top of page
Published Science
Click Search to Filter.
Total Entries: 10690
Title:
Multiple-modified Low-Density Lipoprotein as Atherogenic Factor of Patients'; Blood: Development of Therapeutic Approaches to Reduce Blood Atherogenicity
Authors:
G. Nikifirov, Nikita; R. Zakiev, Emile; V. Elizova, Natalia; N. Sukhorukov, Vasily; N. Orekhov, Alexander
Abstract:
Published:
March 26, 2017
Title:
Multiple exaptations leading to fish sound production
Authors:
Parmentier, E.; Diogo, Rui; Fine, Michael
Abstract:
The term exaptation introduced by Stephen J. Gould and Elizabeth Vrba has been used infrequently. The high diversity of sound-producing mechanisms in fishes highlights a recurrent use of this process in unrelated taxa. We propose that sonic evolution typically involves exaptations: in many fish taxa, sound production was acquired by the independent modification of existing structures with other functions. These structures were modified into complex effectors for courtship and agonistic sound production without major changes to their gnathostome Bauplan. Existing anatomical structures (teeth, bones, etc.) were likely first used in non-voluntary sound production, which incidentally provided advantages and could then be selected specifically for signal production leading to the refinement of more sophisticated sonic organs. We postulate that in many if not most cases, sound-production specializations originated in fish taxa that took advantage of incidental non-voluntary sounds. We use different case-studies to show that exaptation may be a key, albeit largely unrecognized, agent of major morphological and behavioural changes.
Published:
March 14, 2017
Title:
Evolution Driven by Organismal Behavior: A Unifying View of Life, Function, Form, Mismatches and Trends
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
This book proposes a new way to think about evolution. The author carefully brings together evidence from diverse fields of science. In the process, he bridges the gaps between many different--and usually seen as conflicting--ideas to present one integrative theory named ONCE, which stands for Organic Nonoptimal Constrained Evolution. The author argues that evolution is mainly driven by the behavioral choices and persistence of organisms themselves, in a process in which Darwinian natural selection is mainly a secondary--but still crucial--evolutionary player. Within ONCE, evolution is therefore generally made of mistakes and mismatches and trial-and-error situations, and is not a process where organisms engage in an incessant, suffocating struggle in which they can't thrive if they are not optimally adapted to their habitats and the external environment. Therefore, this unifying view incorporates a more comprehensive view of the diversity and complexity of life by stressing that organisms are not merely passive evolutionary players under the rule of external factors. This insightful and well-reasoned argument is based on numerous fascinating case studies from a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, plants, insects and diverse examples from the evolution of our own species. The book has an appeal to researchers, students, teachers, and those with an interest in the history and philosophy of science, as well as to the broader public, as it brings life back into biology by emphasizing that organisms, including humans, are the key active players in evolution and thus in the future of life on this wonderful planet.
Published:
March 9, 2017
Title:
The effects of turmeric (curcumin) on tumor suppressor protein (p53) and estrogen receptor (ERα) in breast cancer cells
Authors:
Hallman, Kelly; Aleck, Katie; Dwyer, Brigitte; Lloyd, Victoria; Quigley, Meghan; Sitto, Nada; Siebert, Amy E; Dinda, Sumi
Abstract:
Curcumin (CUR) is a compound that has antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. In this study, we have analyzed the effects of CUR on the expression of ERα and p53 in the presence of hormones and anti-hormones in breast cancer cells. Cells were cultured in a medium containing charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum to deplete any endogenous steroids and treated with CUR at varying concentrations or in combination with hormones and anti-hormones. Protein analysis revealed a relative decrease in the levels of p53 and ERα upon treatment with 5–60 µM CUR. In cell proliferation studies, CUR alone caused a 10-fold decrease compared with the treatment with estrogen, which suggests its antiproliferative effects. Delineating the role of CUR in the regulation of p53, ERα, and their mechanisms of action may be important in understanding the influence of CUR on tumor suppressors and hormone receptors in breast cancer.
Published:
March 9, 2017
Title:
Baldwin’s Organic Selection and the Increasing Awareness of the Evolutionary Importance of Behavioral Shifts
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
Baldwin’s developmental and evolutionary theories of organic selection were developed in the context of passionate debates about a wide range of broader biological and evolutionary topics, approximately 120 years ago.
Published:
March 8, 2017
Title:
Behavioral Choices and Shifts, Niche Construction, Natural Selection, Extinctions, and Asymmetry
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
As noted in Chap. 1, in the last few decades, particularly with the rise of Evo-Devo, authors have increasingly pointed out the need for a “post-Darwinian view” of evolution or an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis .
Published:
March 8, 2017
Title:
Behavioral Leads in Evolution: Exaptations, Human Evolution, Lamarck, the Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate, and Form Versus Function
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
For the purpose of this book, particularly this section, and for the form-versus-function debate, it is crucial to further discuss examples such as the emblematic one described by Osborn and shown in Fig. 4.1.
Published:
March 8, 2017
Title:
Eco-morphological Mismatches, Human “Exceptionalism”, Hybridization, Trade-Offs, and Non-optimality
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
In general, Baldwin , Neo-Darwinists , Lamarckians , and even mutationists (Chap. 2, Table 2.1) emphasized the striking “fit” (match) between the phenotype of organisms and the external environment in which they live. Of course, they all knew about the non-survival of organisms and about known cases of mass extinctions, but mostly these were associated with phenomena such as relatively rapid and/or severe changes of the external—either biotic or abiotic—environment.
Published:
March 8, 2017
Title:
Evolutionary Trends, Sexual Selection, Gene Loss, Mass Extinctions, “Progress”, and Behavioral Versus Ecological Inheritance and Novelties Versus Stability
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
When confronted with the increasing number of publications reviving Baldwin’s organic selection, many authors—particularly Neo-Darwinists —raise the following question: why do we need organic selection if Neo-Darwinism and natural selection are enough to explain the evolutionary phenomena seen in nature?
Published:
March 8, 2017
Title:
General Remarks
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
As Hoffmeyer and Kull (2003: 269–270) profoundly and clearly put it, “organisms do not passively succumb to the severity of environmental judgment; instead, they perceive, interpret, and act in the environment in ways that creatively and unpredictably change the whole setting for selection and evolution.”
Published:
March 8, 2017
Title:
Internal Selection, Constraints, Contingency, Homology, Reversions, Atavisms, von Baer, Haeckel, and Alberch
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
A topic that is particularly crucial to ONCE is the occurrence and power of evolutionary constraints and how they can relate to evolutionary mismatches . My colleagues and me recently provided extensive discussions and several examples, in various recent papers and books, of internal constraints and internal selection.
