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Title:
Patterns in the distribution, site structure and assemblage composition of Hadza kill-butchering sites
Authors:
O'Connell, J. F.; Hawkes, K.; Blurton-Jones, N. G.
Abstract:
Large mammal kill sites created by Hadza hunter-gatherers are described and analysed. Three important observations result. First, Hadza kill sites are likely to contain disproportionate numbers of very large-bodied prey (live weight > 200 kg). Smaller animals are taken far more often, but will be underrepresented in kill site assemblages because of Hadza carcass transport practices and the actions of secondary consumers. Second, Hadza kill sites sometimes display marked, surprisingly large scale patterns in the distribution of associated bone debris and features. Third, such patterns partly resemble those created by non-human carnivores. Implications of these observations for current approaches to the excavation and interpretation of prehistoric kill sites are discussed.
Published:
April 30, 1992
Title:
Fecapentaene excretion and fecal mutagenicity in relation to nutrient intake and fecal parameters in humans on omnivorous and vegetarian diets
Authors:
de Kok, T. M.; van Faassen, A.; Bausch-Goldbohm, R. A.; ten Hoor, F.; Kleinjans, J. C.
Abstract:
Fecapentaenes are strong fecal mutagenic compounds presumably occurring in the majority of Western human individuals, and are possibly essential initiators of colon carcinogenesis. Dietary factors have been shown to influence colorectal cancer risk and to modulate both fecal mutagenicity and fecapentaene concentrations. Therefore, in this study, excretion of fecapentaenes is determined in humans consuming either vegetarian or omnivorous diets. The results show that the most predominant fecapentaene forms are excreted in higher concentrations by vegetarians. Consumption of cereal fiber, calcium and carotene as well as fecal concentrations of iso-lithocholic acid were found to correlate positively with excreted concentrations of one or more fecapentaene analogues. On average, 22% of excreted fecapentaene concentrations was found to be related to nutrient intake in stepwise regression models. Dietary calcium intake was found to be the most significant factor positively correlating with excreted fecapentaene concentrations. Intake of mono-unsaturated fatty acids or fiber from vegetables and fruit could be shown to correlate with fecapentaene excretion to a lesser degree. Despite high fecapentaene concentrations in fecal dichloromethane extracts, only 1 out of 20 samples revealed significant mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. Further, aqueous extracts of feces from omnivores appeared to be equally mutagenic as feces from vegetarians and contained non-detectable concentrations of fecapentaenes. It is concluded that dietary factors do affect excreted fecapentaene levels, but only to a relatively minor extent. Since vegetarians at low risk for colorectal cancer excrete higher concentrations of fecapentaenes, it could be hypothesized that relatively increased fecapentaene excretion in combination with antimutagenic compounds in feces represents colon cancer prevention.
Published:
February 13, 1992
Title:
Hormone levels in vegetarian and nonvegetarian teenage girls: potential implications for breast cancer risk
Authors:
Persky, V. W.; Chatterton, R. T.; Van Horn, L. V.; Grant, M. D.; Langenberg, P.; Marvin, J.
Abstract:
Between September 1984 and June 1985, a total of 75 adolescent girls, 35 vegetarians residing in a Seventh-Day Adventist school and 40 nonvegetarians residing in a private non-Adventist boarding school, underwent measurement of their plasma hormone levels in the follicular and luteal phase of their menstrual cycles as well as dietary intake measured by 3-day food records, medical history, height, and weight. There were no significant differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in average age of the girls, weight, body mass index, age at menarche, years since the onset of menstruation, or percentage of girls with ovulatory cycles. Vegetarian girls had significantly higher levels of log follicular estradiol [2.00 +/- 0.27 (SD) versus 1.85 +/- 0.27 pg/ml, P less than or equal to 0.05] and luteal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHS) (1.88 +/- 0.71 versus 1.45 +/- 0.80 microgram/ml, P less than or equal to 0.05) than nonvegetarian girls. Follicular DHS was higher in vegetarians than in nonvegetarians (1.72 +/- 0.79 versus 1.45 +/- 0.95 microgram/ml), but the difference was not significant. The differences in follicular and luteal DHS, but not the difference in log estradiol, were significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) after controlling for ovulation, smoking, and alcohol intake with multivariable regression analysis. There were no significant differences in testosterone or in percentage free estradiol levels between vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Smoking was significantly associated with follicular and luteal DHS and with percentage free follicular estradiol, while alcohol use was significantly and inversely associated with percentage free follicular estradiol after controlling for other variables. The implications for breast cancer risk are discussed.
Published:
January 31, 1992
Title:
The herpetofauna of the Weipa region, Cape York Peninsula
Authors:
Cogger, Harold G.; Cameron, E. E.
