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Title:
Establishing the Science of Nutrition at the USDA: Ellen Swallow Richards and Her Allies
Authors:
Cravens, Hamilton
Abstract:
Published:
1990
Title:
Human adult odontometrics: the study of variation in adult tooth size
Authors:
Kieser, J. A
Abstract:
Published:
1990
Title:
Infuence of dietary fish on eicosanoid metabolism in man
Authors:
Honstra, G.; van Houwelingen, A.C.; Kivits, G.A.A.; Fischer, S.; Uedelhoven, W.
Abstract:
Two groups of 40 volunteers were given a dietary supplement consisting of 135 g of mackerel or meat (control) paste per day for 6 weeks. Compliance was about 80% in both groups and the daily intake of 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) from the mackerel supplement was about 1.3 and 2.3 g, respectively. In collagen-activated platelet rich plasma, the potency of blood platelet to produced HHT from arachidonic acid (AA) clearly reduced in the mackerel group, whereas the formation of HHTE from timnodonic acid (TA) increased slightly. Changes in the formation of HHT and HHTE, measured by HPLC, correlated significantly with those of TxB2 and TxB3, respectively, measured by GC/MS. Changes in the formation of the lipoxygenase products HETE (ex AA) and HEPE (ex TA) were qualitatively similar to that seen for the cyco-oxygenase products, but quantitatively the responses were smaller. Formation of ir TxB2 in clotting blood significantly reduced in the mackerel group. In collagen-activated, citrated whole blood, TxB2 formation tended to be reduced in the mackerel-supplemented volunteers. Mackerel consumption was associated with the formation of considerable amounts of PGl3, as judged from the appearance of 2,3-dinor-Δ 17-6-keto-PGF1α in urine. The amount of the major metabolite of PGl2, 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1α was not reduced, or even increased. The daily amount of tetranor prostaglandin metabolites in the urine did not change significantly, which indicates that mackerel supplementation did not alter the formation of prostaglandins E and F. © 1990.
Published:
1990
Title:
Insulin resistance is associated with lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in subjects with varying degrees of glucose tolerance
Authors:
Laakso, Markku; Sarlund, Helena; Mykkänen, Leena
Abstract:
We tested the hypothesis that insulin resistance, rather than high insulin level, is associated with lipid and lipoprotein changes favoring atherosclerosis independently of the glucose tolerance status. To this aim, 50 subjects with normal glucose tolerance, 28 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, and 54 subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) were studied. Subjects with low glucose disposal rate (GDR) or a high degree of insulin resistance as measured by the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique had lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and higher total and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides than did subjects with high GDR (highest GDR tertile). These associations were independent of fasting insulin level and other confounding factors. In stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, GDR was the most important single variable associated with HDL cholesterol and VLDL triglyceride level independently of age, obesity, distribution of obesity (waist/hip ratio), 2-hour glucose level, and free fatty acid concentration. We conclude: 1) insulin resistance measured by the euglycemic clamp technique is associated with adverse lipid and lipoprotein changes favoring atherosclerosis not only in nondiabetic subjects (as shown in previous studies) but also in impaired glucose tolerance and NIDDM subjects; 2) the association of high insulin level with adverse lipid and lipoprotein changes indirectly reflects the association of insulin resistance with lipid and lipoprotein levels; and 3) HDL cholesterol and VLDL triglycerides are independently associated with insulin-mediated glucose uptake, which may indicate that these lipoproteins have separate sites of interaction with insulin action.
Published:
1990
Title:
Perspectives on human health concerns arising from natural toxicants in feeds and poisonous plants
Authors:
Cheeke, P. R.
Abstract:
Published:
1990
Title:
Regular sauna bathing and the incidence of common colds
Authors:
Ernst, E.; Pecho, E.; Wirz, P.; Saradeth, T.
Abstract:
The high morbidity of common colds means that their economic importance is considerable, with colds causing more loss of productivity than any other infection. As no effective prophylaxis is available, this trial was to test the hypothesis that sauna bathing can reduce the incidence of common colds. Twenty-five volunteers were submitted to sauna bathing, with 25 controls abstaining from this or comparable procedures. In both groups the frequency, duration and severity of common colds were recorded for six months. There were significantly fewer episodes of common cold in the sauna group. This was found particularly during the last three months of the study period when the incidence was roughly halved compared to controls. The mean duration and average severity of common colds did not differ significantly between the groups. It is concluded that regular sauna bathing probably reduces the incidence of common colds, but further studies are needed to prove this.
Published:
1990
Title:
Dietary status of Seventh-Day Adventist vegetarian and non-vegetarian elderly women
Authors:
Nieman, D. C.; Underwood, B. C.; Sherman, K. M.; Arabatzis, K.; Barbosa, J. C.; Johnson, M.; Shultz, T. D.