Published:
March 8, 2017
Title:
Introduction to Organic Nonoptimal Constrained Evolution (ONCE) and Notes on Terminology
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
A recent, well-written review by Morris on plasticity-mediated persistence [265: 8] defended the idea that developmental plasticity can allow epigenetic phenomena to “respond in remarkable ways to environmental input.”
Published:
March 8, 2017
Title:
ONCE Ideas Are Put Together: Evolutionary Behavioral Ecology, Adaptationism, Systems Biology, and Interdisciplinary
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
In the previous sections, I covered a wide range of different topics from numerous areas of biology and other scientific fields—from Aristotle ’s discussions about whether or not plants have a “soul” to mathematical network theory employed in anatomical network analyses —that could be seen as disconnected from each other and from the main subject of this book and from ONCE.
Published:
March 8, 2017
Title:
ONCE Links Internal Factors, Epigenetics, Matsuda, Waddington, Goldschmidt, and Macroevolution
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
It is in interesting to see how increasingly more researchers—particularly the promoters of an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis within the context of the data recently obtained in Evo-Devo, epigenetics, niche construction and ecological studies—are promoting the work of a previously little-known but fascinating author: Ryuichi Matsuda .
Published:
March 8, 2017
Title:
Relationships between social isolation, neighborhood poverty, and cancer mortality in a population-based study of US adults
Authors:
Fleisch Marcus, Andrea; Illescas, Alex H.; Hohl, Bernadette C.; Llanos, Adana A. M.
Abstract:
Background Social isolation is an important determinant of all-cause mortality, with evidence suggesting an association with cancer-specific mortality as well. In this study, we examined the associations between social isolation and neighborhood poverty (independently and jointly) on cancer mortality in a population-based sample of US adults. Methods Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III; 1988–1994), NHANES III Linked Mortality File (through 2011) and 1990 Census, we estimated the relationship between social isolation and high neighborhood poverty and time-tocancer death using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. We examined the associations of each factor independently and explored the multiplicative and additive interaction effects on cancer mortality risk and also analyzed these associations by sex. Results Among 16 044 US adults with 17–23 years of follow-up, there were 1133 cancer deaths. Social isolation (HR 1.25, 95% CI: 1.01–1.54) and high neighborhood poverty (HR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.08–1.60) were associated with increased risk of cancer mortality adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity; in sex-specific estimates this increase in risk was evident among females only (HR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.04–1.86). These associations were attenuated upon further adjustment for socioeconomic status. There was no evidence of joint effects of social isolation and high neighborhood poverty on cancer mortality overall or in the sex-stratified models. Conclusions These findings suggest that social isolation and higher neighborhood poverty are independently associated with increased risk of cancer mortality, although there is no evidence to support our a priori hypothesis of a joint effect.
Published:
March 7, 2017
Title:
A Novel Intervention Including Individualized Nutritional Recommendations Reduces Hemoglobin A1c Level, Medication Use, and Weight in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors:
McKenzie, Amy L; Hallberg, Sarah J; Creighton, Brent C; Volk, Brittanie M; Link, Theresa M; Abner, Marcy K; Glon, Roberta M; McCarter, James P; Volek, Jeff S; Phinney, Stephen D
Abstract:
Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is typically managed with a reduced fat diet plus glucose-lowering medications, the latter often promoting weight gain. Objective We evaluated whether individuals with T2D could be taught by either on-site group or remote means to sustain adequate carbohydrate restriction to achieve nutritional ketosis as part of a comprehensive intervention, thereby improving glycemic control, decreasing medication use, and allowing clinically relevant weight loss. Methods This study was a nonrandomized, parallel arm, outpatient intervention. Adults with T2D (N=262; mean age 54, SD 8, years; mean body mass index 41, SD 8, kg·m−2; 66.8% (175/262) women) were enrolled in an outpatient protocol providing intensive nutrition and behavioral counseling, digital coaching and education platform, and physician-guided medication management. A total of 238 participants completed the first 10 weeks. Body weight, capillary blood glucose, and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) levels were recorded daily using a mobile interface. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and related biomarkers of T2D were evaluated at baseline and 10-week follow-up. Results Baseline HbA1c level was 7.6% (SD 1.5%) and only 52/262 (19.8%) participants had an HbA1c level of <6.5%. After 10 weeks, HbA1c level was reduced by 1.0% (SD 1.1%; 95% CI 0.9% to 1.1%, P<.001), and the percentage of individuals with an HbA1c level of <6.5% increased to 56.1% (147/262). The majority of participants (234/262, 89.3%) were taking at least one diabetes medication at baseline. By 10 weeks, 133/234 (56.8%) individuals had one or more diabetes medications reduced or eliminated. At follow-up, 47.7% of participants (125/262) achieved an HbA1c level of <6.5% while taking metformin only (n=86) or no diabetes medications (n=39). Mean body mass reduction was 7.2% (SD 3.7%; 95% CI 5.8% to 7.7%, P
Published:
March 6, 2017
Title:
A detailed musculoskeletal study of a fetus with anencephaly and spina bifida (craniorachischisis), and comparison with other cases of human congenital malformations
Authors:
Alghamdi, Malak; Ziermann, Janine; Gregg, Lydia; Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
Few descriptions of the musculoskeletal system of humans with anencephaly or spina bifida exist in the literature. Even less is published about individuals in which both phenomena occur together, i.e. about craniorachischisis. Here we provide a detailed report on the musculoskeletal structures of a fetus with craniorachischisis, as well as comparisons with the few descriptions for anencephaly and with musculoskeletal anomalies found in other congenital malformations. We focused in particular on the comparison with trisomies 13, 18, and 21 because neural tube defects have been associated with such chromosomal defects. Our results showed that many of the defects found in the fetus with craniorachischisis are similar not only to anomalies previously described in the available works on musculoskeletal phenotypes seen in fetuses with anencephaly and spina bifida, but also to a wide range of other different conditions/syndromes including trisomies 13, 18 and 21, and cyclopia. The fact that similar anomalies are seen commonly not only in a wide range of different syndromes, but also as variants of the normal human population and as the ‘normal’ phenotype of other animals, supports Pere Alberch's unfortunately named idea of a ‘logic of monsters’. That is, it supports the idea that development is so constrained that both in ‘normal’ and abnormal development one sees certain outcomes being produced again and again because ontogenetic constraints only allow a few possible outcomes, thus also leading to cases where the anatomical defects of some organisms are similar to the ‘normal’ phenotype of other organisms. In fact, this applies not only to specific anomalies but also to general patterns, such as the fact that in pathological conditions affecting different regions of the body, one consistently sees more defects on the upper limbs than on the lower limbs. Such general patterns are, again, seen in the fetus examined for this study, which had 29 muscle anomalies on the right upper limb and 22 muscle anomalies on the left upper limb, vs. seven muscle anomalies on the right lower limb and two on the left lower limb. It is therefore hoped that this work, which is part of our effort to describe and compile information on human musculoskeletal defects found in a wide range of conditions, will contribute not only to a better understanding of craniorachischisis in particular and of human congenital malformations in general, but also to broader discussions on the fields of comparative anatomy, and developmental and evolutionary biology.
