Published Science

Evidence suggests that by reducing dietary carbohydrates one can suppress, or delay, the emergence of cancer. This review examines carbohydrate metabolism and its impact on carcinogenesis.

Radically changing medicine

Radically changing medicine

The advent of agriculture was a watershed moment for the human race. It may also have been our greatest blunder.

The human trophic level (HTL) during the Pleistocene and its degree of variability serve, explicitly or tacitly, as the basis of many explanations for human evolution, behavior, and culture. Previous attempts to reconstruct the HTL have relied heavily on an analogy with recent hunter-gatherer groups' diets. In addition to technological differences, recent findings of substantial ecological differences between the Pleistocene and the Anthropocene cast doubt regarding that analogy's validity. Surprisingly little systematic evolution-guided evidence served to reconstruct HTL. Here, we reconstruct the HTL during the Pleistocene by reviewing evidence for the impact of the HTL on the biological, ecological, and behavioral systems derived from various existing studies. We adapt a paleobiological and paleoecological approach, including evidence from human physiology and genetics, archaeology, paleontology, and zoology, and identified 25 sources of evidence in total. The evidence shows that the trophic level of the Homo lineage that most probably led to modern humans evolved from a low base to a high, carnivorous position during the Pleistocene, beginning with Homo habilis and peaking in Homo erectus. A reversal of that trend appears in the Upper Paleolithic, strengthening in the Mesolithic/Epipaleolithic and Neolithic, and culminating with the advent of agriculture. We conclude that it is possible to reach a credible reconstruction of the HTL without relying on a simple analogy with recent hunter-gatherers' diets. The memory of an adaptation to a trophic level that is embedded in modern humans' biology in the form of genetics, metabolism, and morphology is a fruitful line of investigation of past HTLs, whose potential we have only started to explore.

The importance of fallback foods in primate ecology and evolution

The influence of fallback foods on great ape tooth enamel

As early as 1935, migraine-which now affects \textgreater15% of the population worldwide-was referred to as a 'hypo­ glycaemic headache' 1. Despite this early connection between migraine and energy metabolism, clinical and basic research in migraine largely focused on the vasculature, neurovasculature and neurotransmission until Willem Amery revived the idea that metabolism is involved in the pathogenesis of migraine in his hypothesis­ generating review in 1982 (ref. 2). Since then, accumu­ lating evidence-much of it clinical-indicates that migraine is at least partially an energy deficit syndrome with mitochondrial dysfunction. Technological advances (for example, in neuroimaging and genetics) have enabled examination of different aspects of cerebral metabolism in patients with migraine, and complementary animal research has deciphered possible links between metabolic factors and trigeminovascular activation in migraine pathophysiology. Evidence that cortical responsivity and sensory processing are abnormal in patients with migraine between attacks (reviewed elsewhere 3) led to the suggestion that a combination of sensory overload and lowered energy reserve ignites the major pain­signalling system of the brain, the trigeminovascular system, leading to the migraine attack 4. In this Review, we describe the abnormalities of energy metabolism observed in migraine with a par­ ticular focus on clinical data, including phenotypic, biochemical, genetic and therapeutic studies. We also discuss experimental data to elaborate on the potential role of such metabolic abnormalities in migraine attack generation. Finally, we highlight therapeutic approaches to targeting of cerebral metabolism (antioxidants, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and dietary ketogenesis). Triggers and metabolic dysfunction Two systematic reviews 5,6 and a study of 1,207 patients with migraine 7 have identified that the most common migraine trigger factors are stress or subsequent relaxa­ tion, fasting or skipping a meal, sleep changes (too much or too little), ovarian hormone changes (includ­ ing menstruation and oral contraception), weather changes (including certain winds, hypoxia and high altitude), physical exercise (including sexual activity), alcohol, strong odours (especially perfume or cigarette smoke), intense light (especially bright or blue light) and loud noises. The distinction between trigger factors and premonitory symptoms of migraine attacks is not always easy, as some premonitory symptoms might be Abstract | Migraine can be regarded as a conserved, adaptive response that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals with a mismatch between the brain's energy reserve and workload. Given the high prevalence of migraine, genotypes associated with the condition seem likely to have conferred an evolutionary advantage. Technological advances have enabled the examination of different aspects of cerebral metabolism in patients with migraine, and complementary animal research has highlighted possible metabolic mechanisms in migraine pathophysiology. An increasing amount of evidence-much of it clinical-suggests that migraine is a response to cerebral energy deficiency or oxidative stress levels that exceed antioxidant capacity and that the attack itself helps to restore brain energy homeostasis and reduces harmful oxidative stress levels. Greater understanding of metabolism in migraine offers novel therapeutic opportunities. In this Review , we describe the evidence for abnormalities in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in migraine, with a focus on clinical data (including neuroimaging, biochemical, genetic and therapeutic studies), and consider the relationship of these abnormalities with the abnormal sensory processing and cerebral hyper-responsivity observed in migraine. We discuss experimental data to consider potential mechanisms by which metabolic abnormalities could generate attacks. Finally , we highlight potential treatments that target cerebral metabolism, such as nutraceuticals, ketone bodies and dietary interventions.

