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This material has been provided by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. The original may be consulted at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh; Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh

The art of Altamira The cave of Altamira is the maximum representation of human creative spirit. The level of its art is excellent. Artistic techniques (drawing, painting and engraving), the treatment of shape and the exploitation of the medium, large formats and three dimensionality, naturalism, abstraction and symbolism are all on show at Altamira. Bison, horses, deer, hands and mysterious signs were painted or engraved during the millennia when the cave of Altamira was inhabited, between 36,000 and 13,000 years ago. These representations are spread throughout the cave, over a length of more than 290 metres, although the largest number are concentrated in the Polychrome Room. The largest representations are of horses and bison of between 125 and 170 cm in length, as well as a deer over two metres long. The outlines were first engraved and line-drawn with charcoal. They were then filled in with red or yellowish paint. In some of the bison, the change of colouring of the belly was marked with black paint, or charcoal pencils were used to detail the hair or hump. In addition, engraving was used in the eyes, horns, neck hair, etc. The cave of Altamira is privileged to be the first place in the world where the existence of rock art from the Upper Palaeolithic was discovered. Altamira was also a unique discovery due to the quality, the magnificent conservation and the freshness of its pigments. Its recognition was delayed for quarter of a century, at a time when its comprehension was difficult for a society, that of the 19th century, immersed in rigid scientific postulates. The cavity was discovered by a local man, Modesto Cubillas, around 1868. Accompanied by Cubillas, Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola visited the cave for the first time in 1875 and recognised some lines which at the time he did not consider to be the work of humans. At the Universal Exhibition of Paris he discovered some pre-historic objects at first hand found in caves in the South of France. Sautuola, who already had a broad education in Natural Sciences and in History, returned to Spain with a renewed perspective and decided to undertake his own works in the caves of Cantabria. Accompanied by his daughter María he returned to Altamira in 1879. The girl was the first to see the figures on the ceiling of the cave. In 1880 Sautuola published the find in the pamphlet Brief notes on some prehistoric objects in the Province of Santander, attributing the paintings to prehistory, to the Palaeolithic Period. Despite his lucid analysis, his contemporaries from different intellectual, evolutionist or creationist perspectives, or the incredulous prehistorians of the time, received his approach with scepticism. Its value was not recognised until the discovery of Palaeolithic rock art in other caves in Europe, mainly in France (Le Mouthe, Combarelles and Font de Gaume). In 1902, the French prehistorian Émile de Cartailhac published Les cavernes ornées de dessins. La grotte d'Altamira, Espagne. Mea Culpa d'un sceptique. From that moment on, the cave of Altamira acquired universal recognition and became an icon of Palaeolithic rock art.

THE admirably illustrated volume which has just appeared in this uninviting form, tells a tale of adventures as interesting and heroic as anything in the long record of Arctic discovery. It throws little light on the question to which public attention has been too much directed this winter—whether any of the misfortunes of the expedition were due to the officers who started the sledge p arties without adequate supplies of lime-juice. The report of the Scurvy Committee will appear in a few days. In the mean time it is clear that every pound weight on the sledges was calculated with the utmost care; that wherever anything was to be used in a fluid state an adequate corresponding supply of fuel needed to be carried; that none of the officers, judging from the experience of previous sledge expeditions, seem to have anticipated scurvy; and above all that the work of all the parties on and at the edge of the hitherto untrodden Palæocrystic sea proved so frightfully severe that if lime-juice in abundant rations had been taken the sufferings of the men would probably have been only mitigated. It is to the severity of the work, not to the absence of lime-juice, that we believe the terrible outbreaks of scurvy which crippled the sledging parties to have been really due. In Commander Markham's Journal, written on the spot a month out from the ship, he says, “The invalids are not improving, and we are inclined to believe that they are all attacked with scurvy, though we have not been led to suppose that there is any probability of our being so afflicted and are ignorant of the symptoms.” Swollen knees and ankles are of frequent occurrence in all Arctic sledging expeditions, and they were prepared to expect as much. Scurvy had scarcely been thought of, and the fact that it had not been thought of by officers whose lives and the lives of their men depended on their forethought, and who had studied the experience of their predecessors with anxious care, is sufficient to show that, à priori, there was little or no probability of its appearance. After the experience of Markham's, Aldrich's, and Beaumont's parties, no future travellers over the “Palæocrystic” will omit their lime-juice, but these officers seem all to have been unprepared for scurvy. Aldrich says in his journal, 38th day out:—

"From the Transactions of the Society; with additional notes."; Includes 2 folded tables