Published:
March 6, 2017
Title:
Phase I/II multicenter ketogenic diet study for adult superrefractory status epilepticus
Authors:
Cervenka, Mackenzie C.; Hocker, Sara; Koenig, Matthew; Bar, Barak; Henry-Barron, Bobbie; Kossoff, Eric H.; Hartman, Adam L.; Probasco, John C.; Benavides, David R.; Venkatesan, Arun; Hagen, Eliza C.; Dittrich, Denise; Stern, Tracy; Radzik, Batya; Depew, Marie; Caserta, Filissa M.; Nyquist, Paul; Kaplan, Peter W.; Geocadin, Romergryko G.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a ketogenic diet (KD) for superrefractory status epilepticus (SRSE) in adults. METHODS: We performed a prospective multicenter study of patients 18 to 80 years of age with SRSE treated with a KD treatment algorithm. The primary outcome measure was significant urine and serum ketone body production as a biomarker of feasibility. Secondary measures included resolution of SRSE, disposition at discharge, KD-related side effects, and long-term outcomes. RESULTS: Twenty-four adults were screened for participation at 5 medical centers, and 15 were enrolled and treated with a classic KD via gastrostomy tube for SRSE. Median age was 47 years (interquartile range [IQR] 30 years), and 5 (33%) were male. Median number of antiseizure drugs used before KD was 8 (IQR 7), and median duration of SRSE before KD initiation was 10 days (IQR 7 days). KD treatment delays resulted from intravenous propofol use, ileus, and initial care received at a nonparticipating center. All patients achieved ketosis in a median of 2 days (IQR 1 day) on KD. Fourteen patients completed KD treatment, and SRSE resolved in 11 (79%; 73% of all patients enrolled). Side effects included metabolic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, constipation, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and weight loss. Five patients (33%) ultimately died. CONCLUSIONS: KD is feasible in adults with SRSE and may be safe and effective. Comparative safety and efficacy must be established with randomized placebo-controlled trials. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that in adults with SRSE, a KD is effective in inducing ketosis.
Published:
March 6, 2017
Title:
Late Pleistocene archaic human crania from Xuchang, China
Authors:
Li, Zhan-Yang; Wu, Xiu-Jie; Zhou, Li-Ping; Liu, Wu; Gao, Xing; Nian, Xiao-Mei; Trinkaus, Erik
Abstract:
Morphological mosaics in early Asian humans Excavations in eastern Asia are yielding information on human evolution and migration. Li et al. analyzed two fossil human skulls from central China, dated to 100,000 to 130,000 years ago. The crania elucidate the pattern of human morphological evolution in eastern Eurasia. Some features are ancestral and similar to those of earlier eastern Eurasian humans, some are derived and shared with contemporaneous or later humans elsewhere, and some are closer to those of Neandertals. The analysis illuminates shared long-term trends in human adaptive biology and suggests the existence of interconnections between populations across Eurasia during the later Pleistocene. Science, this issue p. 969 Two early Late Pleistocene (~105,000- to 125,000-year-old) crania from Lingjing, Xuchang, China, exhibit a morphological mosaic with differences from and similarities to their western contemporaries. They share pan–Old World trends in encephalization and in supraorbital, neurocranial vault, and nuchal gracilization. They reflect eastern Eurasian ancestry in having low, sagittally flat, and inferiorly broad neurocrania. They share occipital (suprainiac and nuchal torus) and temporal labyrinthine (semicircular canal) morphology with the Neandertals. This morphological combination reflects Pleistocene human evolutionary patterns in general biology, as well as both regional continuity and interregional population dynamics. Two fossil human skulls from Late Pleistocene sediments in central China reveal a mosaic pattern of morphological evolution. Two fossil human skulls from Late Pleistocene sediments in central China reveal a mosaic pattern of morphological evolution.
Published:
March 2, 2017
Title:
Adherence to Newly Prescribed Diabetes Medications Among Insured Latino and White Patients With Diabetes
Authors:
Fernández, Alicia; Quan, Judy; Moffet, Howard; Parker, Melissa M.; Schillinger, Dean; Karter, Andrew J.
Abstract:
Importance
Medication adherence is essential to diabetes care. Patient-physician language barriers may affect medication adherence among Latino individuals.
Objective
To determine the association of patient race/ethnicity, preferred language, and physician language concordance with patient adherence to newly prescribed diabetes medications.
Design, Setting, and Participants
This observational study was conducted from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2012, at a large integrated health care delivery system with professional interpreter services. Insured patients with type 2 diabetes, including English-speaking white, English-speaking Latino, or limited English proficiency (LEP) Latino patients with newly prescribed diabetes medication.
Exposures
Patient race/ethnicity, preferred language, and physician self-reported Spanish-language fluency.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Primary nonadherence (never dispensed), early-stage nonpersistence (dispensed only once), late-stage nonpersistence (received ≥2 dispensings, but discontinued within 24 months), and inadequate overall medication adherence (>20% time without sufficient medication supply during 24 months after initial prescription).
Results
Participants included 21 878 white patients, 5755 English-speaking Latino patients, and 3205 LEP Latino patients with a total of 46 131 prescriptions for new diabetes medications. Among LEP Latino patients, 50.2% (n = 1610) had a primary care physician reporting high Spanish fluency. For oral medications, early adherence varied substantially: 1032 LEP Latino patients (32.2%), 1565 English-speaking Latino patients (27.2%), and 4004 white patients (18.3%) were either primary nonadherent or early nonpersistent. Inadequate overall adherence was observed in 1929 LEP Latino patients (60.2%), 2975 English-speaking Latino patients (51.7%), and 8204 white patients (37.5%). For insulin, early-stage nonpersistence was 42.8% among LEP Latino patients (n = 1372), 34.4% among English-speaking Latino patients (n = 1980), and 28.5% among white patients (n = 6235). After adjustment for patient and physician characteristics, LEP Latino patients were more likely to be nonadherent to oral medications and insulin than English-speaking Latino patients (relative risks from 1.11 [95% CI, 1.06-1.15] to 1.17 [95% CI, 1.02-1.34];P < .05) or white patients (relative risks from 1.36 [95% CI, 1.31-1.41] to 1.49 [95% CI, 1.32-1.69];P < .05). English-speaking Latino patients were more likely to be nonadherent compared with white patients (relative risks from 1.23 [95% CI, 1.19-1.27] to 1.30 [95% CI, 1.23-1.39];P < .05). Patient-physician language concordance was not associated with rates of nonadherence among LEP Latinos (relative risks from 0.92 [95% CI, 0.71-1.19] to 1.04 [95% CI, 0.97-1.1];P > .28).