Abstract:
Published:
December 31, 1991
Title:
Molecular basis for the deficiency in humans of gulonolactone oxidase, a key enzyme for ascorbic acid biosynthesis
Authors:
Nishikimi, M.; Yagi, K.
Abstract:
Abstract. The inability of humans to synthesize L-ascor-bic acid is known to be due to a lack of L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase, an enzyme that is required for the
Published:
November 30, 1991
Title:
The nutritional consequences of foraging in primates: the relationship of nutrient intakes to nutrient requirements
Authors:
Oftedal, O. T.; Whiten, A.; Southgate, D. a. T.; Van Soest, P.; Widdowson, Elsie May; Whiten, A.; Bone, Quentin
Abstract:
Many studies have examined the proportion of time that primates devote to feeding on various types of food, but relatively little is known about the intake rates associated with each food. However, the nutritional consequences of foraging can only be interpreted by comparing nutrient intakes with estimated nutrient requirements. The energy available to primates from ingested foods will depend both on the composition of the food and the extent to which various constituents, including fibre fractions, are digested. Both human and non-human primates have relatively low requirements for protein as a consequence of slow growth rates, small milk yields and relatively dilute milk. Because the nutrient demands of growth and reproduction are spread out over time, it appears that primates do not need to seek out foods of particularly high nutrient density, except perhaps during weaning. Although food selection in some species of primates appears to be correlated with the protein concentration of foods, it is unlikely that high dietary protein levels are required, at least when foods of balanced amino acid composition (such as leaves) are included in the diet.
Published:
November 28, 1991
Title:
Controlled trial of fasting and one-year vegetarian diet in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors:
Kjeldsen-Kragh, J.; Haugen, M.; Borchgrevink, C. F.; Laerum, E.; Eek, M.; Mowinkel, P.; Hovi, K.; Førre, O.
Abstract:
Fasting is an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, but most patients relapse on reintroduction of food. The effect of fasting followed by one year of a vegetarian diet was assessed in a randomised, single-blind controlled trial. 27 patients were allocated to a four-week stay at a health farm. After an initial 7-10 day subtotal fast, they were put on an individually adjusted gluten-free vegan diet for 3.5 months. The food was then gradually changed to a lactovegetarian diet for the remainder of the study. A control group of 26 patients stayed for four weeks at a convalescent home, but ate an ordinary diet throughout the whole study period. After four weeks at the health farm the diet group showed a significant improvement in number of tender joints, Ritchie's articular index, number of swollen joints, pain score, duration of morning stiffness, grip strength, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and a health assessment questionnaire score. In the control group, only pain score improved score. In the control group, only pain score improved significantly. The benefits in the diet group were still present after one year, and evaluation of the whole course showed significant advantages for the diet group in all measured indices. This dietary regimen seems to be a useful supplement to conventional medical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Published:
October 11, 1991
Title:
Formation of pentosidine during nonenzymatic browning of proteins by glucose. Identification of glucose and other carbohydrates as possible precursors of pentosidine in vivo
Authors:
Dyer, D. G.; Blackledge, J. A.; Thorpe, S. R.; Baynes, J. W.
Abstract:
A fluorescent compound has been detected in proteins browned during Maillard reactions with glucose in vitro and shown to be identical to pentosidine, a pentose-derived fluorescent cross-link formed between arginine and lysine residues in collagen (Sell, D. R., and Monnier, V. M. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 21597-21602). Pentosidine was the major fluorophore formed during nonenzymatic browning of ribonuclease and lysozyme by glucose, but accounted for less than 1% of non-disulfide cross-links in protein dimers formed during the reaction. Pentosidine was formed in greatest yields in reactions of pentoses with lysine and arginine in model systems but was also formed from glucose, fructose, ascorbate, Amadori compounds, 3-deoxyglucosone, and other sugars. Pentosidine was not formed from peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids or malondialdehyde. Its formation from carbohydrates was inhibited under nitrogen or anaerobic conditions and by aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of advanced glycation and browning reactions. Pentosidine was detected in human lens proteins, where its concentration increased gradually with age, but it did not exceed trace concentrations (less than or equal to 5 mumol/mol lysine), even in the 80-year-old lens. Although its precise carbohydrate source in vivo is uncertain and it is present in only trace concentrations in tissue proteins, pentosidine appears to be a useful biomarker for assessing cumulative damage to proteins by nonenzymatic browning reactions with carbohydrates.
Published:
June 24, 1991
Title:
Mechanism of formation of the Maillard protein cross-link pentosidine. Glucose, fructose, and ascorbate as pentosidine precursors
Authors:
Grandhee, S. K.; Monnier, V. M.
