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Title:
Ketogenic Diet Suppressed T-Regulatory Cells and Promoted Cardiac Fibrosis via Reducing Mitochondria-Associated Membranes and Inhibiting Mitochondrial Function
Authors:
Tao, Jun; Chen, Hao; Wang, Ya-Jing; Qiu, Jun-Xiong; Meng, Qing-Qi; Zou, Rong-Jun; Li, Ling; Huang, Jun-Gang; Zhao, Zong-Kai; Huang, Yu-Li; Zhang, Hai-Feng; Zheng, Jun-Meng
Abstract:
Ketogenic diet (KD) is popular in diabetic patients but its cardiac safety and efficiency on the heart are unknown. The aim of the present study is to determine the effects and the underlined mechanisms of KD on cardiac function in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). We used db/db mice to model DCM, and different diets (regular or KD) were used. Cardiac function and interstitial fibrosis were determined. T-regulatory cell (Treg) number and functions were evaluated. The effects of ketone body (KB) on fatty acid (FA) and glucose metabolism, mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs), and mitochondrial respiration were assessed. The mechanisms via which KB regulated MAMs and Tregs were addressed. KD improved metabolic indices in db/db mice. However, KD impaired cardiac diastolic function and exacerbated ventricular fibrosis. Proportions of circulatory CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells in whole blood cells and serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were reduced in mice fed with KD. KB suppressed the differentiation to Tregs from naive CD4+ T cells. Cultured medium from KB-treated Tregs synergically activated cardiac fibroblasts. Meanwhile, KB inhibited Treg proliferation and productions of IL-4 and IL-10. Treg MAMs, mitochondrial respiration and respiratory complexes, and FA synthesis and oxidation were all suppressed by KB while glycolytic levels were increased. L-carnitine reversed Treg proliferation and function inhibited by KB. Proportions of ST2L+ cells in Tregs were reduced by KB, as well as the production of ST2L ligand, IL-33. Reinforcement expressions of ST2L in Tregs counteracted the reductions in MAMs, mitochondrial respiration, and Treg proliferations and productions of Treg cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. Therefore, despite the improvement of metabolic indices, KD impaired Treg expansion and function and promoted cardiac fibroblast activation and interstitial fibrosis. This could be mainly mediated by the suppression of MAMs and fatty acid metabolism inhibition via blunting IL-33/ST2L signaling.
Published:
April 19, 2021
Title:
Brain cells derived from Alzheimer’s disease patients have multiple specific innate abnormalities in energy metabolism
Authors:
Ryu, Woo-In; Bormann, Mariana K.; Shen, Minqi; Kim, Dohoon; Forester, Brent; Park, Yeongwon; So, Jisun; Seo, Hyemyung; Sonntag, Kai-C.; Cohen, Bruce M.
Abstract:
Altered energy metabolism has been implicated both in aging and the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). However, it is unclear which anomalies are acquired phenotypes and which are inherent and predispose to disease. We report that neural progenitor cells and astrocytes differentiated from LOAD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit multiple inter-related bioenergetic alterations including: changes in energy production by mitochondrial respiration versus glycolysis, as a consequence of alterations in bioenergetic substrate processing and transfer of reducing agents, reduced levels of NAD/NADH, diminished glucose uptake and response rates to insulin (INS)/IGF-1 signaling, decreased INS receptor and glucose transporter 1 densities, and changes in the metabolic transcriptome. Our data confirm that LOAD is a “multi-hit” disorder and provide evidence for innate inefficient cellular energy management in LOAD that likely predisposes to neurodegenerative disease with age. These processes may guide the development and testing of diagnostic procedures or therapeutic agents.
Published:
April 16, 2021
Title:
Differences in dietary habits of people with vs without irritable bowel syndrome and their association with symptom and psychological status: A pilot study
Authors:
Meng, Qiao; Qin, Geng; Yao, Shu-Kun; Fan, Guo-Hui; Dong, Fen; Tan, Chang
Abstract:
Differences in dietary habits of people with vs without irritable bowel syndrome and their association with symptom and psychological status: A pilot study
Published:
April 16, 2021
Title:
Will following a ketogenic diet make me a pariah in medical school?
Authors:
Abstract:
My personal experience with the benefits of a ketogenic diet will conflict with what I'll be taught in medical school. Which to believe?