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrient intakes of Seventh-Day Adventist elderly women who were similar in many demographic and life-style factors except for choice of diet. Twenty-three vegetarian and 14 non-vegetarian elderly women (mean +/- standard error ages 72.2 +/- 1.3 and 71.1 +/- 1.4 years, respectively) were recruited on the basis of several selection criteria, including race, religion, education, geographic area, Quetelet index, self-reported absence of major chronic disease and use of medications, and physical activity. Average years +/- SE of adherence to dietary regimens were 47.0 +/- 2.9 and 71.2 +/- 1.4 in the vegetarian and non-vegetarian groups, respectively. Results from analysis of 7-day food records showed that vegetarians consumed significantly less cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, and caffeine but more carbohydrate, dietary fiber, magnesium, vitamins E and A, thiamin, pantothenic acid, copper, and manganese than non-vegetarians (p less than .05). On the basis of group means, 67% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance was met for all nutrients except zinc and vitamin D in both groups, and vitamins B-6, folacin, and vitamin E in the non-vegetarians. Compared with non-vegetarians, vegetarians had significantly lower serum glucose (5.18 +/- 0.11 vs. 4.65 +/- 0.09 mmol/L), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (4.08 +/- 0.25 vs. 3.34 +/- 0.19 mmol/L), and total cholesterol levels (6.46 +/- 0.27 vs. 5.62 +/- 0.21 mmol/L) (p less than .05). In summary, when healthy elderly vegetarian women were compared with closely matched non-vegetarian peers, the vegetarian diet was associated with improved nutrient intake and associated reductions in blood glucose and lipid levels.
Published:
1989-12
Title:
Megaloblastic anemia in a handreared chimpanzee
Authors:
Vié, J. C.; Cooper, R. W.; Dupont, A.; Fassassi-Jarretou, A.
Abstract:
Published:
1989-11
Title:
Effects of ketoacidosis and puberty on basal and TRH-stimulated thyroid hormones and TSH in children with diabetes mellitus
Authors:
Chiarelli, F.; Tumini, S.; Verrotti, A.; Morgese, G.
Abstract:
Basal and TRH-stimulated thyroid hormones and TSH were evaluated in two groups of prepubertal and pubertal diabetics: group B - 45 children without ketoacidosis; group C - 16 children with ketoacidosis. The diabetic patients showed no signs of diabetic microangiopathy. Fifty-three healthy subjects served as controls (group A). T4, T3, FT4 and FT3 serum levels were reduced in diabetics, particularly in ketotic ones; T4 and T3 values were lower in pubertal than in prepubertal non-ketotic diabetics and in pubertal than in prepubertal controls, while no significant difference was observed between pubertal and prepubertal ketotic patients. Moreover, no difference in rT3 serum concentrations was found between group A, B and C, but non-ketotic and ketotic pubertals showed a significant rT3 reduction if compared with non-ketotic and ketotic prepubertals and with healthy pubertals. TBG was lower in group B and group C diabetics than in controls. After TRH stimulus, T3 levels showed a significant increase both in controls and in non-ketotic diabetics, while no variation was observed in ketotic children; furthermore, at 120 minutes T3 values were lower in diabetic than in healthy children, particularly in ketotic ones. Basal TSH serum concentrations were reduced in ketotic diabetics, while no difference was found between nonketotic and control subjects. After TRH stimulus, TSH peak was higher in pubertal non-ketotic diabetics than in pubertal controls, while no difference was found between prepubertal and pubertal diabetics, both in non-ketotic and in ketotic status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published:
1989-09
Title:
Growth of vegetarian children: The Farm Study
Authors:
O'Connell, J. M.; Dibley, M. J.; Sierra, J.; Wallace, B.; Marks, J. S.; Yip, R.
Abstract:
To examine the effects of a vegetarian diet on child growth, height and weight data of 404 vegetarian children aged 4 months to 10 years who lived in a collective community in Tennessee were studied. Height for age, weight for age, and weight for height were compared with the US growth reference. Birth weights, infant feeding patterns, and parental heights were also evaluated in relation to growth. Most of the height for age, weight for age, and weight for height (n = 833) were within the 25th and 75th percentiles of the US growth reference. The mean height for age and weight for age, however, were slightly less than the median of the reference population. For different age groups, the mean height ranged from 0.2 to 2.1 cm and the mean weight ranged from 0.1 to 1.1 kg less than the reference median. The largest height difference was observed at 1 to 3 years of age and may be partly the result of intrinsic irregularities in the US growth reference at those ages. By 10 years of age, children from The Farm averaged 0.7 cm and 1.1 kg less than the reference median, representing only 0.1 and 0.3 SD from the reference. Thus, these children have adequate attained growth, even though it was modestly less than that of the reference population.
Published:
1989-09
Title:
Influence of dietary carbohydrate-to-fat ratio on whole body nitrogen retention and body composition in adult rats
Authors:
McCargar, L. J.; Baracos, V. E.; Clandinin, M. T.
Abstract:
Experiments have shown that the amount and source of dietary energy may alter protein metabolism. A high fat diet has resulted in greater nitrogen retention than a high carbohydrate (CHO) diet. To examine this question further, adult rats were fed diets providing ratios of CHO:FAT as a percentage of energy of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 or 3.0 for 6 wk. Mean energy and protein intakes were 93.0 +/- 0.8 kcal/d and 5.3 +/- 0.1 g/d, respectively. Final body weight was lower in rats fed the high fat diet (CHO:FAT, 0.5) than in rats fed the high carbohydrate diet (CHO:FAT, 3.0) (P less than 0.05), and a linear response was observed over the entire range of treatments (r = 0.92). Rats fed the high fat diet had the highest nitrogen balance; values were significantly (P less than 0.05) different from those of rats fed high carbohydrate diets (CHO:FAT, 2.0 or 2.5) when expressed as mg nitrogen/kcal energy gain. Rats fed the high fat diet had the highest protein gain and the lowest fat gain as a function of energy gain. It is concluded that alterations in nonprotein energy source result in metabolic changes, which may be related to adaptations in energy expenditure and/or protein deposition.