Abstract:
Pentosidine is a recently discovered fluorescent protein cross-link from human extracellular matrix that involves lysyl and arginyl residues in an imidazo (4, 5b) pyridinium ring. Pentosidine could be synthesized in vitro by the reaction of ribose, lysine, and arginine. The potential biological significance of the molecule prompted us to investigate its mechanism of formation from D-ribose and key Maillard intermediates, as well as from other potential precursor sugars. The yield of pentosidine from N alpha-t-Boc-lysine, N alpha-t-Boc-arginine, and D-ribose was highest at pH 9.0 and 65 degrees C, but was unaffected by reactant ratios at alkaline pH suggesting an important role for base catalysis. Ribated Boc-lysine on incubation with N alpha-t-Boc-arginine afforded a fluorescent compound with UV, fluorescence, 1H NMR, and MS properties identical with those from native or synthetic pentosidine. 3-Deoxypentosone, however, was not a major pentosidine precursor. Pentosidine became slowly detectable in bovine serum albumin incubated with 0.25 M and 1.0 M glucose and reached, at 30 days, 13.2 and 17 pmol/mg bovine serum albumin, respectively. Spectroscopical properties of glucose-derived pentosidine were identical with those from ribose-derived pentosidine. Pentosidine formed from glucated Boc-lysine with N alpha-t-Boc-arginine in higher yields than from glucose under standard conditions. Fructose, and unexpectedly ascorbate, also formed pentosidine in similar yields as glucose. The discovery that pentosidine can form not only from pentoses but also from hexoses and ascorbate raises major new questions concerning biochemical pathways of the Maillard reaction in vivo.
Published:
June 24, 1991
Title:
Molecular physiology of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Authors:
Gasson, J. C.
Abstract:
Published:
March 14, 1991
Title:
Effect of 3-hydroxybutyrate on posttraumatic metabolism in man.
Authors:
A, Hiraide; M, Katayama; H, Sugimoto; T, Yoshioka; T, Sugimoto
Abstract:
Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature., Effect of 3-hydroxybutyrate on posttraumatic metabolism in man.
Published:
January 31, 1991
Title:
[Vitamin B 12 deficiency in strict vegetarian diet. Why do some people choose such a diet, and what will they do in case of vitamin B 12 deficiency]
Authors:
Johnsen, J. B.; Fønnebø, V.
Abstract:
Nine persons in the county of Troms, Norway, were interviewed on their strict vegetarian diet. Improved health was indicated as the main reason for their choice of diet, but religion was a contributing reason for some. Most of the study persons would increase the intake of vitamin B12 if a deficiency state were to occur. One person reported, however, that she would not regard vitamin B12 deficiency as a health problem. The interviews disclosed beliefs regarding human physiology that are very far removed from standard scientific knowledge. The article indicates that communication between patient and the health care system may be difficult in such circumstances. Problems of communication would probably be minimized if the patient had a thorough understanding of human physiology and the health worker a thorough understanding of the reasons for the patient's choice of diet.
Published:
January 9, 1991
Title:
Macrophage-derived foam cells freshly isolated from rabbit atherosclerotic lesions degrade modified lipoproteins, promote oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, and contain oxidation-specific lipid-protein adducts.
Authors:
Rosenfeld, M E; Khoo, J C; Miller, E; Parthasarathy, S; Palinski, W; Witztum, J L
Abstract:
Published:
December 31, 1990
Title:
Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset
Authors:
Zametkin, A. J.; Nordahl, T. E.; Gross, M.; King, A. C.; Semple, W. E.; Rumsey, J.; Hamburger, S.; Cohen, R. M.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The cause of childhood hyperactivity (attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder) is unknown. We investigated the hypothesis that cerebral glucose metabolism might differ between normal adults (controls) and adults with histories of hyperactivity in childhood who continued to have symptoms. Each patient was also the biologic parent of a hyperactive child. None of the adults had ever been treated with stimulant medication. To measure cerebral glucose metabolism, we administered 148 to 185 MBq (4 to 5 mCi) of [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose intravenously to 50 normal adults and 25 hyperactive adults while they performed an auditory-attention task. Images were obtained for 30 minutes with a Scanditronix positron-emission tomograph with a resolution of 5 to 6 mm. Whole-brain and regional rates of glucose metabolism were measured with computer assistance by two trained research assistants, working independently, who were blinded to the subjects' status (control or hyperactive). RESULTS: Global cerebral glucose metabolism was 8.1 percent lower in the adults with hyperactivity than in the normal controls (mean +/- SD, 9.05 +/- 1.20 mg per minute per 100 g vs. 9.85 +/- 1.68 mg per minute per 100 g; P = 0.034). In the adults with hyperactivity, glucose metabolism was significantly reduced, as compared with the values for the controls, in 30 of 60 specific regions of the brain (P less than 0.05). Among the regions of the brain with the greatest reductions in glucose metabolism were the premotor cortex and the superior prefrontal cortex. When the seven women with hyperactivity or the six patients with learning disabilities were omitted from the analysis, the results were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Glucose metabolism, both global and regional, was reduced in adults who had been hyperactive since childhood. The largest reductions were in the premotor cortex and the superior prefrontal cortex--areas earlier shown to be involved in the control of attention and motor activity.