Published:
April 16, 2021
Title:
Acute ketosis inhibits appetite and decreases plasma concentrations of acyl ghrelin in healthy humans
Authors:
Vestergaard, Esben Thyssen; Zubanovic, Natasa Brkovic; Rittig, Nikolaj; Møller, Niels; Kuhre, Rune Ehrenreich; Holst, Jens J.; Rehfeld, Jens F.; Thomsen, Henrik Holm
Abstract:
CONTEXT: Ketosis appears to decrease appetite and facilitate weight loss. Potential underlying mechanisms include decreases in plasma levels of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin and increases in appetite-inhibiting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels. The effect of acute ketosis as compared to an isocaloric and isovolumetric beverage on both acyl ghrelin and total GLP-1 plasma concentrations has not been previously measured. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the acute effect of ketone ester (KE) ingestion on appetite and plasma concentrations of acyl ghrelin (AG), unacylated ghrelin (UAG), and GLP-1 secretion and to compare responses to those elicited by isocaloric glucose administration. METHODS: We examined ten healthy young males on three separate occasions using a placebo-controlled crossover design. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A KE vs. taste-matched isovolumetric and isocaloric 50% glucose (GLU) and taste-matched isovolumetric placebo vehicle (PBO) was orally administered. Our main outcome measures were plasma concentrations of AG, UAG, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and GLP-1 along with appetite sensation scores assessed by visual analogue scale . RESULTS: KE ingestion resulted in an average peak ꞵ-hydroxybutyrate concentration of 5.5 mM. AG and UAG were lowered by ~25% following both KE and GLU intake, compared with PBO. In the case of AG, the differences were - 52.1 [-79.4-24.8] for KE and - 48.4 [-75.4, -21.5] pg/mL for GLU intake, p
Published:
April 14, 2021
Title:
Dietary choline and betaine intake and risk of hypertension development: a 7.4-year follow-up
Authors:
Golzarand, Mahdieh; Bahadoran, Zahra; Mirmiran, Parvin; Azizi, Fereidoun
Abstract:
The evidence for a linkage between dietary intake of choline and betaine, a choline metabolism product, and the risk of hypertension (HTN) is limited. The current population-based cohort study was designed to investigate the possible association between dietary intake of choline and betaine with the risk of HTN in adults. This cohort study was conducted on the participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Dietary intake of choline and betaine was calculated using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database. Hypertension was diagnosed as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or used drugs to treat hypotension. In this study, 2865 subjects participated and followed-up for a median of 7.4 years. During the follow-up period, 623 patients with hypertension (22.1%) were detected. Our results revealed per every 100 mg increased dietary intake of choline, the risk of developing HTN decreased by 16% (0.84; 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.96, P for trend = 0.009). No significant association was observed between habitual dietary intake of betaine and the risk of HTN (1.10; 95% CI: 0.88 to 1.38, P for trend = 0.21). After stratification based on age, sex, and BMI, each 100 mg per d increase in dietary choline decreased the risk of HTN occurrence in subjects younger than 55 years old by 17% (0.83; 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.96) and men by 21% (0.79; 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.95). The current study's findings provide further support to confirm the protective properties of choline and choline-rich foods against HTN.
Published:
April 14, 2021
Title:
Diets Varying in Carbohydrate Content Differentially Alter Brain Activity in Homeostatic and Reward Regions in Adults
Authors:
Holsen, Laura M; Hoge, W Scott; Lennerz, Belinda S; Cerit, Hilâl; Hye, Taryn; Moondra, Priyanka; Goldstein, Jill M; Ebbeling, Cara B; Ludwig, David S
Abstract:
Obesity has one of the highest refractory rates of all chronic diseases, in part because weight loss induced by calorie restriction, the first-line treatment for obesity, elicits biological adaptations that promote weight regain. Although acute feeding trials suggest a role for macronutrient composition in modifying brain activity related to hunger and satiety, relevance of these findings to weight-loss maintenance has not been studied.We investigated effects of weight-loss maintenance diets varying in macronutrient content on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in brain regions involved in hunger and reward.In conjunction with a randomized controlled feeding trial, we investigated the effects of weight-loss maintenance diets varying in carbohydrate content [high, 60% of total energy: n = 20; 6 men/14 women; mean age: 32.5 y; mean BMI (in kg/m 2): 27.4; moderate, 40% of total energy: n = 22; 10 men/12 women; mean age: 32.5 y; mean BMI: 29.0; low, 20% of total energy: n = 28; 12 men/16 women; mean age: 33.2 y; mean BMI: 27.7] on rCBF in brain regions involved in hunger and reward preprandial and 4 h postprandial after 14–20 wk on the diets. The primary outcome was rCBF in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) at 4 h postprandial; the secondary outcome was preprandial rCBF in the hypothalamus.Consistent with a priori hypothesis, at 4 h postprandial, NAcc rCBF was 43% higher in adults assigned to the high- compared with low-carbohydrate diet {P[family-wise error (FWE)-corrected] < 0.05}. Preprandial hypothalamus rCBF was 41% higher on high-carbohydrate diet [P(FWE-corrected) < 0.001]. Exploratory analyses revealed that elevated rCBF on high-carbohydrate diet was not specific to prandial state: preprandial NAcc rCBF [P(FWE-corrected) < 0.001] and 4 h postprandial rCBF in hypothalamus [P(FWE-corrected) < 0.001]. Insulin secretion predicted differential postprandial activation of the NAcc by diet.We report significant differences in rCBF in adults assigned to diets varying in carbohydrate content for several months, which appear to be partially associated with insulin secretion. These findings suggest that chronic intake of a high-carbohydrate diet may affect brain reward and homeostatic activity in ways that could impede weight-loss maintenance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02300857.
Published:
April 14, 2021
Title:
Human-elephant interactions: from past to present
Authors:
Konidaris, George E.; Barkai, Ran; Tourloukis, Vangelis; Harvati, Katerina
Abstract:
In recent decades, a significant number of Pleistocene (ca. 2.6 million years–10,000 years ago) open-air and cave sites yielding elephant or mammoth bones in direct association with hominin remains and/or lithic artifacts have been discovered in Eurasia, Africa and America. Many of them show strong evidence of acquisition and processing of proboscidean carcasses by early humans, leading scientists to interpret them as “elephant butchering sites”. Indeed, proboscidean exploitation by early Homo has been proposed to have been critical for Palaeolithic human lifeways, influencing not only their subsistence, but also other aspects of early human evolution and adaptations. The nature and degree of interactions between humans and elephants comprises an important field in palaeoanthropological studies since decades, but many questions remain still unanswered or partially explored. By bringing together research papers from the fields of Palaeolithic Archaeology, Palaeoanthropology, Palaeontology, Zooarchaeology, Geology, Ethnography and Nutrition Studies, the book systematically covers a diverse array of perspectives on elephant-human interactions across the world from the Pleistocene times until today. The volume includes 19 contributions and is organized into four thematic sections: 1) The Palaeolithic record, 2) A view of the evidence, 3) Elephants in past human nutrition, and 4) Ethnography – Human-elephant interactions in recent Africa. Collectively, the volume not only showcases the current state of knowledge, but also intends to provoke renewed interest for current and further research, and build an interdisciplinary and synthetic understanding of the significance of proboscideans throughout human evolution.