Conclusions and Relevance
Nonadherence to newly prescribed diabetes medications is substantially greater among Latino than white patients, even among English-speaking Latino patients. Limited English proficiency Latino patients are more likely to be nonadherent than English-speaking Latino patients independent of the Spanish-language fluency of their physicians. Interventions beyond access to interpreters or patient-physician language concordance will be required to improve medication adherence among Latino patients with diabetes.
Published:
February 28, 2017
Title:
Association of Patient-Physician Language Concordance and Glycemic Control for Limited–English Proficiency Latinos With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors:
Parker, Melissa M.; Fernández, Alicia; Moffet, Howard H.; Grant, Richard W.; Torreblanca, Antonia; Karter, Andrew J.
Abstract:
Importance
Providing culturally competent care to the growing number of limited–English proficiency (LEP) Latinos with diabetes in the United States is challenging.
Objective
To evaluate changes in risk factor control among LEP Latinos with diabetes who switched from language-discordant (English-only) primary care physicians (PCPs) to language-concordant (Spanish-speaking) PCPs or vice versa.
Design, Setting, and Participants
This pre-post, difference-in-differences study selected 1605 adult patients with diabetes who self-identified as Latino, whose preferred language was Spanish, and who switched PCPs between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2013. Study participants were members of the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health care system (an integrated health care delivery system with access to bilingual PCPs and/or professional interpreter services). Spanish-speaking and English-only PCPs were identified by self-report or utilization data.
Exposures
Change in patient-PCP language concordance after switching PCPs.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] < 8%), poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 9%), low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) control (LDL < 100 mg/dL), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) control (SBP < 140 mm Hg).
Results
Overall, 1605 LEP Latino adults with diabetes (mean [SD] age, 60.5 [13.1] years) were included in this study, and there was a significant net improvement in glycemic and LDL control among patients who switched from language-discordant PCPs to concordant PCPs relative to those who switched from one discordant PCP to another discordant PCP. After adjustment and accounting for secular trends, the prevalence of glycemic control increased by 10% (95% CI, 2% to 17%;P = .01), poor glycemic control decreased by 4% (95% CI, −10% to 2%;P = .16) and LDL control increased by 9% (95% CI, 1% to 17%;P = .03). No significant changes were observed in SBP control. Prevalence of LDL control increased 15% (95% CI, 7% to 24%;P < .001) among LEP Latinos who switched from concordant to discordant PCPs. Risk factor control did not worsen following a PCP switch in any group.
Conclusions and Relevance
We observed significant improvements in glycemic control among LEP Latino patients with diabetes who switched from language-discordant to concordant PCPs. Facilitating language-concordant care may be a strategy for diabetes management among LEP Latinos.
Published:
February 28, 2017
Title:
β-Hydroxybutyrate Deactivates Neutrophil NLRP3 Inflammasome to Relieve Gout Flares
Authors:
Goldberg, Emily L.; Asher, Jennifer L.; Molony, Ryan D.; Shaw, Albert C.; Zeiss, Caroline J.; Wang, Chao; Morozova-Roche, Ludmilla A.; Herzog, Raimund I.; Iwasaki, Akiko; Dixit, Vishwa Deep
Abstract:
Aging and lipotoxicity are two major risk factors for gout that are linked by the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Neutrophil-mediated production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) drives gouty flares that cause joint destruction, intense pain, and fever. However, metabolites that impact neutrophil inflammasome remain unknown. Here, we identified that ketogenic diet (KD) increases β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and alleviates urate crystal-induced gout without impairing immune defense against bacterial infection. BHB inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome in S100A9 fibril-primed and urate crystal-activated macrophages, which serve to recruit inflammatory neutrophils in joints. Consistent with reduced gouty flares in rats fed a ketogenic diet, BHB blocked IL-1β in neutrophils in a NLRP3-dependent manner in mice and humans irrespective of age. Mechanistically, BHB inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome in neutrophils by reducing priming and assembly steps. Collectively, our studies show that BHB, a known alternate metabolic fuel, is also an anti-inflammatory molecule that may serve as a treatment for gout.
Published:
February 27, 2017
Title:
β-hydroxybutyrate deactivates neutrophil NLRP3 inflammasome to relieve gout flares
Authors:
Goldberg, Emily L.; Asher, Jennifer L.; Molony, Ryan D.; Shaw, Albert C.; Zeiss, Caroline J.; Wang, Chao; Morozova-Roche, Ludmilla A.; Herzog, Raimund I.; Iwasaki, Akiko; Dixit, Vishwa Deep
Abstract:
Aging and lipotoxicity are two major risk factors for gout that are linked by the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Neutrophil-mediated production of IL-1β drives gouty flares that cause joint destruction, intense pain, and fever. However, metabolites that impact neutrophil inflammasome remain unknown. Here we identified that ketogenic diet (KD) increases beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and alleviates urate crystal induced gout without impairing immune-defense against bacterial infection. BHB inhibited Nlrp3 inflammasome in S100A9 fibril-primed and urate crystal activated macrophages which serve to recruit inflammatory neutrophils in joints. Consistent with reduced gouty flares in rats fed a ketogenic diet, BHB blocked IL-1β in neutrophils in Nlrp3-dependent manner in mice and humans irrespective of age Mechanistically, BHB inhibited the Nlrp3 inflammasome in neutrophils by reducing priming and assembly steps. Collectively, our studies show that BHB, a known alternate metabolic fuel is also an anti-inflammatory molecule that may serve as a treatment for gout., NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages and neutrophils drives painful inflammation during gout. Goldberg et al., report that ketogenic diet prevents systemic inflammation and joint damage in a rat model of gouty flare. Mechanistically, the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate, the most abundant ketone in vivo, inhibits NLRP3/caspase-1-dependent IL-1β secretion from neutrophils.,
Published:
February 27, 2017
Title:
Fasting-Mimicking Diet Promotes Ngn3-Driven β-Cell Regeneration to Reverse Diabetes
Authors:
Cheng, Chia-Wei; Villani, Valentina; Buono, Roberta; Wei, Min; Kumar, Sanjeev; Yilmaz, Omer H.; Cohen, Pinchas; Sneddon, Julie B.; Perin, Laura; Longo, Valter D.