Published:
November 14, 1990
Title:
Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease?: The Lifestyle Heart Trial
Authors:
Ornish, D.; Brown, S. E.; Billings, J. H.; Scherwitz, L. W.; Armstrong, W. T.; Ports, T. A.; McLanahan, S. M.; Kirkeeide, R. L.; Gould, K. L.; Brand, R. J.
Abstract:
Abstract
In a prospective, randomised, controlled trial to determine whether comprehensive lifestyle changes affect coronary atherosclerosis after 1 year, 28 patients were assigned to an experimental group (low-fat vegetarian diet, stopping smoking, stress management training, and moderate exercise) and 20 to a usual-care control group. 195 coronary artery lesions were analysed by quantitative coronary angiography. The average percentage diameter stenosis regressed from 40·0 (SD 16·9)% to 37·8 (16·5)% in the experimental group yet progressed from 42·7 (15·5)% to 46·1 (18·5)% in the control group. When only lesions greater than 50% stenosed were analysed, the average percentage diameter stenosis regressed from 61·1 (8·8)% to 55·8 (11·0)% in the experimental group and progressed from 61·7 (9·5)% to 64·4 (16·3)% in the control group. Overall, 82% of experimental-group patients had an average change towards regression. Comprehensive lifestyle changes may be able to bring about regression of even severe coronary atherosclerosis after only 1 year, without use of lipid-lowering drugs.
Published:
July 20, 1990
Title:
Effect of low saturated fat diet in early and late cases of multiple sclerosis
Authors:
Swank, R. L.; Dugan, B. B.
Abstract:
144 multiple sclerosis patients took a low-fat diet for 34 years. For each of three categories of neurological disability (minimum, moderate, severe) patients who adhered to the prescribed diet (≤20 g fat/day) showed significantly less deterioration and much lower death rates than did those who consumed more fat than prescribed (>20 g fat/day). The greatest benefit was seen in those with minimum disability at the start of the trial; in this group, when those who died from non-MS diseases were excluded from the analysis, 95% survived and remained physically active.
Published:
July 6, 1990
Title:
Effect of low saturated fat diet in early and late cases of multiple sclerosis
Authors:
Swank, R. L.; Dugan, B. B.
Abstract:
144 multiple sclerosis patients took a low-fat diet for 34 years. For each of three categories of neurological disability (minimum, moderate, severe) patients who adhered to the prescribed diet (less than or equal to 20 g fat/day) showed significantly less deterioration and much lower death rates than did those who consumed more fat than prescribed (greater than 20 g fat/day). The greatest benefit was seen in those with minimum disability at the start of the trial; in this group, when those who died from non-MS diseases were excluded from the analysis, 95% survived and remained physically active.
Published:
July 6, 1990
Title:
Lipoprotein ApoC-II activation of lipoprotein lipase. Modulation by apolipoprotein A-IV
Authors:
Goldberg, I. J.; Scheraldi, C. A.; Yacoub, L. K.; Saxena, U.; Bisgaier, C. L.
Abstract:
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-mediated hydrolysis of triglycerides (TG) contained in chylomicrons requires the presence of a cofactor, apolipoprotein (apo) C-II. The physiological mechanism by which chylomicrons gain apoC-II necessary for LPL activation in whole plasma is not known. Using a gum arabic stabilized TG emulsion, activation of LPL by lipoprotein apoC-II was studied. Hydrolysis of TG by LPL was greater in the presence of serum than with addition of either high density lipoproteins (HDL) or very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). LPL activation by either VLDL or HDL increased with addition of the lipoprotein-free fraction of plasma. A similar increase in LPL activity by addition of the lipoprotein-free fraction together with HDL or VLDL was observed when another TG emulsion (Intralipid) or TG-rich lipoproteins from an apoC-II deficient subject were used as a substrate. Human apoA-IV, apoA-I, apoE, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein were assessed for their ability to increase LPL activity in the presence of VLDL. At and below physiological concentrations, only apoA-IV increased LPL activity. One hundred percent of LPL activity measured in the presence of serum was achieved using VLDL plus apoA-IV. In the absence of an apoC-II source, apoA-IV had no effect on LPL activity. Removal of greater than 80% of the apoA-IV from the nonlipoprotein-containing fraction of plasma by incubation with Intralipid markedly reduced its ability to activate LPL in the presence of VLDL or HDL. Gel filtration chromatography demonstrated that incubation of the nonlipoprotein-containing fraction of plasma with HDL and the TG emulsion caused increased transfer of apoC-II to the emulsion and association of apoA-IV with HDL. Our studies demonstrate that apoA-IV increases LPL activation in the presence of lipoproteins. We hypothesize that apoA-IV is required for efficient release of apoC-II from either HDL or VLDL, which then allows for LPL-mediated hydrolysis of TG in nascent chylomicrons.