Published:
April 14, 2021
Title:
Eight-hour time-restricted feeding improves endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors:
Li, Chunzhu; Xing, Chuan; Zhang, Jiaqi; Zhao, Han; Shi, Wenjing; He, Bing
Abstract:
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a form of intermittent fasting, which is beneficial for weight loss and cardiometabolic health. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common reproductive endocrine and metabolic diseases affecting women of childbearing age. It is associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. The effects of TRF on PCOS patients remains undefined, here we investigated the impact of TRF on women with anovulatory PCOS.
Published:
April 13, 2021
Title:
New evidence links harmful oral bacteria with early Alzheimer’s signs
Authors:
Abstract:
The neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer’s disease can often take 10 or 20 years before clinical signs of cognitive decline become apparent. Identifying these early preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s is still very much a challenge to researchers. One hypothesis, slowly building an intriguing…
Published:
April 13, 2021
Title:
Steller's sea cow genome suggests this species began going extinct before the arrival of Paleolithic humans
Authors:
Sharko, Fedor S.; Boulygina, Eugenia S.; Tsygankova, Svetlana V.; Slobodova, Natalia V.; Alekseev, Dmitry A.; Krasivskaya, Anna A.; Rastorguev, Sergey M.; Tikhonov, Alexei N.; Nedoluzhko, Artem V.
Abstract:
Anthropogenic activity is the top factor directly related to the extinction of several animal species. The last Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) population on the Commander Islands (Russia) was wiped out in the second half of the 18th century due to sailors and fur traders hunting it for the meat and fat. However, new data suggests that the extinction process of this species began much earlier. Here, we present a nuclear de novo assembled genome of H. gigas with a 25.4× depth coverage. Our results demonstrate that the heterozygosity of the last population of this animal is low and comparable to the last woolly mammoth population that inhabited Wrangel Island 4000 years ago. Besides, as a matter of consideration, our findings also demonstrate that the extinction of this marine mammal starts along the North Pacific coastal line much earlier than the first Paleolithic humans arrived in the Bering sea region.
Published:
April 13, 2021
Title:
Towards enhanced understanding of idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia: a literature review and introduction of the patient organization, Ketotic Hypoglycemia International
Authors:
Drachmann, Danielle; Hoffmann, Erica; Carrigg, Austin; Davis-Yates, Beccie; Weaver, Valerie; Thornton, Paul; Weinstein, David A.; Petersen, Jacob S.; Shah, Pratik; Christesen, Henrik Thybo
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Idiopathic Ketotic hypoglycemia (IKH) is a diagnosis of exclusion. Although considered as the most frequent cause of hypoglycemia in childhood, little progress has been made to advance the understanding of IKH since the medical term was coined in 1964. We aimed to review the literature on ketotic hypoglycemia (KH) and introduce a novel patient organization, Ketotic Hypoglycemia International (KHI). RESULTS: IKH may be diagnosed after the exclusion of various metabolic and hormonal diseases with KH. Although often mild and self-limiting, more severe and long-lasting IKH occurs. We therefore divide IKH in physiological KH and pathological KH, the latter defined as recurrent symptomatic, or occasionally symptomatic, episodes with beta-hydroxybutyrate ≥ 1.0 mmol/L and blood glucose
Published:
April 13, 2021
Title:
Combined effects of a ketogenic diet and exercise training alter mitochondrial and peroxisomal substrate oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle
Authors:
Huang, Tai-Yu; Linden, Melissa A.; Fuller, Scott E.; Goldsmith, Felicia R; Simon, Jacob; Batdorf, Heidi M.; Scott, Matthew C.; Essajee, Nabil M.; Brown, John M.; Noland, Robert C.
Abstract:
Ketogenic diets (KD) are reported to improve body weight, fat mass, and exercise performance in humans. Unfortunately, most rodent studies have used a low-protein KD, which does not recapitulate diets used by humans. Since skeletal muscle plays a critical role in responding to macronutrient perturbations induced by diet and exercise, the purpose of this study was to test if a normal-protein KD (NPKD) impacts shifts in skeletal muscle substrate oxidative capacity in response to exercise training (ExTr). A high fat, carbohydrate-deficient NPKD (16.1% protein, 83.9% fat, 0% carbohydrate) was given to C57BL/6J male mice for 6 weeks, while controls received a low fat diet with similar protein (15.9% protein, 11.9% fat, 72.2% carbohydrate). On week four of the diet, mice began treadmill training 5 days/week, 60 min/day for 3 weeks. NPKD-fed mice increased body weight and fat mass, while ExTr negated a continued rise in adiposity. ExTr increased intramuscular glycogen, while the NPKD increased intramuscular triglycerides. Neither the NPKD nor ExTr alone altered mitochondrial content; however, in combination, the NPKD-ExTr group showed increases in PGC-1α, as well as markers of mitochondrial fission and fusion. Pyruvate oxidative capacity was unchanged by either intervention, while ExTr increased leucine oxidation in NPKD-fed mice. Lipid metabolism pathways had the most notable changes as the NPKD and ExTr interventions both enhanced mitochondrial and peroxisomal lipid oxidation and many adaptations were additive or synergistic. Overall these results suggest a combination of a NPKD and ExTr induces additive and/or synergistic adaptations in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity.