Abstract:
Stem-cell-based therapies can potentially reverse organ dysfunction and diseases, but the removal of impaired tissue and activation of a program leading to organ regeneration pose major challenges. In mice, a 4-day fasting mimicking diet (FMD) induces a stepwise expression of Sox17 and Pdx-1, followed by Ngn3-driven generation of insulin-producing β cells, resembling that observed during pancreatic development. FMD cycles restore insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis in both type 2 and type 1 diabetes mouse models. In human type 1 diabetes pancreatic islets, fasting conditions reduce PKA and mTOR activity and induce Sox2 and Ngn3 expression and insulin production. The effects of the FMD are reversed by IGF-1 treatment and recapitulated by PKA and mTOR inhibition. These results indicate that a FMD promotes the reprogramming of pancreatic cells to restore insulin generation in islets from T1D patients and reverse both T1D and T2D phenotypes in mouse models. PAPERCLIP.
Published:
February 22, 2017
Title:
Gut Microbiome of the Canadian Arctic Inuit
Authors:
Girard, Catherine; Tromas, Nicolas; Amyot, Marc; Shapiro, B. Jesse
Abstract:
Diet is a major determinant of community composition in the human gut microbiome, and “traditional” diets have been associated with distinct and highly diverse communities, compared to Western diets. However, most traditional diets studied have been those of agrarians and hunter-gatherers consuming fiber-rich diets. In contrast, the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic have been consuming a traditional diet low in carbohydrates and rich in animal fats and protein for thousands of years. We hypothesized that the Inuit diet and lifestyle would be associated with a distinct microbiome. We used deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to compare the gut microbiomes of Montrealers with a Western diet to those of the Inuit consuming a range of traditional and Western diets. At the overall microbial community level, the gut microbiomes of Montrealers and Inuit were indistinguishable and contained similar levels of microbial diversity. However, we observed significant differences in the relative abundances of certain microbial taxa down to the subgenus level using oligotyping. For example, Prevotella spp., which have been previously associated with high-fiber diets, were enriched in Montrealers and among the Inuit consuming a Western diet. The gut microbiomes of Inuit consuming a traditional diet also had significantly less genetic diversity within the Prevotella genus, suggesting that a low-fiber diet might not only select against Prevotella but also reduce its diversity. Other microbes, such as Akkermansia, were associated with geography as well as diet, suggesting limited dispersal to the Arctic. Our report provides a snapshot of the Inuit microbiome as Western-like in overall community structure but distinct in the relative abundances and diversity of certain genera and strains. IMPORTANCE Non-Western populations have been shown to have distinct gut microbial communities shaped by traditional diets. The hitherto-uncharacterized microbiome of the Inuit may help us to better understand health risks specific to this population such as diabetes and obesity, which increase in prevalence as many Inuit transition to a Western diet. Here we show that even Inuit consuming a mostly traditional diet have a broadly Western-like microbiome. This suggests that similarities between the Inuit diet and the Western diet (low fiber, high fat) may lead to a convergence of community structures and diversity. However, certain species and strains of microbes have significantly different levels of abundance and diversity in the Inuit, possibly driven by differences in diet. Furthermore, the Inuit diet provides an exception to the correlation between traditional diets and high microbial diversity, potentially due to their transitioning diet. Knowledge of the Inuit microbiome may provide future resources for interventions and conservation of Inuit heritage.
Published:
February 21, 2017
Title:
Are human heads getting larger?
Authors:
Grossman, Richard
Abstract:
I am responding to the intriguing PNAS article by Mitteroecker et al. (1), “Cliff-edge model of obstetric selection in humans.” My understanding is that the authors believe that Caesarean section births will allow fetuses with larger heads to survive, thus allowing our species to evolve larger heads. This is an interesting hypothesis but, as an obstetrician, I find some areas of concern. Mitteroecker et al. (1) suggest that head size has increased recently because of the number of Caesarean sections being performed for cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD). However, I do not find any reference in the Mitteroecker et al. report that shows that, indeed, newborn head size has increased. On … [↵][1]1Email: richard{at}population-matters.org. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Published:
February 20, 2017
Title:
Reply to Grossman: The role of natural selection for the increase of Caesarean section rates
Authors:
Mitteroecker, Philipp; Huttegger, Simon M.; Fischer, Barbara; Pavlicev, Mihaela
Abstract:
Recently, we presented the “cliff-edge model” (1) to explain why natural selection has not reduced the high rates of fetopelvic disproportion (FPD) in childbirth. This evolutionary model predicts that birth-relevant anatomical dimensions have changed in response to the regular use of Caesarean sections (C-sections). Grossman’s (2) interesting comment on our report allows us to clarify several issues. As noted by Grossmann (2), we present a theoretical model, not empirical data, for this recent evolutionary change. Medical treatment has systematically changed survival rates and thus, by definition, the selective regime faced by modern humans. Hence, an evolutionary change of anatomical properties is not surprising. In … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: philipp.mitteroecker{at}univie.ac.at. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Published:
February 20, 2017
Title:
Reply to Grossman: The role of natural selection for the increase of Caesarean section rates
Authors:
Mitteroecker, Philipp; Huttegger, Simon M.; Fischer, Barbara; Pavlicev, Mihaela
Abstract:
Recently, we presented the “cliff-edge model” (1) to explain why natural selection has not reduced the high rates of fetopelvic disproportion (FPD) in childbirth. This evolutionary model predicts that birth-relevant anatomical dimensions have changed in response to the regular use of Caesarean sections (C-sections). Grossman’s (2) interesting comment on our report allows us to clarify several issues. As noted by Grossmann (2), we present a theoretical model, not empirical data, for this recent evolutionary change. Medical treatment has systematically changed survival rates and thus, by definition, the selective regime faced by modern humans. Hence, an evolutionary change of anatomical properties is not surprising. In … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: philipp.mitteroecker{at}univie.ac.at. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Published:
February 20, 2017
Title:
Genetic Variations as Modifying Factors to Dietary Zinc Requirements-A Systematic Review
Authors:
Day, Kaitlin J.; Adamski, Melissa M.; Dordevic, Aimee L.; Murgia, Chiara
Abstract:
Due to reduced cost and accessibility, the use of genetic testing has appealed to health professionals for personalising nutrition advice. However, translation of the evidence linking polymorphisms, dietary requirements, and pathology risk proves to be challenging for nutrition and dietetic practitioners. Zinc status and polymorphisms of genes coding for zinc-transporters have been associated with chronic diseases. The present study aimed to systematically review the literature to assess whether recommendations for zinc intake could be made according to genotype. Eighteen studies investigating 31 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in relation to zinc intake and/or status were identified. Five studies examined type 2 diabetes; zinc intake was found to interact independently with two polymorphisms in the zinc-transporter gene SLC30A8 to affect glucose metabolism indicators. While the outcomes were statistically significant, the small size of the effect and lack of replication raises issues regarding translation into nutrition and dietetic practice. Two studies assessed the relationship of polymorphisms and cognitive performance; seven studies assessed the association between a range of outcomes linked to chronic conditions in aging population; two papers described the analysis of the genetic contribution in determining zinc concentration in human milk; and two papers assessed zinc concentration in plasma without linking to clinical outcomes. The data extracted confirmed a connection between genetics and zinc requirements, although the direction and magnitude of the dietary modification for carriers of specific genotypes could not be defined. This study highlights the need to summarise nutrigenetics studies to enable health professionals to translate scientific evidence into dietary recommendations.