Published:
1989-09
Title:
Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol in diabetic ketosis
Authors:
Fulop, M.; Eder, H. A.
Abstract:
To better characterize the severity and course of hyperlipidemia in diabetic ketosis and ketoacidosis, we measured plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in 50 episodes in 46 adults hospitalized on a municipal hospital medical service. Moderate hypertriglyceridemia was common: 32 patients (64%) had triglyceride levels above the 95th percentile (adjusted for age and sex), and 18 patients (36%) had cholesterol levels above the 95th percentile. Severe hypertriglyceridemia (levels above 5.65 mmol/L) was found in 14 patients (28%). Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and the HDL2 and HDL3 subclasses were measured in 22 episodes. The initial HDL cholesterol levels were usually subnormal in the patients who had not received insulin previously and normal in those who had. Treatment of the ketoacidosis was usually associated with a rapid decrease in plasma lipid levels. At late follow-up (between 1 1/2 and 14 1/2 months), only 2 of the 14 patients with initial plasma triglyceride levels above 5.65 mmol/L still had such high concentrations.
Published:
1989-09
Title:
Relation between vegetarian/nonvegetarian diets and blood pressure in black and white adults
Authors:
Melby, C. L.; Goldflies, D. G.; Hyner, G. C.; Lyle, R. M.
Abstract:
We examined the possible interaction of race and diet on blood pressure (BP) in volunteer Black Seventh Day Adventists compared to volunteer White church members. Height, weight, waist and hip circumference, and resting seated BP were recorded in Black vegetarians (n = 55; age: 54.7 +/- 16.9 yrs), Black nonvegetarians (n = 59; 56.1 +/- 14.1 yrs), White vegetarians (n = 164; 52.2 +/- 16.7 yrs), and White nonvegetarians (n = 100; 52.6 +/- 15.6 yrs) attending a regional conference. Forty-four percent of the Black nonvegetarians were medicated hypertensives, compared to only 18 percent of the Black vegetarians, 7 percent of the White vegetarians, and 22 percent of the White nonvegetarians. Black vegetarians exhibited lower age and sex-adjusted systolic BP (means = 122.9/74.4 mm Hg) than Black nonvegetarians (means = 132.2/75.9 mm Hg). After further adjusting BP for body mass index and waist/hip ratio, the systolic BP among Black vegetarians remained lower (122.8) than Black nonvegetarians (129.7) but higher than that of the Whites who showed no diet-related BP differences.
Published:
1989-09
Title:
Carnitine status of lactoovovegetarians and strict vegetarian adults and children
Authors:
Lombard, K. A.; Olson, A. L.; Nelson, S. E.; Rebouche, C. J.
Abstract:
Because carnitine is contained primarily in meats and dairy products, vegetarian diets provide a model for assessing the impact of prolonged low carnitine intake on carnitine status. Plasma carnitine concentrations and urinary carnitine excretion were measured in adults and children consuming a strict vegetarian, lactoovovegetarian, or mixed diet. In adults plasma carnitine concentration and urinary carnitine excretion of strict vegetarians and lactoovovegetarians were significantly lower than those in the mixed-diet group but were not different from each other. In children significant differences were found between all three diet groups for both plasma carnitine concentration and urinary carnitine excretion. The differences in plasma carnitine concentrations were greater in children than in adults, possibly reflecting the effects of growth and tissue deposition. Small differences between diet groups in adults do not suggest a nutritionally significant difference in carnitine status. Whether vegetarian children are at greater risk for overt deficiency is not answered.
Published:
1989-08
Title:
Carnitine status of lactoovovegetarians and strict vegetarian adults and children
Authors:
Lombard, K. A.; Olson, A. L.; Nelson, S. E.; Rebouche, C. J.
Abstract:
Because carnitine is contained primarily in meats and dairy products, vegetarian diets provide a model for assessing the impact of prolonged low carnitine intake on carnitine status. Plasma carnitine concentrations and urinary carnitine excretion were measured in adults and children consuming a strict vegetarian, lactoovovegetarian, or mixed diet. In adults plasma carnitine concentration and urinary carnitine excretion of strict vegetarians and lactoovovegetarians were significantly lower than those in the mixed-diet group but were not different from each other. In children significant differences were found between all three diet groups for both plasma carnitine concentration and urinary carnitine excretion. The differences in plasma carnitine concentrations were greater in children than in adults, possibly reflecting the effects of growth and tissue deposition. Small differences between diet groups in adults do not suggest a nutritionally significant difference in carnitine status. Whether vegetarian children are at greater risk for overt deficiency is not answered.
Published:
1989-08
Title:
Gallstone formation during weight-reduction dieting
Authors:
Liddle, R. A.; Goldstein, R. B.; Saxton, J.