Published:
April 12, 2021
Title:
Intake of food rich in saturated fat in relation to subclinical atherosclerosis and potential modulating effects from single genetic variants
Authors:
Laguzzi, Federica; Maitusong, Buamina; Strawbridge, Rona J.; Baldassarre, Damiano; Veglia, Fabrizio; Humphries, Steve E.; Rauramaa, Rainer; Kurl, Sudhir; Smit, Andries J.; Giral, Philippe; Silveira, Angela; Tremoli, Elena; Hamsten, Anders; de Faire, Ulf; Gigante, Bruna; Leander, Karin
Abstract:
The relationship between intake of saturated fats and subclinical atherosclerosis, as well as the possible influence of genetic variants, is poorly understood and investigated. We aimed to investigate this relationship, with a hypothesis that it would be positive, and to explore whether genetics may modulate it, using data from a European cohort including 3,407 participants aged 54–79 at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT), measured at baseline and after 30 months. Logistic regression (OR; 95% CI) was employed to assess the association between high intake of food rich in saturated fat (vs. low) and: (1) the mean and the maximum values of C-IMT in the whole carotid artery (C-IMTmean, C-IMTmax), in the bifurcation (Bif-), the common (CC-) and internal (ICA-) carotid arteries at baseline (binary, cut-point ≥ 75th), and (2) C-IMT progression (binary, cut-point > zero). For the genetic-diet interaction analyses, we considered 100,350 genetic variants. We defined interaction as departure from additivity of effects. After age- and sex-adjustment, high intake of saturated fat was associated with increased C-IMTmean (OR:1.27;1.06–1.47), CC-IMTmean (OR:1.22;1.04–1.44) and ICA-IMTmean (OR:1.26;1.07–1.48). However, in multivariate analysis results were no longer significant. No clear associations were observed between high intake of saturated fat and risk of atherosclerotic progression. There was no evidence of interactions between high intake of saturated fat and any of the genetic variants considered, after multiple testing corrections. High intake of saturated fats was not independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Moreover, we did not identify any significant genetic-dietary fat interactions in relation to risk of subclinical atherosclerosis.
Published:
April 12, 2021
Title:
Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals
Authors:
Wyatt, Patrick; Berry, Sarah E.; Finlayson, Graham; O’Driscoll, Ruairi; Hadjigeorgiou, George; Drew, David A.; Khatib, Haya Al; Nguyen, Long H.; Linenberg, Inbar; Chan, Andrew T.; Spector, Tim D.; Franks, Paul W.; Wolf, Jonathan; Blundell, John; Valdes, Ana M.
Abstract:
Understanding how to modulate appetite in humans is key to developing successful weight loss interventions. Here, we showed that postprandial glucose dips 2–3 h after a meal are a better predictor of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake than peak glucose at 0–2 h and glucose incremental area under the blood glucose curve at 0–2 h. We explore the links among postprandial glucose, appetite and subsequent energy intake in 1,070 participants from a UK exploratory and US validation cohort, who consumed 8,624 standardized meals followed by 71,715 ad libitum meals, using continuous glucose monitors to record postprandial glycaemia. For participants eating each of the standardized meals, the average postprandial glucose dip at 2–3 h relative to baseline level predicted an increase in hunger at 2–3 h (r = 0.16, P < 0.001), shorter time until next meal (r = −0.14, P < 0.001), greater energy intake at 3–4 h (r = 0.19, P < 0.001) and greater energy intake at 24 h (r = 0.27, P
Published:
April 12, 2021
Title:
The Value of Ketone Bodies in the Evaluation of Kidney Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors:
Li, Yimei; Zhang, Yongze; Shen, Ximei; Zhao, Fengying; Yan, Sunjie
Abstract:
Objectives. Recent studies have shown that the slightly elevated circulating levels of ketone bodies (KBs) played a significant role in the treatment of various diseases. This study is aimed at investigating the association between different levels of KBs and kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods. A retrospective study of 955 patients with T2DM (426 women and 529 men) admitted to our hospital from December 2017 to September 2019 was conducted. Patients were divided into different groups in line with the levels of KBs (low-normal group: 0.02-0.04 mmol/L, middle-normal group: 0.05-0.08 mmol/L, high-normal group: 0.09-0.27 mmol/L, and slightly elevated group: >0.27 and
Published:
April 12, 2021
Title:
The effect of ketogenic diet on thyroid functions in children with drug-resistant epilepsy
Authors:
Yılmaz, Ünsal; Nalbantoğlu, Özlem; Güzin, Yiğithan; Edizer, Selvinaz; Akışin, Zeynep; Pekuz, Serdar; Kırkgöz, Hatice Hilal; Yavuz, Merve; Ünalp, Aycan; Özkan, Behzat
Abstract:
Ketogenic diet (KD) remains a valuable treatment option for children with drug-resistant epilepsy. However, it may cause many well-known adverse effects such as dyslipidemia or kidney stones. But, its effects on thyroid functions are largely unknown.
Published:
April 12, 2021
Title:
The effect of ketogenic diet on thyroid functions in children with drug-resistant epilepsy
Authors:
Yılmaz, Ünsal; Nalbantoğlu, Özlem; Güzin, Yiğithan; Edizer, Selvinaz; Akışin, Zeynep; Pekuz, Serdar; Kırkgöz, Hatice Hilal; Yavuz, Merve; Ünalp, Aycan; Özkan, Behzat
Abstract:
Ketogenic diet (KD) remains a valuable treatment option for children with drug-resistant epilepsy. However, it may cause many well-known adverse effects such as dyslipidemia or kidney stones. But, its effects on thyroid functions are largely unknown.