Published:
February 16, 2017
Title:
Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors:
Sateia, Michael J.; Buysse, Daniel J.; Krystal, Andrew D.; Neubauer, David N.; Heald, Jonathan L.
Abstract:
Published:
February 14, 2017
Title:
An Online Intervention Comparing a Very Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Versus a Plate Method Diet in Overweight Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors:
Saslow, Laura R; Mason, Ashley E; Kim, Sarah; Goldman, Veronica; Ploutz-Snyder, Robert; Bayandorian, Hovig; Daubenmier, Jennifer; Hecht, Frederick M; Moskowitz, Judith T
Abstract:
Background Type 2 diabetes is a prevalent, chronic disease for which diet is an integral aspect of treatment. In our previous trial, we found that recommendations to follow a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and to change lifestyle factors (physical activity, sleep, positive affect, mindfulness) helped overweight people with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes improve glycemic control and lose weight. This was an in-person intervention, which could be a barrier for people without the time, flexibility, transportation, social support, and/or financial resources to attend. Objective The aim was to determine whether an online intervention based on our previous recommendations (an ad libitum very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet with lifestyle factors; “intervention”) or an online diet program based on the American Diabetes Associations’ “Create Your Plate” diet (“control”) would improve glycemic control and other health outcomes among overweight individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods In this pilot feasibility study, we randomized overweight adults (body mass index ≥25) with type 2 diabetes (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] 6.5%-9.0%) to a 32-week online intervention based on our previous recommendations (n=12) or an online diet program based around a plate method diet (n=13) to assess the impact of each intervention on glycemic control and other health outcomes. Primary and secondary outcomes were analyzed by mixed-effects linear regression to compare outcomes by group. Results At 32 weeks, participants in the intervention group reduced their HbA1c levels more (estimated marginal mean [EMM] –0.8%, 95% CI –1.1% to –0.6%) than participants in the control group (EMM –0.3%, 95% CI –0.6% to 0.0%; P=.002). More than half of the participants in the intervention group (6/11, 55%) lowered their HbA1c to less than 6.5% versus 0% (0/8) in the control group (P=.02). Participants in the intervention group lost more weight (EMM –12.7 kg, 95% CI –16.1 to –9.2 kg) than participants in the control group (EMM –3.0 kg, 95% CI –7.3 to 1.3 kg; P
Published:
February 12, 2017
Title:
Revenge of the Lunch Lady
Authors:
Black, Jane
Abstract:
Published:
February 8, 2017
Title:
Cancer-associated fibroblasts modulate growth factor signaling and extracellular matrix remodeling to regulate tumor metastasis
Authors:
Erdogan, Begum; Webb, Donna J.
Abstract:
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are major components of the surrounding stroma of carcinomas that emerge in the tumor microenvironment as a result of signals derived from the cancer cells. Biochemical cross-talk between cancer cells and CAFs as well as mechanical remodeling of the stromal extracellular matrix (ECM) by CAFs are important contributors to tumor cell migration and invasion, which are critical for cancer progression from a primary tumor to metastatic disease. In this review, we discuss key paracrine signaling pathways between CAFs and cancer cells that promote cancer cell migration and invasion. In addition, we discuss physical changes that CAFs exert on the stromal ECM to facilitate migration and invasion of cancer cells.
Published:
February 7, 2017
Title:
Tumor-associated macrophages promote prostate cancer migration through activation of the CCL22-CCR4 axis
Authors:
Maolake, Aerken; Izumi, Kouji; Shigehara, Kazuyoshi; Natsagdorj, Ariunbold; Iwamoto, Hiroaki; Kadomoto, Suguru; Takezawa, Yuta; Machioka, Kazuaki; Narimoto, Kazutaka; Namiki, Mikio; Lin, Wen-Jye; Wufuer, Guzailinuer; Mizokami, Atsushi
Abstract:
Previous studies have found that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote cancer progression. We previously reported that TAMs promote prostate cancer metastasis via activation of the CCL2-CCR2 axis. The CCR4 (receptor of CCL17 and CCL22) expression level in breast cancer was reported to be associated with lung metastasis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of CCR2 and CCR4 in prostate cancer progression. CCR2 and CCR4 were expressed in human prostate cancer cell lines and prostate cancer tissues. In vitro co-culture of prostate cancer cells and macrophages resulted in increased CCL2 and CCR2 levels in prostate cancer cells. The addition of CCL2 induced CCL22 and CCR4 production in prostate cancer cells. The migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells via enhanced phosphorylation of Akt were promoted by CCL17 and CCL22. CCR4 may be a potential candidate for molecular-targeted therapy.
Published:
February 6, 2017
Title:
Etho-Eco-Morphological Mismatches, an Overlooked Phenomenon in Ecology, Evolution and Evo-Devo That Supports ONCE (Organic Nonoptimal Constrained Evolution) and the Key Evolutionary Role of Organismal Behavior
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
Since ecomorphologists have started to use explicit and taxonomically-broad frameworks in studies on the relationships between form, behavior, ecology and phylogeny they have consistently reported—often against their expectations—(1) that phylogeny is usually a better predictor of anatomy than ecology is, and (2) many cases of etho-eco-morphological mismatches. It is puzzling that such mismatches occur frequently in an evolutionary process that often leads to macroevolutionary trends and in which organisms are said to be optimally/almost optimally " designed " for the habitats they inhabit. Organic Nonoptimal Constrained Evolution (ONCE), a new perspective on biological evolution that is proposed here, addresses this apparent paradox, based on an extensive compilation of empirical data and broader evolutionary ideas, from Aristotle to current Evo-Devo. According to ONCE, by taking behavioral choices, and subsequently due to their behavioral persistence related to behavioral/ecological inheritance, organisms as diverse as bacteria, plants and animals help to construct their own niches and are thus the central, active players in their evolutionary history. Darwinian (external) natural selection thus plays mainly a secondary-but still crucial-role in biological evolution, for instance helping to direct major evolutionary trends by selecting those random mutations that are advantageous within the context of the new, constructed niches. The highly constrained character of organic evolution, including developmental constraints as well as the crucial role played by behavioral persistence, can dramatically limit the occurrence of new behavioral shifts and thus the responses to external (e.g., environmental) changes, often resulting in etho-eco-morphological mismatches and eventually in evolutionary dead-ends that may lead to extinction.