Abstract:
We investigated the development of gallstones over an 8-week period from the onset of dieting in 51 obese men and women and 26 nondieting control subjects. Gallbladder examinations were performed by abdominal real-time ultrasonography for the detection of gallstones. Initial sonography was performed prior to dieting and only those subjects in whom initial sonograms showed no gallstones or sludge were included in the study. Repeated sonography was performed at 4-week intervals for 8 weeks while they remained on a 2100-kJ/d diet. Initial weight of subjects prior to dieting averaged 105.9 +/- 3.8 kg (162% of ideal body weight) and decreased to 89.4 +/- 3.2 kg (137.3% of ideal body weight) after 8 weeks of dieting. Sonography performed after 4 weeks of dieting revealed new-onset gallbladder sludge in 1 subject and gallstones in 4 subjects. After 8 weeks of dieting sludge was detected in 3 subjects and gallstones in 13 (25.5%). In contrast, none of the nondieting subjects developed any detectable gallbladder abnormalities. During the dieting period, 1 of 51 subjects developed symptoms of biliary colic, necessitating cholecystectomy. On cessation of dieting with reinstitution of normal feeding, 2 additional subjects with stones developed symptoms severe enough to require cholecystectomy. In all 3 cases, cholesterol gallstones were recovered at the time of surgery. Eleven of the 13 patients with gallstones were followed up for 6 months after discontinuation of the diet. Besides the 3 undergoing cholecystectomy, 4 subjects had gallstones on follow-up ultrasound examination, while sonographically detectable gallstones had disappeared in 4 subjects. We conclude that this form of weight-reduction dieting predisposes to the development of gallstones and that gallstone formation is a risk of this type of prolonged calorie restriction. Dissolution or evacuation of gallstones may occur with resumption of a normal diet.
Published:
1989-08
Title:
Hematological, anthropometric, and metabolic comparisons between vegetarian and nonvegetarian elderly women
Authors:
Nieman, D. C.; Sherman, K. M.; Arabatzis, K.; Underwood, B. C.; Barbosa, J. C.; Johnson, M.; Shultz, T. D.; Lee, J.
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate hematological, anthropometric, and metabolic differences in elderly women who were similar in most respects except for choice of diet. Nineteen vegetarian (V) and 12 non-vegetarian (NV) elderly women (mean ages 72.3 +/- 1.4 and 69.5 +/- 1.0 years, respectively) were recruited based on several selection criteria including race, religion, education, Quetelet Index, absence of major chronic disease and use of medications, physical activity, and geographic area. Average years of adherence by V and NV groups to dietary regimens were 46.3 +/- 3.3 and 69.6 +/- 1.0, respectively; Hematological comparisons revealed that the V elderly women had significantly lower glucose (4.60 +/- 0.09 vs 5.13 +/- 0.11 mmol/L), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.14 +/- 0.19 vs 4.09 +/- 0.27 mmol/L) and total cholesterol levels (5.41 +/- 0.20 vs 6.48 +/- 0.29 mmol/L) than the NV elderly women (P less than 0.01) for each. The V elderly women tended to have less body fat and midupper arm muscle area than the NV. No differences between groups were found in a variety of metabolic and electrocardiographic parameters during graded maximal treadmill testing except for lower heart rates in the V women. VO2max was not significantly different between the V and NV elderly women (23.8 +/- 1.5 vs 21.9 +/- 0.8 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively). In summary, when healthy elderly V women are compared with closely matched NV peers, the vegetarian diet is associated with several benefits, primarily lower blood glucose and lipid levels, but not greater functional capacity.
Published:
1989-08
Title:
A comparison of high and low fat meals on postprandial esophageal acid exposure
Authors:
Becker, D. J.; Sinclair, J.; Castell, D. O.; Wu, W. C.
Abstract:
Fatty foods have been identified as precipitating factors in symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux (GER). A fat meal has also been found to decrease lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in normal subjects. We used the ambulatory 24-h pH monitor to assess esophageal acid exposure in 10 normal subjects and 10 GER patients following low and high fat meals eaten in two body positions. The meals had nearly identical protein content, volumes, and calories. On successive days, patients ingested one of the meals twice, followed by random assignment to 3 h upright and 3 h recumbent position. Acid exposure for each hour over a 3-h postprandial (PP) period was assessed as the percent time pH less than 4.0. Increased upright acid exposure occurred in normals after the high fat (6.2 +/- 2.1%; mean +/- SE) compared with the low fat meal (1.5 +/- 0.5%; p less than 0.05). GER patients had greater (p less than 0.05) acid exposure than normals in all study periods, but no differences were found between low and high fat meals in either study position. High fat meals induce upright GER in normals, but do not significantly affect the abnormal amount of GER in patients. In addition, progressive increases in acid exposure were found over the 3 postprandial hours in GER patients in a recumbent position. The findings are consistent with prior data showing decreased LESP with a fat meal in normals.
Published:
1989-07
Title:
Inhibition of endotoxin-induced activation of human monocytes by human lipoproteins
Authors:
Flegel, W. A.; Wölpl, A.; Männel, D. N.; Northoff, H.
Abstract:
Toxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (endotoxin) is, to a large extent, mediated by the activation of monocytes/macrophages and subsequent release of monokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). It is known that LPS binds readily to serum lipoproteins and that LPS-lipoprotein complexes are less toxic than unbound LPS. Here we present data analyzing the impact of the LPS-serum interaction at the cellular level. By measuring IL-1 TNF-alpha, and IL-6, the interaction of different LPSs or lipid A with human serum could be shown to prevent the activation of human monocytes. The amounts of LPS inactivated by normal human serum did not exceed 10 ng/ml. The LPS-inactivating capacity of serum was shown to be a function of the lipoproteins. Other serum components, such as naturally occurring anti-LPS immunoglobulin G, complement, or nutritive lipids, had no significant influence in our system. Our experiments suggest that serum lipoproteins control endotoxin-induced monocyte activation and monokine release.
Published:
1989-07
Title:
Fate and residues of trenbolone acetate in edible tissues from sheep amd calves implanted with tritium-labeled trenbolone acetate
Authors:
Evrard, P.; Maghuin-Rogister, G.; Rico, A. G.