Published:
April 12, 2021
Title:
Association of weight status and carbohydrate intake with gestational weight gain
Authors:
Callahan, Makenzie L.; Schneider-Worthington, Camille R.; Martin, Samantha L.; Gower, Barbara A.; Catalano, Patrick M.; Chandler-Laney, Paula
Abstract:
Test the hypothesis that women with obesity have greater gestation weight gain (GWG) with a moderately higher, vs lower, carbohydrate (CHO) diet, independent of energy intake, whereas GWG for women of normal weight would not differ by CHO group. This was a secondary analysis of data collected from glucose tolerant women with normal weight (NW) or obesity in pregnancy. Women completed a three-day food diary 16 to 20 weeks. A median split for percent kilocalories from CHO (median = 49.6%) categorized women into moderately highCHO vs lowCHO groups (n = 13-15/group). GWG was calculated between consent and the last prenatal care visit. A two-way ANOVA was used to examine whether there was an interaction between weight status and CHO group on GWG, independent of energy intake, time between consent and last prenatal visit, and age. Women in both highCHO groups consumed more sugars and starches compared to women in the lowCHO groups (P < .05). A significant interaction between weight status and CHO content of the diet was found (P
Published:
April 9, 2021
Title:
Feasibility of Continuous Ketone Monitoring in Subcutaneous Tissue using a Ketone Sensor
Authors:
Alva, Shridhara; Castorino, Kristin; Cho, Hyun; Ou, Junli
Abstract:
Background:The feasibility of measuring ?-hydroxybutyrate in ISF using a continuous ketone monitoring (CKM) sensor using a single calibration without further adjustments over 14?days is described.Methods:A CKM sensor was developed using wired enzyme technology with ?-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase chemistry. In vitro characterization of the sensor was performed in phosphate buffered saline at 37°C. In vivo performance was evaluated in 12 healthy participants on low carbohydrate diets, who wore 3 ketone sensors on the back of their upper arms to continuously measure ketone levels over 14?days. Reference capillary ketone measurements were performed using Precision Xtra? test strips at least 8 times a day.Results:The sensor is stable over 14?days and has a linear response over the 0-8?mM range. The operational stability of the sensor is very good with a 2.1% signal change over 14?days. The first human study of the CKM sensor demonstrated that the sensor can continuously track ketones well through the entire 14?days of wear. The performance with a single retrospective calibration of the sensor showed 82.4% of data pairs within 0.225?mM/20% and 91.4% within 0.3?mM/30% of the capillary ketone reference (presented as mM at
Published:
April 9, 2021
Title:
Interactive effects of acute exercise and carbohydrate-energy replacement on insulin sensitivity in healthy adults.
Authors:
Johnson-Bonson, Mr Drusus A.; Narang, Mr Benjamin J.; Davies, Mr Russell G.; Hengist, Mr Aaron; Smith, Mr Harry A.; Watkins, Mr Jonathan D.; Taylor, Mr Harry L.; Walhin, Jean-Philippe; Gonzalez, Dr Javier T.; Betts, Prof James A.
Abstract:
This study investigated whether carbohydrate-energy replacement immediately after prolonged endurance exercise attenuates insulin sensitivity the following morning, and whether exercise improves in...
Published:
April 8, 2021
Title:
Rotational grazing’s effect on carbon storage studied
Authors:
Abstract:
Learning how different grazing systems affect greenhouse gas uptake and carbon storage is important as carbon offsets are developed. A wide ranging
Published:
April 8, 2021
Title:
Researchers come one step closer to ‘insulin in a pill’
Authors:
Abstract:
By using nanomaterial layers to package insulin, researchers have developed a stable and effective method for administering the hormone orally without subjecting it to destruction by stomach acids, solving a long-time problem in pharmaceutical science.
Published:
April 6, 2021
Title:
Selectivity and Sensitivity of Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Sensing of β-Hydroxybutyrate, Glucose, and Urea in Ternary Aqueous Solutions
Authors:
Ye, Maosong; Arnold, Mark A.
Abstract:
The next-generation artificial pancreas is under development with the goal to enhance tight glycemic control for people with type 1 diabetes. Such technology requires the integration of a chemical sensing unit combined with an insulin infusion device controlled by an algorithm capable of autonomous operation. The potential of near-infrared spectroscopic sensing to serve as the chemical sensing unit is explored by demonstrating the ability to quantify multiple metabolic biomarkers from a single near-infrared spectrum. Independent measurements of β-hydroxy-butyrate, glucose, and urea are presented based on analysis of near-infrared spectra collected over the combination spectral range of 5000-4000 cm-1 for a set of 50 ternary aqueous standard solutions. Spectra are characterized by a 1 μAU root-mean-square (RMS) noise for 100% lines with a resolution of 4 cm-1 and an optical path length of 1 mm. Calibration models created by the net analyte signal (NAS) and the partial least squares (PLS) methods provide selective measurements for each analyte with standard errors of prediction in the upper micromolar concentration range. The NAS method is used to determine both the selectivity and sensitivity for each analyte and their values are consistent with these standard errors of prediction. The NAS method is also used to characterize the background spectral variance associated with instrumental and environmental variations associated with buffer spectra collected over a multiday period.