Published:
March 14, 1990
Title:
Cohort study of diet, lifestyle, and prostate cancer in Adventist men
Authors:
Mills, P. K.; Beeson, W. L.; Phillips, R. L.; Fraser, G. E.
Abstract:
Dietary and lifestyle characteristics were evaluated in relation to subsequent prostatic cancer risk in a cohort of approximately 14,000 Seventh-day Adventist men who completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire in 1976 and who were monitored for cancer incidence until the end of 1982. During the 6-year follow-up period, 180 histologically confirmed prostatic cancers were detected among some 78,000 man-years of follow-up. Increasing educational attainment was associated with significantly decreased risk of prostate cancer in this study; age at first marriage was also inversely associated with risk, although this was not significant. There was no relationship between body mass index (as measured by Quetelet's Index) and risk. A history of prostate "trouble" was associated with a 60% increase in risk which was highly significant. Although there were suggestive relationships between increasing animal product consumption and increased risk, these results did not persist after accounting for the influence of fruit and vegetable consumption. Nor was exposure to the vegetarian lifestyle during the childhood years associated with alterations in subsequent risk. However, increasing consumption of beans, lentils and peas, tomatoes, raisin, dates, and other dried fruit were all associated with significantly decreased prostate cancer risk.
Published:
July 31, 1989
Title:
Genetic Engineering of Livestock
Authors:
Pursel, Vernon G.; Pinkert, Carl A.; Miller, Kurt F.; Bolt, Douglas J.; Campbell, Roger G.; Palmiter, Richard D.; Brinster, Ralph L.; Hammer, Robert E.
Abstract:
Genetic engineering of livestock is expected to have a major effect on the agricultural industry. However, accurate assessment of the consequences of transgene expression is impossible without multigenerational studies. A systematic study of the beneficial and adverse consequences of long-term elevations in the plasma levels of bovine growth hormone (bGH) was conducted on two lines of transgenic pigs. Two successive generations of pigs expressing the bGH gene showed significant improvements in both daily weight gain and feed efficiency and exhibited changes in carcass composition that included a marked reduction in subcutaneous fat. However, long-term elevation of bGH was generally detrimental to health: the pigs had a high incidence of gastric ulcers, arthritis, cardiomegaly, dermatitis, and renal disease. The ability to produce pigs exhibiting only the beneficial, growth-promoting effects of growth hormone by a transgenic approach may require better control of transgene expression, a different genetic background, or a modified husbandry regimen.
Published:
June 15, 1989
Title:
Early hominid hunting and scavenging: the role of meat as an energy source
Authors:
Speth, John D.
Abstract:
Perspectives have shifted recently from the traditional view that early hominids were hunters to one which now sees them as opportunistic scavengers. However, both views share the common underlying nutritional assumption that meat inevitably provides a “high quality” food that will be incorporated into human diet more or less to the extent that animals are avaible and accessible. This paper argues that meat may actually have been a relatively marginal source of sustenance for early hominids, because physiological limits to total protein intake (plant and animal), scarcity of fat in most African ungulates, comparatively high levels of protein in many plant foods, and the inability of early hominids to extract lipids from the cancellous tissue of bones, acted together to maintain their total meat intakes at modest levels, particularly during seasonal or inter-annual periods of resource stress.
Published:
May 31, 1989
Title:
Cholesterol as risk factor for mortality in elderly women
Authors:
Forette, B.; Tortrat, D.; Wolmark, Y.
Abstract:
92 women aged 60 years and over (mean 82.2, SD 8.6) living in a nursing home and free from overt cancer were followed-up for 5 years. 53 died during this period; necropsy revealed cancer in only 1 patient. Serum total cholesterol at entry ranged from 4.0 to 8.8 mmol/l (mean 6.3, SD 1.1). Cox's proportional hazards analysis showed a J-shaped relation between serum cholesterol and mortality. Mortality was lowest at serum cholesterol 7.0 mmol/l, 5.2 times higher than the minimum at serum cholesterol 4.0 mmol/l, and only 1.8 times higher when cholesterol concentration was 8.8 mmol/l. This relation held true irrespective of age, even when blood pressure, body weight, history of myocardial infarction, creatinine clearance, and plasma proteins were taken into account. The relation between low cholesterol values and increased mortality was independent of the incidence of cancer.