Published:
January 31, 2017
Title:
Evolution of Facial Musculature
Authors:
Diogo, Rui; Santana, Sharlene
Abstract:
We hope that this chapter emphasizes the remarkable diversity of primate facial structures and the fact that the number of facial muscles present in our species is actually not as high when compared to many other mammals as previously thought. A multitude of factors, from ecological traits to external features, such as facial pelage and color, also play a crucial role in the display— and perception by others— of facial expressions. Future studies should thus make an effort to combine as much data as possible— including information not included in this chapter but included in this book as a whole, such as those from psychological studies— to have a better, more holistic understanding of the evolution and functional peculiarities of facial expressions. Importantly, the use of new tools, such as anatomical networks and phylogenetic analyses, should be further explored to compare the musculoskeletal and other features of humans across stages of development and with other animals. Such analyses will enable a better understanding of the links between the evolution of facial expressions, of their asymmetric use, and the evolvability of the face in general.
Published:
January 31, 2017
Title:
Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland
Authors:
Schüpbach, R.; Wegmüller, R.; Berguerand, C.; Bui, M.; Herter-Aeberli, I.
Abstract:
Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intake and status of selected vitamins and minerals among vegetarian and vegan adults living in Switzerland.
Published:
January 31, 2017
Title:
Provider- and patient-related determinants of diabetes self-management among recent immigrants: Implications for systemic change
Authors:
Hyman, Ilene; Shakya, Yogendra; Jembere, Nathaniel; Gucciardi, Enza; Vissandjée, Bilkis
Abstract:
Objective To examine provider- and patient-related factors associated with diabetes self-management among recent immigrants. Design Demographic and experiential data were collected using an international survey instrument and adapted to the Canadian context. The final questionnaire was pretested and translated into 4 languages: Mandarin, Tamil, Bengali, and Urdu. Setting Toronto, Ont. Participants A total of 130 recent immigrants with a self-reported diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus who had resided in Canada for 10 years or less. Main outcome measures Diabetes self-management practices (based on a composite of 5 diabetes self-management practices, and participants achieved a score for each adopted practice); and the quality of the provider-patient interaction (measured with a 5-point Likert-type scale that consisted of questions addressing participants’ perceptions of discrimination and equitable care). Results A total of 130 participants in this study were recent immigrants to Canada from 4 countries of origin—Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and China. Two factors were significant in predicting diabetes self-management among recent immigrants: financial barriers, specifically, not having enough money to manage diabetes expenses (P = .0233), and the quality of the provider-patient relationship (P = .0016). Participants who did not have enough money to manage diabetes were 9% less likely to engage in self-management practices; and participants who rated the quality of their interactions with providers as poor were 16% less likely to engage in self-management practices. Conclusion Financial barriers can undermine effective diabetes self-management among recent immigrants. Ensuring that patients feel comfortable and respected and that they are treated in culturally sensitive ways is also critical to good diabetes self-management.
Published:
January 31, 2017
Title:
Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors:
Snorgaard, Ole; Poulsen, Grith M.; Andersen, Henning K.; Astrup, Arne
Abstract:
Objective Nutrition therapy is an integral part of self-management education in patients with type 2 diabetes. Carbohydrates with a low glycemic index are recommended, but the ideal amount of carbohydrate in the diet is unclear. We performed a meta-analysis comparing diets containing low to moderate amounts of carbohydrate (LCD) (energy percentage below 45%) to diets containing high amounts of carbohydrate (HCD) in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Research design and methods We systematically reviewed Cochrane library databases, EMBASE, and MEDLINE in the period 2004–2014 for guidelines, meta-analyses, and randomized trials assessing the outcomes HbA1c, BMI, weight, LDL cholesterol, quality of life (QoL), and attrition. Results We identified 10 randomized trials comprising 1376 participants in total. In the first year of intervention, LCD was followed by a 0.34% lower HbA1c (3.7 mmol/mol) compared with HCD (95% CI 0.06 (0.7 mmol/mol), 0.63 (6.9 mmol/mol)). The greater the carbohydrate restriction, the greater the glucose-lowering effect (R=−0.85, p
Published:
January 31, 2017
Title:
5 tips for making amazing tempeh dishes
Authors:
Parsons, Rhea
Abstract:
Published:
January 27, 2017
Title:
Trends and Patterns of Disparities in Cancer Mortality Among US Counties, 1980-2014
Authors:
Mokdad, Ali H.; Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Stubbs, Rebecca W.; Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia; Morozoff, Chloe; Charara, Raghid; Allen, Christine; Naghavi, Mohsen; Murray, Christopher J. L.
Abstract:
Introduction
Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and results in a high economic burden.
Objective
To estimate age-standardized mortality rates by US county from 29 cancers.
Design and Setting
Deidentified death records from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and population counts from the Census Bureau, the NCHS, and the Human Mortality Database from 1980 to 2014 were used. Validated small area estimation models were used to estimate county-level mortality rates from 29 cancers: lip and oral cavity; nasopharynx; other pharynx; esophageal; stomach; colon and rectum; liver; gallbladder and biliary; pancreatic; larynx; tracheal, bronchus, and lung; malignant skin melanoma; nonmelanoma skin cancer; breast; cervical; uterine; ovarian; prostate; testicular; kidney; bladder; brain and nervous system; thyroid; mesothelioma; Hodgkin lymphoma; non-Hodgkin lymphoma; multiple myeloma; leukemia; and all other cancers combined.
Exposure
County of residence.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Age-standardized cancer mortality rates by county, year, sex, and cancer type.