Published:
April 6, 2021
Title:
Adherence to the vegetarian diet may increase the risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors:
Fazelian, Siavash; Sadeghi, Erfan; Firouzi, Somayyeh; Haghighatdoost, Fahimeh
Abstract:
Several epidemiological studies have investigated the association between a vegetarian diet and risk of depression, but because of inconsistency between studies, the exact association remains unclear.In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the relationship between vegetarian diets and risk of depression in observational studies was evaluated.The Medline, Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception through September 1, 2020.Observational studies were included that examined mean levels of depression and risk for depression in vegetarians compared with nonvegetarians.Pooled effect sizes were estimated using the random-effects model and were reported as standardized mean differences or odds ratios (ORs) with their corresponding 95%CIs. Heterogeneity was tested using the I2 statistic.Combining 9 effect sizes in this meta-analysis illustrated that adherence to a vegetarian diet was associated with a 53% greater risk of depression compared with that of omnivores (95%CI, 1.14–2.07; I2 = 69.1%). Subgroup analysis of depression risk suggested that results depended on the type of vegetarian diet and country where the study was conducted. For studies that assessed a semivegetarian diet (OR, 1.86; 95%CI, 1.42–2.44; I2 = 35.7%) and those conducted in Europe and the United States (OR, 1.45; 95%CI, 1.06–1.98; I2 = 73.2%), there was a positive association between a vegetarian diet and depression, but in lacto-ovo vegetarians and Asian countries, a null association was found. Comparing mean depression scores showed no evidence of difference between vegetarians and nonvegetarians (n = 16; standardized mean difference, 0.10; 95%CI, –0.01 to 0.21; I2 = 79.1%).Vegetarian diet significantly increased depression risk; however, the findings were not robust, and more studies are required to investigate the vegetarian diet and depression association.
Published:
April 2, 2021
Title:
Novel insight into GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome: screening for emotional and behavioral problems in youths following ketogenic diet
Authors:
Varesio, Costanza; Zanaboni, Martina P.; Pasca, Ludovica; Provenzi, Livio; Ferraris, Cinzia; Tagliabue, Anna; Pezzotti, Elena; Carpani, Adriana; Veggiotti, Pierangelo; DE Giorgis, Valentina
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Glucose Transporter Type 1 Deficiency Syndrome (GLUT1DS) is a rare disorder with a broad spectrum of neurological manifestations. The ketogenic diet (KD) is, to date, the gold standard treatment. Behavioral problems, well recognized in patients with chronic conditions, have not been, so far, deeply investigated in GLUT1DS patients. We performed an exploratory study to assess the risk of emotional and behavioral problems and investigated the potential role of influencing factors related to the pathology itself or KD treatment. METHODS: This was a mono-center retrospective study involving youths patients with GLUT1Ds treated with KD and a group of migraine patients age- and gender-matched. Patients were included if the main caregiver completed the Child Behavior Check List 6-18 (CBCL). Descriptive statistics for demographic and clinical data and questionnaire scores were computed. Correlational analyses were used to assess the potential associations of clinical variables and age and time from KD introduction with CBCL scores in GLUT1DS patients. RESULTS: We enrolled nine youths with GLUT1DS and 9 with migraine. In the GLUT1DS group, none of the mean scores of the CBCL items fell within the borderline/clinical range, except for social problems located in the borderline range. Investigation for influencing factors revealed the patient's age related to withdrawn/depressive (r=.709, p=.032) and social problems (r=.684, p=.042). Time from the introduction of KD was related to social problems (r=.827, p=.006). From the comparison with the scores obtained from migraine patients, significantly higher scores emerged in the latter group in internalizing problems (Z= -2.48, p = .01), externalizing problems (Z= -3.49, p
Published:
April 2, 2021
Title:
Association of Lipid, Inflammatory, and Metabolic Biomarkers With Age at Onset for Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Authors:
Dugani, Sagar B.; Moorthy, M. Vinayaga; Li, Chunying; Demler, Olga V.; Alsheikh-Ali, Alawi A.; Ridker, Paul M; Glynn, Robert J.; Mora, Samia
Abstract:
Risk profiles for premature coronary heart disease (CHD) are unclear.To examine baseline risk profiles for incident CHD in women by age at onset.A prospective cohort of US female health professionals participating in the Women’s Health Study was conducted; median follow-up was 21.4 years. Participants included 28 024 women aged 45 years or older without known cardiovascular disease. Baseline profiles were obtained from April 30, 1993, to January 24, 1996, and analyses were conducted from October 1, 2017, to October 1, 2020.More than 50 clinical, lipid, inflammatory, and metabolic risk factors and biomarkers.Four age groups were examined (<55, 55 to <65, 65 to <75, and ≥75 years) for CHD onset, and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were calculated using stratified Cox proportional hazard regression models with age as the time scale and adjusting for clinical factors. Women contributed to different age groups over time.Of the clinical factors in the women, diabetes had the highest aHR for CHD onset at any age, ranging from 10.71 (95% CI, 5.57-20.60) at CHD onset in those younger than 55 years to 3.47 (95% CI, 2.47-4.87) at CHD onset in those 75 years or older. Risks that were also noted for CHD onset in participants younger than 55 years included metabolic syndrome (aHR, 6.09; 95% CI, 3.60-10.29), hypertension (aHR, 4.58; 95% CI, 2.76-7.60), obesity (aHR, 4.33; 95% CI, 2.31-8.11), and smoking (aHR, 3.92; 95% CI, 2.32-6.63). Myocardial infarction in a parent before age 60 years was associated with 1.5- to 2-fold risk of CHD in participants up to age 75 years. From approximately 50 biomarkers, lipoprotein insulin resistance had the highest standardized aHR: 6.40 (95% CI, 3.14-13.06) for CHD onset in women younger than 55 years, attenuating with age. In comparison, weaker but significant associations with CHD in women younger than 55 years were noted (per SD increment) for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (aHR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.10-1.74), non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (aHR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.36-2.04), apolipoprotein B (aHR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.52-2.35), triglycerides (aHR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.72-2.67), and inflammatory biomarkers (1.2- to 1.8-fold)—all attenuating with age. Some biomarkers had similar CHD age associations (eg, physical inactivity, lipoprotein[a], total high-density lipoprotein particles), while a few had no association with CHD onset at any age. Most risk factors and biomarkers had associations that attenuated with increasing age at onset.In this cohort study, diabetes and insulin resistance, in addition to hypertension, obesity, and smoking, appeared to be the strongest risk factors for premature onset of CHD. Most risk factors had attenuated relative rates at older ages.