Published:
April 21, 1989
Title:
Persistence of Hypertriglyceridemic Effect of Low-Fat High-Carbohydrate Diets in NIDDM Patients
Authors:
Coulston, Ann M.; Hollenbeck, Clarie B.; Swislocki, Arthur L. M.; Reaven, Gerald M.
Abstract:
Although low-fat high-carbohydrate diets are recommended for patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in an effort to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), the results of short-term studies have shown that these diets can lead to changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism associated with an increased risk of CAD. This study has extended these earlier observations by determining the metabolic effects of such diets over a longer period in these patients. The comparison diets contained either 40 or 60% of the total calories as carbohydrates, with reciprocal changes in fat content from 40 to 20% consumed in random order for 6 wk in a crossover experimental design. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat and the total cholesterol intake were held constant in the two diets. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly (P < .001) elevated throughout the day when patients consumed the 60% carbohydrate diet, and 24-h urinary glucose excretion more than doubled (0.8 vs. 1.8 mol/24 h). Fasting plasma total and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride (TG) concentrations increased by 30% (P 6 wk. Given these results, it seems reasonable to suggest that the routine recommendation of low-fat high-carbohydrate diets for patients with NIDDM be reconsidered.
Published:
January 31, 1989
Title:
[Study of thyroid function parameters and thyrotropin in general non-thyroid diseases]
Authors:
Gómez, J. M.; Virgili, N.; Navarro, M. A.; Roca, M.; Montaña, E.; Soler, J.
Abstract:
The changes in the parameters of thyroid function and thyrotropin (TSH) have been evaluated in 5 groups of patients with general non-thyroid disease (GNTD): acute severe bacterial infection (16 patients), acute myocardial infarction (22 patients), diabetic ketoacidosis (24 patients), non-ketotic hyperosmolar decompensation (8 patients), protein-calorie undernutrition (12 patients), without associated conditions or drug therapies that might have modified the thyroid hormones. These patients were evaluated at the beginning of their GNTD and after recovery. Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse T3 (rT3) were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA), the TBC index by competitive analysis, the free T4 by a labeled T4 analogue and T4 by immunoradiometric analysis (IRMA). In all patients similar changes in thyroid hormones and in IRMA were found, and they returned to normal after recovery; the changes were most marked in diabetic ketoacidosis, followed by hyperosmolar decompensation and by undernutrition. When the 5 groups were evaluated together, T3 was the most commonly low value (57.3%), followed by T4 and TBC index (26.8%), free T4 (20.7%) and the free T4 index (10.9%). The level of rT3 was increased in 39% of cases. Baseline TSH was, initially, 1.05 +/- 1.05 microU/ml, and 1.36 +/- 0.85 microU/ml after recovery (p less than 0.001). It was only found to be suppressed in one patient (a female with diabetes mellitus and Graves disease); in 17 cases it had borderline values between 0.1 and 0.4 microU/ml, and in the remaining patients it was normal. GNTD induces profound changes in the thyroid functional parameters, with reductions below their normal range, including the analogue measured T4 and low TSH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published:
January 13, 1989
Title:
Nutritional and toxicological aspects of the Maillard browning reaction in foods
Authors:
O'Brien, John; Morrissey, P. A.; Ames, J. M.
Abstract:
The Maillard, or nonenzymatic, browning reaction between carbonyl and amino groups is a common reaction in foods which undergo thermal processing. The Maillard reaction is a desirable consequence of many industrial and domestic processes and is responsible for the attractive flavor and brown color of some cooked foods. An early recognized consequence of the Maillard reaction was the destruction of some essential amino acids, such as lysine. More recently, research interest has focused on the production of toxic and antinutritive compounds. This review examines the nutritional and toxicological consequences of the Maillard reaction in light of the findings of such research. In particular, the effect of Maillard reaction products on the digestion, absorption, and excretion of nutrients is considered. The cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and immunochemical aspects of selected Maillard reaction products are also examined and suggestions are made for future areas of investigation.
Published:
December 31, 1988
Title:
Natural History of Coronary Atherosclerosis
Authors:
Velican, Constantin; Velican, Doina
Abstract:
Velican, Constantin, Velican, Doina
Published:
December 30, 1988
Title:
Aspects of the rationale for the Women's Health Trial
Authors:
Prentice, R. L.; Kakar, F.; Hursting, S.; Sheppard, L.; Klein, R.; Kushi, L. H.