Results
A total of 19 511 910 cancer deaths were recorded in the United States between 1980 and 2014, including 5 656 423 due to tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer; 2 484 476 due to colon and rectum cancer; 1 573 593 due to breast cancer; 1 077 030 due to prostate cancer; 1 157 878 due to pancreatic cancer; 209 314 due to uterine cancer; 421 628 due to kidney cancer; 487 518 due to liver cancer; 13 927 due to testicular cancer; and 829 396 due to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer mortality decreased by 20.1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 18.2%-21.4%) between 1980 and 2014, from 240.2 (95% UI, 235.8-244.1) to 192.0 (95% UI, 188.6-197.7) deaths per 100 000 population. There were large differences in the mortality rate among counties throughout the period: in 1980, cancer mortality ranged from 130.6 (95% UI, 114.7-146.0) per 100 000 population in Summit County, Colorado, to 386.9 (95% UI, 330.5-450.7) in North Slope Borough, Alaska, and in 2014 from 70.7 (95% UI, 63.2-79.0) in Summit County, Colorado, to 503.1 (95% UI, 464.9-545.4) in Union County, Florida. For many cancers, there were distinct clusters of counties with especially high mortality. The location of these clusters varied by type of cancer and were spread in different regions of the United States. Clusters of breast cancer were present in the southern belt and along the Mississippi River, while liver cancer was high along the Texas-Mexico border, and clusters of kidney cancer were observed in North and South Dakota and counties in West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, Alaska, and Illinois.
Conclusions and Relevance
Cancer mortality declined overall in the United States between 1980 and 2014. Over this same period, there were important changes in trends, patterns, and differences in cancer mortality among US counties. These patterns may inform further research into improving prevention and treatment.
Published:
January 23, 2017
Title:
An Untold Story: the Important Contributions of Muslim Scholars for the Understanding of Human Anatomy
Authors:
Alghamdi, Malak; Ziermann, Janine; Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
It is usually assumed that Galen is one of the fathers of anatomy and that between the Corpus Galenicum and the Renaissance there was no major advance in anatomical knowledge. However, it is also consensually accepted that Muslim scholars had the intellectual leadership from the 8th/9th to 13th centuries, and that they made remarkable progresses in numerous scientific fields including medicine. So, how is it possible that they did not contribute to advance human anatomy during that period? According to the dominant view Muslim scholars exclusively had a passive role: their transmission of knowledge from the Greeks to the West. Here we summarize, for the first time in a single paper, the studies of major Muslim scholars that published on human anatomy before Vesalius. This summary is based on analyses of original Arabic texts and of more recent publications by anatomists and historians, and on comparisons between the descriptions provided by Galen and by these Muslim scholars. We show that Arabic speakers and Persians made important advances in human anatomy well before Vesalius. The most notable exception concerns the muscular system: strikingly, there were apparently no advances made by Muslims nor by Westerners for more than 1000 years. Unbiased discussions of these and other related issues, and particularly of the mainly untold story about the major contributions of Muslim scholars to anatomy, are crucial to our knowledge of the history of anatomy, biology and sciences, and also of our way of thinking, biases and prejudices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Published:
January 18, 2017
Title:
Mouse models of atherosclerosis: a historical perspective and recent advances
Authors:
Lee, Yee Ting; Lin, Hiu Yu; Chan, Yin Wah Fiona; Li, Ka Hou Christien; To, Olivia Tsz Ling; Yan, Bryan P.; Liu, Tong; Li, Guangping; Wong, Wing Tak; Keung, Wendy; Tse, Gary
Abstract:
Atherosclerosis represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing countries. Animal models of atherosclerosis have served as valuable tools for providing insights on its aetiology, pathophysiology and complications. They can be used for invasive interrogation of physiological function and provide a platform for testing the efficacy and safety of different pharmacological therapies. Compared to studies using human subjects, animal models have the advantages of being easier to manage, with controllable diet and environmental risk factors. Moreover, pathophysiological changes can be induced either genetically or pharmacologically to study the harmful effects of these interventions. There is no single ideal animal model, as different systems are suitable for different research objectives. A good understanding of the similarities and differences to humans enables effective extrapolation of data for translational application. In this article, we will examine the different mouse models for the study and elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. We also review recent advances in the field, such as the role of oxidative stress in promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA damage, which can result in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Finally, novel therapeutic approaches to reduce vascular damage caused by chronic inflammation using microRNA and nano-medicine technology, are discussed.
Published:
January 16, 2017
Title:
An untold story in biology: the historical continuity of evolutionary ideas of Muslim scholars from the 8th century to Darwin’s time
Authors:
Malik, Aamina; Ziermann, Janine; Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
Textbooks on the history of biology and evolutionary thought do not mention the evolutionary ideas of Muslim scholars before Darwin's time. This is part of a trend in the West to minimise the contributions of non-Western scientists to biology, human anatomy and evolutionary biology. Therefore, this paper focuses on the contributions of pre-Darwinian Muslim scholars to the history of evolutionary thought. Our review of texts from a wide range of historical times, and written in various languages, reveals that there were in fact several Muslim scholars who postulated evolutionary ideas, some with remarkable similarities to Darwin's theory. These ideas included the adaptation and survival of the fittest, a specific origin of humans from apes/monkeys, the notion of evolutionary constraints, the occurrence of extinctions within taxa and hereditary variability. Moreover, while both the scientific community and the broader public generally base their knowledge on Western textbooks, several parts of the Muslim world have indicated an overall rejection of biological–including human–evolution. Therefore, to improve historical accuracy and create a better understanding of scientific history, the world's diverse civilisations and their philosophies, this untold story should be widely disseminated to the scientific community and the general public.
Published:
January 15, 2017
Title:
Ungulates from Teixoneres Cave (Moià, Barcelona, Spain): Presence of cold-adapted elements in NE Iberia during the MIS 3
Authors:
Álvarez-Lao, Diego; Rivals, Florent; Sánchez-Hernández, Carlos; Blasco, Ruth; Rosell Ardèvol, Jordi
Abstract:
The site of Teixoneres Cave (Barcelona, NE Spain) provided two ungulate associations of MIS 3 age, one of which (from unit III) include two cold-adapted species, Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799) and Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799), which are infrequent in the Iberian fossil record. The collection includes the first Iberian find of a M. primigenius dP², a rare dental element. This assemblage is relevant from chronological, biogeographical and palaeoecological aspects. Age of this faunal association (44,210 to 33,060 cal ka BP) is slightly older than most of the other Late Pleistocene Iberian occurrences of M. primigenius and C. antiquitatis, providing interesting information on the spatiotemporal distribution of these species. The presence of these two cold-adapted species in NE Iberia is of special biogeographical relevance since they are infrequent and poorly known in this region. The faunal association of unit III was compared with other Iberian and Western European fossil assemblages that included C. antiquitatis and/or M. primigenius, by means of multivariate statistical analysis. The Teixoneres unit III assemblage reflects a faunal mixture in which temperate ungulate species are predominant and cold-adapted taxa are very scarce. This pattern is the same that can be observed in most of the Iberian analyzed assemblages and does not reflect the typical faunal composition of the Eurasian mammoth steppe, suggesting that that cold-adapted taxa only reached the Peninsula occasionally, during the coldest episodes of the Pleistocene, cohabiting with the local faunas instead of replacing them.
Published:
January 14, 2017
bottom of page