Abstract:
In order to study the fate and residues of trenbolone acetate in edible tissues, two groups of six animals from two ruminant species (ewes and calves) were implanted with [3H]trenbolone acetate. The distribution of extractable radioactive residues was measured in liver, kidney and muscle. We found that the largest proportion of residues was not extractable and thus was considered as covalently bound residues. The proportion of the main extractable metabolites (17 alpha-trenbolone, trendione, 17 beta-trenbolone) was measured. The evaluation of the distribution of trenbolone acetate metabolites directly soluble in water showed that unknown metabolite(s) were predominant. The covalent binding to nucleic acids was measured. It was so low that it was not detectable. The results are discussed in light of the data presented in the scientific report on anabolic agents in animal production from the European scientific working group.
Published:
1989-06
Title:
Diet and plasma androgens in postmenopausal vegetarian and omnivorous women and postmenopausal women with breast cancer
Authors:
Adlercreutz, H.; Hämäläinen, E.; Gorbach, S. L.; Goldin, B. R.; Woods, M. N.; Dwyer, J. T.
Abstract:
We studied 27 postmenopausal women, 9 vegetarians, 10 omnivores, and 8 apparently healthy women with breast cancer (BC), four times during 1 y. Dietary intakes were recorded and plasma androgens and sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) binding capacity were determined. Androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), free T (FT), and SHBG were higher in omnivores than in vegetarians. In multiple correlation analysis, intakes of protein and fat were positively correlated with A, T, and FT, whereas the intakes of carbohydrate, grain, total fiber, and grain fiber showed the opposite correlations. Protein intake was positively correlated with percentage FT (%FT) and negatively with SHBG. BC patients had a similar pattern to omnivores with even higher levels of A and T (significant compared with vegetarians) and they showed significantly higher FT and lower SHBG than both control groups. We conclude that a Western-type diet in postmenopausal women is associated with high A, T, %FT, FT, and low SHBG and this pattern was apparent in the BC patients.
Published:
1989-03
Title:
[Severe Megaloblastic Anemia in 6-month-old Girl Breast-Fed by a Vegetarian Mother]
Authors:
G, Cheron; R, Girot; J, Zittoun; R, Mouy; J, Schmitz; J, Rey
Abstract:
The case of a young girl, born to a woman who was a vegetarian for 18 years, is presented. She had been exclusively breast-fed until the age of 6 months when a severe anemia was discovered with an extremely low hemoglobin level (1.9 g/100 ml). Her physical growth and psychomotor development had been …
Published:
1989-03
Title:
Comparison of in vitro, animal, and clinical determinations of iron bioavailability: International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group Task Force report on iron bioavailability
Authors:
Forbes, A. L.; Arnaud, M. J.; Chichester, C. O.; Cook, J. D.; Harrison, B. N.; Hurrell, R. F.; Kahn, S. G.; Morris, E. R.; Tanner, J. T.; Whittaker, P.
Abstract:
Relative bioavailability of two iron fortificants, electrolytic Fe and ferric orthophosphate, was related to that of the reference ferrous sulfate with in vitro and rat model depletion-repletion methods in four laboratories to compare values directly with those obtained in a parallel human study. In vitro testing was performed on Fe compounds with both solubility and dialysis in a simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion system. Two depletion-repletion techniques, hemoglobin-regeneration efficiency (HRE) and an official method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), were examined. AOAC relative biological values (RBV) of electrolytic Fe were 0.66 and 0.78 and of FePO4 were 0.25 and 0.34. HRE values were 0.78 and 0.58 for electrolytic Fe and FePO4, respectively. When compared with FeSO4 in a radiolabeled farina-based meal fed to humans, the RBV of FePO4 was 0.25 and electrolytic Fe 0.75. Results obtained with the AOAC method serve as the most reliable prediction of Fe bioavailability in the human although in vitro dialysis is a promising screening technique.
Published:
1989-02
Title:
Selenium content and glutathione peroxidase activity of milk from vegetarian and nonvegetarian women
Authors:
Debski, B.; Finley, D. A.; Picciano, M. F.; Lönnerdal, B.; Milner, J.
Abstract:
The concentration of selenium (Se) in milk samples obtained from 26 lacto-ovo-vegetarian (vegetarian) women was significantly greater (22.2 +/- 0.8 ng/ml) than from 12 nonvegetarian women (16.8 +/- 1.3). Mean GSH-Px activity (EC 1.11.1.9) in milk from vegetarians was 146% of that in milk from nonvegetarians. A significant correlation between GSH-Px activity and Se concentration was observed (r = 0.76). Likewise a significant correlation was observed between milk linoleic acid content and GSH-Px activity (r = 0.68). In undialyzed samples from vegetarian women, most of the increased content of Se was found in fractions containing proteins of 100 kdaltons (kD) or more. The high glutathione peroxidase activity in milk from vegetarians was associated with selenoproteins in the 90 to 100 kD range. A distinct 40 kD Se peak was also detected in milk from vegetarians. There was no difference in Se intake between the two groups of women. Therefore, although data from the present study show that both the quantity and distribution of Se in human milk can be modified by the maternal diet, the increased Se content and GSH-Px activity in milk from vegetarians cannot be explained by an increased Se intake.
Published:
1989-02
Title:
Glucose intolerance in acute infections
Authors:
Sammalkorpi, K.