Book Source: Digital Library of India Item 2015.37317 dc.contributor.author: Whymper, Frederick dc.date.accessioned: 2015-06-25T20:31:17Z dc.date.available: 2015-06-25T20:31:17Z dc.date.digitalpublicationdate: 2005-07-16 dc.date.citation: 1868 dc.identifier.barcode: 4990010207788 dc.identifier.origpath: /data3/upload/0061/940 dc.identifier.copyno: 1 dc.identifier.uri: http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/37317 dc.description.scanningcentre: C-DAK, Kolkata dc.description.main: 1 dc.description.tagged: 0 dc.description.totalpages: 418 dc.format.mimetype: application/pdf dc.language.iso: English dc.publisher.digitalrepublisher: Digital Library Of India dc.publisher: John Murray, London dc.rights: In Public Domain dc.source.library: Central Library, Visva-bharati dc.subject.classification: Literature dc.subject.classification: Literature dc.subject.keywords: Alaska dc.subject.keywords: Travel -literature dc.title: Travel And Adventure In The Territory Of Alaska

Talbot collection of British pamphlets

Dr. William Lambe was an English physician and is widely regarded as?"the father of veganism," or a completely animal-free diet, excluding even dairy and eggs. He began the regimen himself around 1806 in response to his own ill health and prescribed it to many of his patients. The results of his studies are included in this volume, first published in 1815.?Lambe was also well-known in America, where this book was republished 40 years later at about the same time The American Vegetarian Society was founded.?Dr. Joel Shew, who wrote the preface to this edition, was vice president of that organization.

"The reader will recollect the account given of a new and successful mode of treating Diabetes Mellitus, discovered by Dr Rollo, in vol. i. p. 259. Dr Rollo's work has since come into our hands, which enables us to present the following additional particulars. Page 134: 5. That confinement, an entire abstinence from any species of vegetable matter, a diet solely of animal food, with emetics, hepatized ammonia, and narcotics, and occassionally the use of sulphur and castor oil, when requistite, comprehend the principle means to be employed.

"In two volumes." -- t.p; Vol. 1: [2], xvi, 320 p., [1] leaf of plates; v. 2: [4], xv, [1], 286, [2] p; This material has been provided by The University of Glasgow Library. The original may be consulted at The University of Glasgow Library; London; The University of Glasgow Library

"In two volumes." -- t.p; Vol. 1: [2], xvi, 320 p., [1] leaf of plates; v. 2: [4], xv, [1], 286, [2] p; This material has been provided by The University of Glasgow Library. The original may be consulted at The University of Glasgow Library; London; The University of Glasgow Library

I am now grown old, and must soon die; and the succession must descend, in order, to my brothers, Opitchapan, Opekankanough, and Catataugh, and then to my two sisters, and their two daughters. I wish their experience was equal to mine; and that your love to us might not be less than ours to you. Why should you take by force that from us which you can have by love? Why should you destroy us, who have provided you with food? What can you get by war? We can hide our provisions, and fly into the woods; and then you must consequently famish by wronging your friends. What is the cause of your jealousy? You see us unarmed, and willing to supply your wants, if you will come in a friendly manner, and not with swords and guns, as to invade an enemy. I am not so simple, as not to know it is better to eat good meat, lie well, and sleep quietly with my women and children; to laugh and be merry with the English; and, being their friend, to have copper, hatchets, and whatever else I want, than to fly from all, to lie cold in the woods, feed upon acorns, roots, and such trash, and to be so hunted, that I cannot rest, eat, or sleep. In such circumstances, my men must watch, and if a twig should but break, all would cry out, "Here comes Capt. Smith;" and so, in this miserable manner, to end my miserable life; and, Capt. Smith, this might be soon your fate too, through your rashness and unadvisedness. I, therefore, exhort you to peaceable councils; and, above all, I insist that the guns and swords, the cause of all our jealousy and uneasiness, be removed and sent away.

New research at Dmanisi continues to challenge what we think we know about our deep past.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia) and elevated blood insulin (hyperinsulinemia). When the blood glucose concentration is 100 milligrams/deciliter the bloodstream of an average adult contains about 5-10 grams of glucose. Carbohydrate-restricted diets have been used effectively to treat obesity and T2DM for over 100 years, and their effectiveness may simply be due to lowering the dietary contribution to glucose and insulin levels, which then leads to improvements in hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Treatments for T2DM that lead to improvements in glycemic control and reductions in blood insulin levels are sensible based on this pathophysiologic perspective. In this article, a pathophysiological argument for using carbohydrate restriction to treat T2DM will be made.

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