Abstract:
A 5.5-fold range in breast cancer incidence rates in 21 countries shows strong correlation with national estimates of per capita intake of dietary fat, but not with other caloric sources (proteins and carbohydrates). It is argued that certain breast cancer and hormone factors may contribute little to the explanation of such international variations in incidence of this neoplasm. It is further argued that experimental studies in animals support a specific role for dietary fat in the promotion of mammary tumors, but the effects of calories alone seem to be largely restricted to tumor initiation. Finally, data from international, migrant-population, and analytic epidemiologic investigations are used to motivate the basic relative risk assumption of study designs thus far proposed for the Women's Health Trial, and some continuing motivations for a dietary intervention (low-fat diet) trial are discussed.
Published:
August 2, 1988
Title:
Paleoradiologic evaluation of the Egyptian royal mummies
Authors:
Braunstein, E. M.; White, S. J.; Russell, W.; Harris, J. E.
Abstract:
We examined radiographs of 12 Egyptian royal mummies obtained by two of the authors (W.R. and J.E.H.) and never before published. These radiographs demonstrate findings not previously described in Egyptian mummies, including congenital lunate-triquetral fusion and destructive skeletal lesions not explainable on the basis of vandalism by tomb robbers. Antemortem fractures, degenerative joint disease, and arterial vascular calcification were also seen. In 11 of the 12 cases, there was chondrocalcinosis of intervertebral discs or menisci, probably an artifact of embalming. Visceral packing and skeletal deformity due to wrapping were observed, as well. Radiology provides important paleopathologic and archeologic information for the accurate, comprehensive study of Egyptian mummies.
Published:
June 30, 1988
Title:
Hunters and Gatherers Today: A Socioeconomic Study of Eleven Such Cultures in the Twentieth Century
Authors:
Abstract:
This excellent catalog of modern band-level hunting and gathering groups by a leading authority in the field includes short descriptive ethnographic portraits. This broad collection introduces readers to the lifeways of a variety of different groups as well as anthropological theory regarding human adaptation.
Published:
March 31, 1988
Title:
Polyunsaturated: Saturated ratio of diet fat influences energy substrate utilization in the human
Authors:
Jones, Peter J. H.; Schoeller, Dale A.
Abstract:
In order to examine the effect of dietary long chain fatty acid composition on energy substrate utilization, basal metabolism rate (BMR) and the thermogenic effect of food (TEF) were measured in eight subjects consuming diets varying only in diet fat polyunsaturated: saturated (P:S) ratio. Subjects consumed the low P:S (0.241 ± 0.02) and high P:S (1.65 ± 0.28) ratio diets for seven days using a crossover design. Fat and carbohydrate oxidation during BMT and TEF over 230 minutes after a breakfast meal were determined on days 1 and 7 of each diet period using open circuit respiratory gas exchange. On day 7, BMR respiratory quotient was reduced (P < .05) for the low P:S (0.826 ± 0.005) compared with high P:S (0.853 ± 0.014) ratio diet, resulting in an increased basal fat oxidation rate with low P:S (0.074 ± 0.006 g/min) compared with high P:S (0.059 ± 0.008 g/min) ratio diet feeding. The cumulative contribution of fat oxidation to TEF on day 7 was lower (P < .01) for the low P:S (1.35 ± 1.6 g) compared with high P:S (6.49 ± 0.8 g) ratio diets. This was paralleled by opposite differences (P < .05) in the contribution of carbohydrate oxidation to TEF (21.0 ± 3.0 g and 13.1 ± 3.4 g, respectively, for each diet treatment). On day 1 in subjects switching from either home and alternate test diets, and on day 7, caloric expenditure of TEF after low P:S was not statistically lower compared to the high P:S ratio diet. On day 1 subjects switching from the alternate diet showed a significant decrease (P
Published:
January 31, 1988
Title:
Increased lymphocyte transport by lipid absorption in rat mesenteric lymphatics
Authors:
Miura, S.; Sekizuka, E.; Nagata, H.; Oshio, C.; Minamitani, H.; Suematsu, M.; Suzuki, M.; Hamada, Y.; Kobayashi, K.; Asakura, H.; et, al.
Abstract:
The effect of olive oil administration on lymphocyte transport through mesenteric lymphatics was examined to see the possible involvement of nutritional absorption in lymphocyte traffic from the intestinal mucosa. After the olive oil administration to rats, remarkable increase in lymphocyte flux was observed within 2 h in lymph samples collected from rats with lymphatic fistula. The use of a high-speed microscopic video system made it possible to analyze accurately the lymphocyte transport in rapid movement that could not be detected by any of the ordinary video systems. The direct observation of mesenteric collecting lymphatics by this system showed an increment of lymphocyte transport from the intestinal mucosa by lipid absorption in 2 h. The contraction frequency of intestinal collecting lymphatics was also enhanced by olive oil administration. The densitometric analysis on video image was applied to estimate the extent of lipid absorption. The combination of a high-speed video system and the densitometric analysis revealed that the increase in lymphocyte flux occurred before lipid absorption reached its maximum and also demonstrated that the lymphocyte transport returned to control levels under the maximal absorptive condition. The results suggest that the fat absorption could be an important factor influencing the lymphocyte transport in the lymphatic system of intestine.