The prostate gland is part of a man's reproductive and urinary systems. The prostate is oval shaped with a rounded tip. It is approximately 4 cm wide and 3 cm thick. The actual size of the prostate va

The page below summarizes the core scientific evidence behind low-carb and keto diets. While these diets are still somewhat controversial, there is now high-quality evidence to support their routine use for weight loss and metabolic disease (e.g. type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure) and certain other conditions. There's also good evidence to suggest that the fear of natural saturated fats has been a mistake, and that there's no general health or weight benefits of a low-fat diet.

Theories of hominid evolution have postulated that switching to meat eating permitted an increase in brain size and hence the emergence of modern man. However, comparative studies of primate intestinal tracts do not support this hypothesis and it is likely that, while meat assumed a more important role in hominid diet, it was not responsible for any major evolutionary shift.

Thread by @HermanPontzer: "Great to see discussion generated by this. One common complaint: “yeah but living hunter gatherers aren’t good mod Often followed by some version of “Surely in the good old days we ate more meat”. Very flawed argument. Here […]"

Thread by @Travis_Statham: "Vitamin C + Carnivore Diet : 1882: "Sir, I was struck by two independent observations which occurred in your colue etiology of scurvy, both tending to controvert the generally received opinion that the exclusive […]" #carnivitc

When the East African Rift Valley transformed dramatically, new weapons arose and trade expanded

Purpose: This study was to determine the role of tumorinfiltrating macrophages in IFN-␤-induced host defense against prostate cancer.

Inflammation, a process that was meant to defend our body from infection, has been found to contribute to a wide range of diseases, such as chronic inflamm | Immunology

A series of experimental cut marks have been analyzed by eleven taphonomists with the goal of assessing if they could identify similarly 14 selected microscopic variables which would identify those marks as cut marks. The main objective was to test

DiNicolantonio, James J., and James H. O’Keefe. “Omega-6 Vegetable Oils as a Driver of Coronary Heart Disease: The Oxidized Linoleic Acid Hypothesis.” Open Heart, vol. 5, no. 2, 2018, p. e000898. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2018-000898. Mata, P., et al. “Effect of Dietary Fat Saturat...

Vegetation History and Archaeobotany | Citations: 1,452 | Vegetation History and Archaeobotany publishes research papers review articles and short contributions of high quality from Europe the Americas and other parts of the world. It covers the entire field of vegetation history - mainly the development of flora and vegetation... | Read 1062 articles with impact on ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists.

Lacking sufficient levels of vitamin D in the bloodstream may negatively affect muscle function in older adults due to a reduction in energy production, a study published Friday by the Journal of Endocrinology found.

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