CCK in humans, the effect on satiety and eating behavior of a specific CCK-receptor antagonist, loxiglumide, that preferentially inhibits peripheral (CCK-A) receptors was investigated. In a randomized, blind, four-period latin square design, 10 subjects received intravenous saline (placebo) or loxiglumide (10 mg/kg per hour) with concomitant intrajejunal perfusions of isotonic saline or fat (containing 50% corn oil and 3% albumin). Food intake and plasma CCK concentrations were assessed, and subjects scored their feelings of hunger and fullness in paired experiments. In placebo-treated subjects, the duration of the meal was shorter during fat perfusion (30 +/- 2 minutes vs. 35 +/- 2 minutes; P less than 0.01; mean +/- SEM). The amount of food intake was reduced (361 +/- 31 g vs. 454 +/- 35 g; P less than 0.05), and fluid ingestion was inhibited (490 +/- 31 mL vs. 625 +/- 38 mL; P less than 0.01). Loxiglumide did not affect any parameter and did not change the pattern of responses. In loxiglumide-treated subjects there was a 4-5-fold elevation in plasma CCK levels. These results confirm that jejunal infusion of lipid reduces the size of the meal and stimulates early satiety. The data imply that these effects are not mediated through peripheral endogenous CCK under these conditions.
Published:
1992-05
Title:
A controlled comparison of three very-low-calorie diets: effects on weight, body composition, and symptoms
Authors:
Foster, G. D.; Wadden, T. A.; Peterson, F. J.; Letizia, K. A.; Bartlett, S. J.; Conill, A. M.
Abstract:
To determine the optimal energy intake of very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs), 76 obese women were randomly assigned, in a double-blind fashion, to one of three liquid-formula diets: 1758 kJ/d (420 kcal/d), 2763 kJ/d (660 kcal/d), or 3349 kJ/d (800 kcal/d). Weight, body composition, symptoms, mood, and acceptability of the diet were assessed throughout the 6-mo study. There were no significant differences in weight losses or changes in body composition among the three dietary conditions at the end of treatment, nor were there significant differences among conditions in acceptability of the diet, symptoms, or mood. These results suggest that there is no clinical advantage to using VLCDs that provide less than 3349 kJ/d (800 kcal/d).
Published:
1992-04
Title:
The influence of a vegetarian diet on the fatty acid composition of human milk and the essential fatty acid status of the infant
Authors:
Sanders, T. A.; Reddy, S.
Abstract:
Vegan and vegetarian diets supply higher amounts of linoleic acid than those of omnivores. Intakes of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) are variable, depending on the oils used, but are generally high in vegans. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (DHA) is absent from vegan and many vegetarian diets. Cord plasma and cord artery phospholipid levels of Hindu vegetarians contained less DHA and more docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6) compared with those of omnivore control subjects. These differences in fatty acid composition were not statistically related to differences in birth weight, head circumference, or length. In human milk from vegans, vegetarians, and omnivores, the mean percentage in total fatty acids of 18:2n-6 was 23.8%, 19.7%, and 10.9%, respectively; that of 18:3n-3 was 1.36%, 1.25%, and 0.49%, respectively; and that of 22:6n-3 was 0.14%, 0.30%, and 0.37%, respectively. The proportion of DHA in erythrocyte total lipids of infants breast-fed by vegans was 1.9% compared with 3.7% in infants fed a milk formula containing butterfat as the sole source of fat and 6.2% in infants breast-fed by omnivores at 14 weeks postpartum. The ratio of linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid in the diet was predictive of the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid but not that of DHA in infant red blood cell lipids. It is concluded that the intakes of linoleic acid and DHA are the major determinants of the proportion of DHA in plasma and red blood cell lipids.
Published:
1992-04
Title:
Use of hair analysis for evaluating mercury intoxication of the human body: a review
Authors:
Katz, S. A.; Katz, R. B.
Abstract:
Relationships have been established between the concentrations of mercury in human scalp hair and environmental or dietary mercury exposures. For chronic exposures, the hair/blood ratio for mercury is in the range 200:1-300:1, and scalp hair mercury concentrations of greater than 5 ppm are indicative of mercury intoxication. These observations, coupled with the ease by which samples may be collected, transported and stored, support the use of hair analysis for evaluating mercury intoxication of the human body.
Published:
1992-04
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