Published:
April 1, 2021
Title:
Clinical Implications for Women of a Low-Carbohydrate or Ketogenic Diet With Intermittent Fasting
Authors:
Arbour, Megan W.; Stec, Melissa; Walker, Kelly C.; Wika, Judith C.
Abstract:
Obesity in the United States is pervasive and associated with morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs. For women, obesity may affect stages of life including early menarche, fertility, pregnancy, and menopause as a result of hormonal imbalances and insulin resistance. The insulin–carbohydrate model of obesity has been proposed as an explanation for growing obesity rates and can be used to target weight loss strategies by increasing insulin sensitivity. Together, low-carbohydrate dietary patterns along with intermittent fasting may help individuals with insulin resistance not only lose weight but also increase their insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this article is to review the epidemiology and physiology of obesity and the indicators for health while outlining strategies for nurses and other clinicians to use when counseling women who are following a low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diet with intermittent fasting for weight management.
Published:
April 1, 2021
Title:
Clinical Implications for Women of a Low-Carbohydrate or Ketogenic Diet With Intermittent Fasting
Authors:
Arbour, Megan W.; Stec, Melissa; Walker, Kelly C.; Wika, Judith C.
Abstract:
Obesity in the United States is pervasive and associated with morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs. For women, obesity may affect stages of life including early menarche, fertility, pregnancy, and menopause as a result of hormonal imbalances and insulin resistance. The insulin–carbohydrate model of obesity has been proposed as an explanation for growing obesity rates and can be used to target weight loss strategies by increasing insulin sensitivity. Together, low-carbohydrate dietary patterns along with intermittent fasting may help individuals with insulin resistance not only lose weight but also increase their insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this article is to review the epidemiology and physiology of obesity and the indicators for health while outlining strategies for nurses and other clinicians to use when counseling women who are following a low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diet with intermittent fasting for weight management.
Published:
April 1, 2021
Title:
Clinical Implications for Women of a Low-Carbohydrate or Ketogenic Diet With Intermittent Fasting
Authors:
Arbour, Megan W.; Stec, Melissa; Walker, Kelly C.; Wika, Judith C.
Abstract:
Obesity in the United States is pervasive and associated with morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs. For women, obesity may affect stages of life including early menarche, fertility, pregnancy, and menopause as a result of hormonal imbalances and insulin resistance. The insulin–carbohydrate model of obesity has been proposed as an explanation for growing obesity rates and can be used to target weight loss strategies by increasing insulin sensitivity. Together, low-carbohydrate dietary patterns along with intermittent fasting may help individuals with insulin resistance not only lose weight but also increase their insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this article is to review the epidemiology and physiology of obesity and the indicators for health while outlining strategies for nurses and other clinicians to use when counseling women who are following a low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diet with intermittent fasting for weight management.
Published:
April 1, 2021
Title:
Determination of ketone bodies in biological samples via rapid UPLC-MS/MS
Authors:
Puchalska, Patrycja; Nelson, Alisa B.; Stagg, David B.; Crawford, Peter A.
Abstract:
Efforts to enhance wellness and ameliorate disease via nutritional, chronobiological, and pharmacological interventions have markedly intensified interest in ketone body metabolism. The two ketone body redox partners, acetoacetate (AcAc) and D-β-hydroxybutyrate (D-βOHB) serve distinct metabolic and signaling roles in biological systems. A highly efficient, specific, and reliable approach to simultaneously quantify AcAc and D-βOHB in biological specimens is lacking, due to challenges of separating the structural isomers and enantiomers of βOHB, and to the chemical instability of AcAc. Here we present a single UPLC-MS/MS method that simultaneously quantifies both AcAc and βOHB using independent stable isotope internal standards for both ketones. This method incorporates one sample preparation step requiring only 7 min of analysis per sample. The output is linear over three orders of magnitude, shows very low limits of detection and quantification, is highly specific, and shows favorable recovery yields from mammalian serum and tissue samples. Tandem MS discriminates D-βOHB from structural isomers 2- or 4-hydroxybutyrate as well as 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3-HIB). Finally, a simple derivatization distinguishes D- and L-enantiomers of βOHB, 3-HIB, and 2-OHB, using the same rapid chromatographic platform. Together, this simple, efficient, reproducible, scalable, and all-encompassing method will support basic and clinical research laboratories interrogating ketone metabolism and redox biochemistry.
Published:
April 1, 2021
Title:
Haemodynamics of atherosclerosis: a matter of higher hydrostatic pressure or lower shear stress?