Abstract:
To evaluate the influence of an infective agent, severity of infection and the age of the patient on infection-induced glucose intolerance, concentrations of fasting blood glucose, serum insulin (n = 31) and plasma glucagon (n = 22) were measured and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out (n = 26) during acute and convalescence phases and after complete recovery in patients with viral (n = 17) or bacterial (n = 14) infections. Serum insulin was increased (P less than 0.001) but plasma glucagon was decreased (P less than 0.01) both during acute infection and the convalescence period. In the acute stage, 2-h values of blood glucose (P less than 0.01) and serum insulin concentrations (P less than 0.001) during OGTT were elevated. The index of insulin resistance (glucose x insulin) was increased by 33% during infection and by 28% during convalescence (P less than 0.001). The observed changes did not correlate with the severity of infection, were more pronounced in younger patients than in older ones and were not dependent on the infective agent. It is clinically important to recognize that the restoration of insulin sensitivity takes longer than the immediate recovery period from the infection.
Published:
1989-01
Title:
High arachidonic acid levels in the cord blood of infants of mothers on vegetarian diets
Authors:
Stammers, J. P.; Hull, D.; Abraham, R.; McFadyen, I. R.
Abstract:
1. Maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples were collected from forty-seven Asian women, twenty-eight life-long vegetarians and seventeen non-vegetarians, during delivery of their babies. The concentrations and fatty acid profiles of the plasma free fatty acid and triacylglycerol fractions were determined. 2. There were no significant differences between the levels of free fatty acid and triacylglycerol in either maternal or cord plasma from vegetarian compared with non-vegetarian Asian women. The fatty acid profiles of the lipid fractions in the two groups were similar. Total plasma free fatty acid levels in the maternal circulation correlated with umbilical cord levels. 3. The levels of linoleic acid in the maternal plasma free fatty acid fraction of the Asian women were much higher than previous reports on mixed populations of European women. In the Asian women arachidonic acid concentrations in both maternal and umbilical circulations were over four times higher than those reported for women unselected for race and diet.
Published:
1989-01
Title:
The ileum is the major site of absorption of vitamin B12 analogues
Authors:
Shaw, S.; Jayatilleke, E.; Meyers, S.; Colman, N.; Herzlich, B.; Herbert, V.
Abstract:
Non-cobalamin vitamin B12 analogues constitute a significant percentage of total corrinoids in human serum. The source and means of absorption of analogues and their significance are largely unknown. We studied the sites of production and absorption of B12 analogues by measuring serum vitamin B12 and analogues in 93 patients with various gastrointestinal diseases: pernicious anemia (PA), ileal resections, ileitis, Crohn's colitis, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Patients with PA had normal analogue levels that were unchanged or that rose during cessation of B12 administration. Patients with IBS, Crohn's colitis, ulcerative colitis, and total colectomies had B12 analogues in the normal range. Patients with diseased or resected ileums had low B12 and analogues. These data suggest that serum B12 analogues are absorbed in the ileum by a mechanism independent of intrinsic factor, and that colonic bacteria and endogenous metabolism of vitamin B12 do not contribute significantly to their level.
Published:
1989-01
Title:
Bread of dreams: food and fantasy in early modern Europe
Authors:
Camporesi, Piero
Abstract:
Published:
1989
Title:
Diabetes Its Medical and Cultural History
Authors:
Abstract:
Published:
1989
Title:
Diet and urinary estrogen profile in premenopausal omnivorous and vegetarian women and in premenopausal women with breast cancer
Authors:
Adlercreutz, H.; Fotsis, T.; Höckerstedt, K.; Hämäläinen, E.; Bannwart, C.; Bloigu, S.; Valtonen, A.; Ollus, A.
Abstract:
The urinary estrogen profile was studied in the midfollicular phase twice, and diet four times during 1 yr in 10 premenopausal breast cancer (BC) patients consuming an omnivorous normal Finnish diet and in two control groups, one consuming an omnivorous (n = 12) and the other a lactovegetarian (n = 11) diet. Total fat intake in relation to caloric intake was almost identical in all three groups. Only with regard to grain fiber intake did the BC patients differ significantly from both other groups. No differences were found between the groups with regard to urinary excretion of 13 individual estrogens and total estrogens, with the exception of 4-hydroxyestrone (4-OH-E1), which was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in the BC group than in the vegetarians. A high carbohydrate to protein ratio in the diet had a negative correlation with the excretion of 2-hydroxyestrogens and 2-hydroxyesterone (2-OH-E1) to 4-OH-E1 ratio. The BC group had significantly higher urinary 2-OH-E1 to E1 ratio (P less than 0.05) compared to the vegetarians. The 2-OH-E1 to 4-OH-E1 ratio was highest in the BC group (= 7.1) and differed significantly from that of the omnivores (= 4.3; P less than 0.02) and vegetarians (= 3.6; P less than 0.005). This ratio showed a negative correlation with intake of carbohydrates, starch, total and grain fiber. Urinary excretion of 4-OH-E1 correlated positively with total and grain fiber intake and plasma SHBG. Protein intake correlated positively with urinary 2-methoxy-E1 excretion, and retinol intake positively with catechol estrogen, E1 and E2 excretion. It is concluded that estrogen production and urinary estrogen profile in premenopausal breast cancer patients is normal with the exception of a low 4-OH-E1 excretion and high urinary 2-OH-E1 to 4-OH-E1 ratio. This ratio, which seems to depend on diet, is the only urinary estrogen parameter separating premenopausal BC patients from the control omnivorous and lactovegetarian women.