Published:
October 31, 1987
Title:
Unusual conjugates in biological profiles originating from consumption of onions and garlic
Authors:
Jandke, J.; Spiteller, G.
Abstract:
After consumption of onions or garlic, biological profiles of human urine samples show, in the methylated conjugate fraction, peaks corresponding to the methylates of N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxypropyl) cysteine (1), N-acetyl-S-allylcysteine (2) and hexahydrohippuric acid (3). The compounds 1 and 2 are metabolites of peptides introduced with onions or garlic into the body.
Published:
October 8, 1987
Title:
False advertising resulting in infant malnutrition
Authors:
Muir, A.; Kalnins, D.
Abstract:
Published:
June 14, 1987
Title:
Effects of dietary fats and soybean protein on azaserine-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis and plasma cholecystokinin in the rat
Authors:
Roebuck, B. D.; Kaplita, P. V.; Edwards, B. R.; Praissman, M.
Abstract:
Both dietary unsaturated fat and raw soybean products are known to enhance pancreatic carcinogenesis when fed during the postinitiation phase. A comparison of these two dietary components was made to evaluate the relative potency of each ingredient for enhancing pancreatic carcinogenesis and to determine if this enhancement was correlated with an increase in plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels. Male Wistar rats were initiated with a single dose of azaserine (30 mg/kg body weight) at 14 days of age. The rats were weaned to test diets formulated from purified ingredients. Dietary protein at 20% by weight was either casein or soy protein isolate (heat treated or raw). Corn oil was the unsaturated fat of major interest and it was fed at either 5 or 20% by weight. Pancreases were quantitatively evaluated for carcinogen-induced lesions at 2- and 4-month postinitiation. In a second experiment designed to closely mimic the above experiment, rats were implanted with cannulae which allowed plasma to be repetitively sampled over a 2.5-week period during which the test diets were fed. Plasma was collected both prior to introduction of the test diets and afterwards. Plasma CCK was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. Both the 20% corn oil diet and the raw soy protein isolate diet enhanced pancreatic carcinogenesis. The effects of the raw soy protein isolate on the growth of the carcinogen-induced lesions were significantly greater than the effects of the 20% corn oil diet. Plasma CCK values were not elevated in the rats fed the 20% corn oil diet, but they were significantly elevated in the rats fed the raw soy protein isolate. Heat-treated soy protein isolate neither enhanced carcinogenesis nor elevated the plasma CCK level. This study demonstrates that certain plant proteins enhance the growth of carcinogen-induced pancreatic foci and that this effect is considerably greater than the enhancement by high levels of dietary unsaturated fat. Furthermore, the enhancement by the raw soy protein isolate may be mediated by CCK; but this does not appear to be the mechanism by which the unsaturated fat, corn oil, enhances pancreatic carcinogenesis.
Published:
February 28, 1987
Title:
Review: Soya protein products‐their processing, functionality, and application aspects
Authors:
Visser, A.; Thomas, A.
Abstract:
Soya protein products are very interesting ingredients because of their ready availability, functionality, nutritional value, and price. This review covers the processing, functionality, and application of the various soya protein products, that is, full‐fat soya flours, defatted soya flours and grits, soya protein concentrates, soya protein isolates, textured soya products, and modified soya proteins. The choice of food manufacturers between these soya protein products depends on the functional properties, performance in the end products, and price. According to our experience soya protein concentrates offer a proven functionality at the right price, especially for applications in meat products. Soya protein products can help to meet the protein requirements of the modern food industry economically.
Published:
December 31, 1986
Title:
Vegetarian diet in mild hypertension: a randomised controlled trial
Authors:
Margetts, B. M.; Beilin, L. J.; Vandongen, R.; Armstrong, B. K.
Abstract:
In a randomised crossover trial 58 subjects aged 30-64 with mild untreated hypertension were allocated either to a control group eating a typical omnivorous diet or to one of two groups eating an ovolactovegetarian diet for one of two six week periods. A fall in systolic blood pressure of the order of 5 mm Hg occurred during the vegetarian diet periods, with a corresponding rise on resuming a meat diet. The main nutrient changes with the vegetarian diet included an increase in the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fats and intake of fibre, calcium, and magnesium and a decrease in the intake of protein and vitamin B12. There were no consistent changes in urinary sodium or potassium excretion or body weight. In untreated subjects with mild hypertension, changing to a vegetarian diet may bring about a worthwhile fall in systolic blood pressure.
Published:
December 5, 1986
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