Published Science

Radically changing medicine

Key points Skeletal muscle adaptations relating to glucose uptake (e.g. GLUT4 protein levels) and energy sensing (e.g. AMPK) can be augmented with exercise training before versus after nutrient provision in healthy individuals and in individuals classified as overweight or obese. Performing exercise training sessions before versus after nutrient provision can increase oral glucose insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals and in individuals classified as overweight or obese. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, metabolic inflexibility may attenuate, or abolish the effects of nutrient-exercise timing on skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise training. Abstract Nutrition and exercise metabolism are vibrant physiological fields, yet at times it feels as if greater progress could be made by better integrating these disciplines. Exercise is advocated for improving metabolic health, in part by increasing peripheral insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control. However, when a modest-to-high carbohydrate load is consumed before and/or during each exercise bout within a training program, increases in oral glucose insulin sensitivity can be blunted in both men of a healthy weight and those with overweight/obesity. Exercise training induced adaptation in the energy sensing AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4 protein levels are sensitive to pre-exercise feeding status in both healthy individuals and in individuals classified as overweight or obese. Increased lipid oxidation may, in part, explain the enhanced adaptive responses to exercise training performed before (i.e. fasted-state exercise) versus after nutrient ingestion. Evidence in individuals with type 2 diabetes currently shows no effect of altering nutrient-exercise timing for measured markers of metabolic health, or greater reductions in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations with exercise performed after versus before nutrient provision. Since the metabolic inflexibility associated with type 2 diabetes diminishes differences in lipid oxidation between the fasted- and fed-states, it is plausible that pre-exercise feeding status does not alter adaptations to exercise when metabolic flexibility is already compromised. Current evidence suggests restricting carbohydrate intake before and during exercise can enhance some health benefits of exercise, but in order to establish clinical guidelines, further research is needed with hard outcomes and different populations. Abstract Figure legend Candidate mechanisms linking nutrient-exercise timing to insulin sensitivity. Exercise performed in an overnight-fasted state (before nutrient intake), increases fatty acid availability for skeletal muscle, and also increases intramuscular triglyceride utilisation. An increase in skeletal muscle lipid turnover may result in phospholipid remodelling, with a relative reduction in saturated fatty acids within skeletal muscle phospholipids. Increased fatty acid availability can also increase AMPK activity and this increase PGC-1α levels. Exercise before versus after nutrient intake can also result in an increase in skeletal muscle GLUT4 and CHC22 levels, which are involved in insulin-stimulated glucose transport. AkT, Protein kinase B; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; CD36, fatty acid translocase; CHC22, clathrin heavy chain 22; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; IMTG, intramuscular triglyceride; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation proteins; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid; TBC1D1/D4, TBC1 domain family member 1/family member 4 (AS160). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Probiotic use may lead to bacterial overgrowth and brain fogginess, study finds

InSiGHT's mission is to improve the quality of care of patients and their families with any condition resulting in hereditary gastrointestinal tumours.

Explore the official guidelines for treating IBD and how successful they are. We also review the non-pharmaceutical interventions such as diet.

Indices of taxonomic abundance are commonly used by zooarchaeologists to examine resource intensification, overexploitation and gender-divisions in foraging labor. The original formulation of abundance indices developed a clear interpretive framework by linking the measure with foraging models from behavioral ecology. However, using the same basic tenets of behavioral ecology, archaeologists disagree about how to interpret variability in abundance index values: some suggest that high proportions of large prey remains represent higher overall foraging efficiency, while others argue the opposite. To help solve this problem, we use quantitative observational data with Martu hunters in Australia's Western Desert to examine how foraging decisions and outcomes best predict variation in the abundance index values that result. We show that variation in the proportional remains of large to small game is best predicted by hunting bout success with larger prey and the time spent foraging for smaller prey. A declining abundance index results from decreasing hunting success with larger prey, increasing time invested in hunting smaller prey, or both; any of which result in a lower overall return rate than if large prey were acquired reliably. We also demonstrate that where large prey acquisition is stochastic, high index values are correlated positively with men's proportional caloric contribution of large unreliable game, while low index values are correlated with women's proportional foraging time for small reliable game. We discuss these results with reference to evidence of resource intensification and gender-specific foraging.

An international team of researchers has found evidence that suggests at least some Neanderthals were mainly fresh meat eaters. In their paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the group describes testing protein samples discovered in Neanderthal bones and what they found.

The Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (JAND) is the premier source for the practice and science of food, nutrition,...

These eating plans are very different – but a combination of the two may be a healthy way to control weight.

The ketogenic diet may help asthma sufferers, according to a German study.

Abstract. Pharmacoresistant epilepsy causes serious deleterious effects on the patient’s health and quality of life. For this condition, a ketogenic diet (KD) i

Epilepsy is a disease characterized by seizures. In most patients with epilepsy, seizures can be controlled using anti-epileptic drugs, but in the type of epilepsy called resistant epilepsy, drugs are not effective on seizure control. In addition, the undesirable side effects of antiepileptic drugs in some patients lead to the cessation of antiepileptic use. In these and similar cases, the ketogenic diet, which is not a pharmacological treatment type, is considered as an alternative treatment method. The basic reality suggesting that the ketogenic diet can play an effective role in the treatment of epilepsy is that instead of glucose, which is the main energy substrate for neurons, ketone bodies are used in some cases such as hunger. Again, different ketogenic diets have been created to enable the formation of ketone bodies and provide ease and flexibility to the ketogenic diet. Depending on the tolerability of patients in the treatment of epilepsy, one of these ketogenic diet variations can be used. This review was conducted to evaluate the effect of ketogenic diet on epilepsy.

PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites., Epilepsia. 2002 Oct;43(10):1168-71. Comparative Study

Aalto, M., Donner, J., Hirvas, H., & Niemela, J., 1989. An interglacial beaver dam deposit at Vimpeli, Ostrobothnia, Finland. Bulletin - Geological Survey of Finland, 348. Abrams, G., Bello, S.M., Di Modica, K., Pirson, S., & Bonjean, D., 2014. When Neanderthals used cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) re...

Request PDF | On Jan 1, 2002, J. Arroyo-Cabrales and others published La mastofauna del cuaternario tardío de México | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

Background Clinical outcomes of tattoo removal vary widely among different patients; it is known that tattoo-related features (such as pigments' type or quality, the use of multicolored inks, tattoo location size, location, layering, and duration) and personal habits (as smoking or skin phototype) could influence the clinical response to treatment, the possible role of nutrition in affecting the laser treatment of tattoos has never been investigated. Aims This study aims to compare the clinical response of tattoos removal between omnivore and vegan patients treated with Q-switched laser (QSL). Patients/Methods Twenty omnivore and twenty vegan patients treated for professional black tattoo removal with Nd:YAG QSL were enrolled in this study. The number of laser sessions and the median days required for complete healing were recorded; clinical improvement was evaluated 4 weeks after the last laser session. Results The two groups were not different at the baseline in terms of sex, age, skin phototype, tattoos’ age, location, and density. Vegans needed more laser sessions (p

Pollen and charcoal analyses are presented from the islands of Mua and Badu, western Torres Strait (northern Australia). Sediment core collections from island interior Melaleuca swamps provide a record of hydrological and vegetation change through the period c.2700 BP to present. Seasonally moist-dry open herbaceous habitats are recorded prior to extensive stable boundary swamp and swamp-forest establishment. This island swamp development is important in supporting vegetation differentiated from eucalypt woodland growth. The swamps also constitute an important dry season resource and refugia. Eucalypt-dominated woodland is evident throughout the records, but is increasingly influenced by fire (in structure and composition). This palaeoecological study provides the unique opportunity to explore long term inter-island and island-mainland environmental connection in the Torres Strait. It also facilitates an examination of regional late Holocene human–environment interaction, including discussions of islander colonisation, occupation and identity as taking place within archaeological research.

Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University have shown that skeletal muscle satellite cells, key players in muscle repair, proliferate better in low glucose environments. This is contrary to conventional wisdom that says mammalian cells fare better when there is more sugar to fuel their activities. Because ultra-low glucose environments do not allow other cell types to proliferate, the team could produce pure cultures of satellite cells, potentially a significant boost for biomedical research.

Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University have shown that skeletal muscle satellite cells, key players in muscle repair, proliferate better in low glucose environments. This is contrary to conventional wisdom that says mammalian cells fare better when there is more sugar to fuel their activities. Because ultra-low glucose environments do not allow other cell types to proliferate, the team could produce pure cultures of satellite cells, potentially a significant boost for biomedical research.