Published:
1989
Title:
Edge-ground axes in Pleistocene Australia: New evidence from S. E. Cape York Peninsula
Authors:
Morwood, M. J.; Trezise, P. J.
Abstract:
Published:
1989
Title:
Features of meat digestion by captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors:
Milton, Katharine; Demment, Montague
Abstract:
The pronounced carnivory of many human populations contrasts sharply with feeding habits of other Hominoidea. Of extant great apes, only chimpanzees (Pan spp.) actively seek out vertebrate prey, but meat is only a minor portion of their diet. Some accounts suggest that wild chimpanzees digest prey inefficiently. To investigate the capacity of chimpanzees to digest meat, feeding trials were carried out on three captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) using a fixed amount of nonpurified diet with and without a predetermined amount of boned cooked chicken. The results showed no significant differences in the rate of passage of digesta and digestion of diets with and without chicken. Meat ingestion did not change the nitrogen (N) concentration of feces or the total amount of N defecated. Visual inspection of fecal matter showed no evidence of undigested meat. Taken together, the results indicate that chimpanzees are able to digest meat of the type and quantity consumed during these trials.
Published:
1989
Title:
Features of meat digestion by captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors:
Milton, Katharine; Demment, Montague
Abstract:
The pronounced carnivory of many human populations contrasts sharply with feeding habits of other Hominoidea. Of extant great apes, only chimpanzees (Pan spp.) actively seek out vertebrate prey, but meat is only a minor portion of their diet. Some accounts suggest that wild chimpanzees digest prey inefficiently. To investigate the capacity of chimpanzees to digest meat, feeding trials were carried out on three captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) using a fixed amount of nonpurified diet with and without a predetermined amount of boned cooked chicken. The results showed no significant differences in the rate of passage of digesta and digestion of diets with and without chicken. Meat ingestion did not change the nitrogen (N) concentration of feces or the total amount of N defecated. Visual inspection of fecal matter showed no evidence of undigested meat. Taken together, the results indicate that chimpanzees are able to digest meat of the type and quantity consumed during these trials.
Published:
1989
Title:
Features of meat digestion by captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors:
Milton, Katharine; Demment, Montague
Abstract:
The pronounced carnivory of many human populations contrasts sharply with feeding habits of other Hominoidea. Of extant great apes, only chimpanzees (Pan spp.) actively seek out vertebrate prey, but meat is only a minor portion of their diet. Some accounts suggest that wild chimpanzees digest prey inefficiently. To investigate the capacity of chimpanzees to digest meat, feeding trials were carried out on three captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) using a fixed amount of nonpurified diet with and without a predetermined amount of boned cooked chicken. The results showed no significant differences in the rate of passage of digesta and digestion of diets with and without chicken. Meat ingestion did not change the nitrogen (N) concentration of feces or the total amount of N defecated. Visual inspection of fecal matter showed no evidence of undigested meat. Taken together, the results indicate that chimpanzees are able to digest meat of the type and quantity consumed during these trials.
Published:
1989
Title:
Health and the Rise of Civilization
Authors:
Cohen, Mark Nathan
Abstract:
Published:
1989
Title:
Human Pleistocene adaptations in the tropical island pacific
Authors:
Allen, J.; Gosden, C; White, J. P.
Abstract:
Published:
1989
Title:
Hunting and gathering in tropical rain forest: is it possible?
Authors:
Bailey, Robert C.; Head, Genevieve; Jenike, Mark; Owen, Bruce; Rechtman, Robert; Zechenter, Elzbieta
Abstract:
Hunters and gatherers living in tropical forests represent an important poart of the total range of variation among contemporary hunting and gathering societies. Studies of tropical forests hunting and gathering peoples have contributed to our perceptions of the foraging way of life. Yet no peoples have ever been directly observed lving independently of agriculture in tropical rain forest. This article tests the hypothesis that humans do not exist nor have ever existed independently of agriculture in tropical rain forest. We find no convincing ethnographic evidence and, with the possible exception of Malaysia, no archaeological evidence for pure foragers in undisturbed tropical rain forests. Negative evidence cannot be conclusive, but it suggests that we need to carefully re-examine common assumptions concerning the recent history of tropical rain forest dwellers, the adaptability of preagricultural humans, the geographical and environmental range of hominids, and the form and consequences of selection pressures acting on humans in warm, humid environments. The over-riding purpose of this article is to stimulate further ecological and archaeological research in the neglected tropical forest areas of the world.
Published:
1989
Title:
John Rollo
Authors:
Marble, Alexander
Abstract:
In 1797 there was published in England a book entitled in part, An Account of Two Cases of the Diabetes Mellitus. In it John Rollo, M.D., a surgeon of the Royal Artillery, recorded in detail his observations regarding the course of diabetes in two patients treated by means of a special diet. As a result, his methods of treatment and ideas regarding the origin of diabetes were widely discussed in England and on the Continent with acceptance by some and rejection by others. Rollo has become known as the first, or certainly one of the first, to plan definite diets for diabetic patients.
Published:
1989
Title:
John Rollo
Authors:
Marble, Alexander
Abstract:
In 1797 there was published in England a book entitled in part, An Account of Two Cases of the Diabetes Mellitus. In it John Rollo, M.D., a surgeon of the Royal Artillery, recorded in detail his observations regarding the course of diabetes in two patients treated by means of a special diet. As a result, his methods of treatment and ideas regarding the origin of diabetes were widely discussed in England and on the Continent with acceptance by some and rejection by others. Rollo has become known as the first, or certainly one of the first, to plan definite diets for diabetic patients.
Published:
1989
Title:
Lydia Jane Roberts: Nutrition Scientist, Educator, and Humanitarian
Authors:
Doyle, Margaret D.; Wilson, Eva D.
Abstract:
Published:
1989
Title:
Natural killer cells, vitamins, and other blood components of vegetarian and omnivorous men
Authors:
Malter, M.; Schriever, G.; Eilber, U.
Abstract:
The study population consisted of male vegetarians (aged 28-50 years), who were recruited from the vegetarian cohort being followed by the Department of Epidemiology (German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, FRG), and the same number of age- and sex-matched controls from the personnel of the same center. Among the vitamins tested, only the level of carotene was significantly higher in vegetarians; the levels of vitamin A, K, and E were not elevated. Among the other blood parameters tested, only creatinine and glutamine-transferase levels were significantly lower in vegetarians. The natural cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes was measured using a chromium-release test. Cytotoxic activity, which is expressed as lytic units, was significantly higher in vegetarians than in their omnivorous controls by a factor of 2. The total number of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and other subpopulations did not differ between vegetarians and nonvegetarians. The enhanced natural cytotoxicity may be one of the factors contributing to the lower cancer risk shown by vegetarians.
Published:
1989
Title:
Nutritional Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Infancy: Three Case Reports and a Review of the Literature
Authors:
Jj, Doyle; Am, Langevin; A, Zipursky
Abstract:
Three cases of vitamin B12 deficiency that occurred during infancy are presented. These cases appeared to be the result of pre-existing maternal deficiency. All three infants demonstrated evidence of neurodevelopmental delay at presentation, and one had sustained loss of milestones and developed inv …
Published:
1989
Title:
Origins and environmental significance of shell and earth mounds in northern Australia
Authors:
Stone, T.
Abstract:
Published:
1989
Title:
School Breakfast Program and School Performance
Authors:
Meyers, A. F.; Sampson, A. E.; Weitzman, M.; Rogers, B. L.; Kayne, H.
Abstract:
Published:
1989
Title:
Test of effect of lipid lowering by diet on cardiovascular risk. The Minnesota Coronary Survey
Authors:
Frantz, I. D.; Dawson, E. A.; Ashman, P. L.; Gatewood, L. C.; Bartsch, G. E.; Kuba, K.; Brewer, E. R.
Abstract:
The Minnesota Coronary Survey was a 4.5-year, open enrollment, single end-time double-blind, randomized clinical trial that was conducted in six Minnesota state mental hospitals and one nursing home. It involved 4393 institutionalized men and 4664 institutionalized women. The trial compared the effects of a 39% fat control diet (18% saturated fat, 5% polyunsaturated fat, 16% monounsaturated fat, 446 mg dietary cholesterol per day) with a 38% fat treatment diet (9% saturated fat, 15% polyunsaturated fat, 14% monounsaturated fat, 166 mg dietary cholesterol per day) on serum cholesterol levels and the incidence of myocardial infarctions, sudden deaths, and all-cause mortality. The mean duration of time on the diets was 384 days, with 1568 subjects consuming the diet for over 2 years. The mean serum cholesterol level in the pre-admission period was 207 mg/dl, falling to 175 mg/dl in the treatment group and 203 mg/dl in the control group. For the entire study population, no differences between the treatment and control groups were observed for cardiovascular events, cardiovascular deaths, or total mortality. A favorable trend for all these end-points occurred in some younger age groups.
Published:
1989
Title:
The 'Glasgow School' of Paton, Findlay and Cathcart: Convervative Thought in Chemical Physiology, Nutrition and Public Health
Authors:
Smith, David; Nicolson, Malcolm
Abstract:
Published:
1989
Title:
The history of dietetics
Authors:
Sigerist, Henry E.
Abstract:
Henry E. Sigerist's paper on the history of dietetics covers the entire development of dietetics since the emergence of the human species. Originating in early man's food-seeking instinct, dietetics had become an empirical science by the time of the ancient Greeks. They stressed the dietetic treatment of illness and began to formulate numerous rules. Regimina sanitatis, manuals containing precise dietetic prescriptions for the maintenance of good health, were widely circulated in the Middle Ages. In addition to new impulses initiated by Paracelsus, the author emphasizes the clinical and experimental studies pursued, from the 17th to the 19th centuries, by such scientists as Thomas Sydenham, Justus von Liebig, Carl von Voit and Gustav von Bunge. The author concludes by pointing out that, despite enormous progress, more than one half of the world's population still suffers from malnutrition. For this reason, he regards the social application of dietetic findings as the most urgent task facing us in the future.
Published:
1989
Title:
The nutritional effects of microwave heating
Authors:
Ryley, Janice
Abstract:
Microwave energy is mainly used for the reheating of cooked foods after chilled or frozen storage and the domestic prime cooking of a relatively small range of items. Comparison of the time-temperature history in foods heated conventionally and by microwave indicates that microwave heated products should be nutritionally comparable to or better than their conventional counterparts, but the results of studies are sometimes conflicting. This can be attributed to variability in the performance of microwave ovens, difficulties involved in temperature measurement, which make experimental conditions difficult to define, and to the occurrence of “focalised” regions of high temperature in microwaved products.
Published:
1989
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