Authors:
Wang, Xinggang; Ge, Junbo
Abstract:
Atherosclerosis is prone to large and medium arteries which must bear much higher mechanical force, mainly hydrostatic pressure, shear stress, and tensile stretch. In general, with gradual increase of branches and total sectional area, velocity and pressure of blood will gradually decrease from aorta to capillaries. However, local velocity and pressure of blood might also be different even in the same transection of artery for variations of vessel structure and location. Blood belongs to viscous fluid with certain viscosity in the body. In the large and medium arteries, blood velocity is so fast that viscoelasticity could be negligible. Therefore, the Bernoulli’s equation could be applied to these arteries: P + 12ρv2 + ρgh = constant or P = constant − 12ρv2 − ρgh (P: hydrostatic pressure, ρ: fluid density, v: blood velocity, g: gravitational acceleration, h: height). ρ and g are constants in an individual. The essence of Bernoulli’s equation is energy conservation. At any point of per unit mass of fluid micro cluster, the sum of P, 12ρv2 and ρgh is a constant. Even if the viscosity of blood is considered, the energy loss of blood flow should be very small over a very short distance (few centimetres, Figure 1). In addition, the energy loss of blood flow in the same transection is also very small due to the small diameter of blood vessel. At the same timepoint in a cardiac cycle, the constants (sums of P, 12ρv2 and ρgh) of unit mass of fluid micro cluster are basically equal in a very short distance or in the same transection of artery, and Bernoulli’s equation is still applicable here. At any point of per unit mass of fluid micro cluster here, the reduction of 12ρv2 would be converted into P (ΔP = 12ρ (Δv)2). Therefore, P is negatively related to v2 in a very short distance or in the same transection of the artery (Figure 1). Since the direction of 12ρv2 is parallel to the tangent direction of the vessel and the perpendicular force to the wall from 12ρv2 at the tangent point is zero, 12ρv2 has little effect on the vessel wall unless it is converted into P when the blood flow meets a curved or bifurcated vessel.
Published:
April 1, 2021
Title:
Recent advances in the application of a ketogenic diet for obesity management
Authors:
Drabińska, Natalia; Wiczkowski, Wiesław; Piskuła, Mariusz Konrad
Abstract:
Background In recent times, the prevalence of obesity increases, reaching an epidemic scale. Elevated body weight is a risk factor in the development of several diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and cancer. Therefore, obesity management solutions, such as diet therapy, are needed. The key issue is to choose the most appropriate diet to obtain an efficient outcome of losing weight, without experiencing adverse effects and a decrease in general health. A ketogenic diet (KD), an auxiliary therapy for epilepsy, is one of the options recently suggested for losing weight. Scope and approach In this review, the current knowledge about the KD and its application in obesity management are discussed. Moreover, the difficulties encountered in clinical studies with KD intervention are addressed. Finally, the future studies needed to understand the physiological effect of the KD on the human body are underlined. Key findings and conclusions The results of recently published clinical trials indicated that KD can be efficient for losing weight and changing body composition without causing severe adverse effects. However, many studies were conducted with a very-low-calorie regime, which itself may affect the loss of body weight, and in many studies to date, the control diets were missing. To summarize, to be able to recommend a KD for weight management, a more in-depth elucidation of the safety and physiological effects of KD in obese individuals is needed.
Published:
April 1, 2021
Title:
Special diets might boost the power of drugs to vanquish cancers
Authors:
KaiserApr. 1, Jocelyn; 2021; Am, 10:10
Abstract:
Removing calories or certain nutrients could make tumor cells more vulnerable to treatments
Published:
April 1, 2021
Title:
Sustainable and personalized nutrition: From earth health to public health
Authors:
Agostoni, C.; Boccia, S.; Banni, S.; Mannucci, P. M.; Astrup, A.
Abstract:
Abstract
Sustainable nutrition, equaling earth health, involves a personalized approach designed in terms of precision and avoidance of still cogent but unjustified dogmas, equaling public health. For instance, current dietary recommendations continue to dwell on the need to limit as much as possible the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA), notwithstanding the mounting evidence that the effects of food on health cannot be predicted from the content of single nutrients without considering the overall macronutrient composition and the role of the food matrix. The traditional recommendation to restrict SFA ignores that their effects on health depend on the interaction between naturally occurring food components and those introduced by food processing. It is warranted to modify the still widely promoted dietary guidelines based upon such single nutrients as SFA and instead personalize dietary habits on the basis of the whole pattern of the food matrix. Accordingly, the double edge of malnutrition, that involves deficiency as well as excess and materializes in many individuals throughout their life course, might be tackled by implementing sustainability, with the additional effect of overcoming global inequalities. Within this context SFA may regain their position of tasty and cheap sources of energy to be adapted to each individual lifestyle.
Published:
April 1, 2021
Title:
The psychiatric effects of ketogenic diet therapy on adults with chronic epilepsy
Authors:
Shegelman, Abigail; Carson, Kathryn A.; McDonald, Tanya J. W.; Henry-Barron, Bobbie J.; Diaz-Arias, Luisa A.; Cervenka, Mackenzie C.
Abstract:
Abstract
Objectives
Patients with epilepsy are known to exhibit high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders. Little is known about the psychiatric effects of a ketogenic diet therapy (KDT) on adults with epilepsy. The objective of this study was to better understand the relationship between KDT and psychological state based on depressive and anxiety symptoms in adults with chronic epilepsy.
Methods
Adults at the Johns Hopkins Adult Epilepsy Diet Center on a modified Atkins diet (MAD) for at least one month were surveyed retrospectively. Adults who were diet naïve were given a baseline survey and an additional survey after 3 months or more on MAD. Surveys included validated measures of depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as their severity. Participant demographics, seizure frequency, and use of concomitant antiseizure drugs (ASDs), chronic anxiolytics (excluding as-needed benzodiazepines for seizure rescue only), and/or antidepressant drugs were extracted from electronic medical records.
Results
One-hundred participants aged 19–75 enrolled in the study. Sixty participants filled out a single retrospective survey. Of 40 diet naïve participants who filled out a baseline prospective survey, 19 completed a follow-up survey while on MAD and 21 participants were lost to follow-up. Longer diet duration was significantly associated with fewer anxiety and depressive symptoms, based on psychiatric measure scores, in retrospective study participants. Lower seizure frequency was also significantly associated with less anxiety symptoms in the retrospective cohort. Prospective study participants did not experience significant change in anxiety or depressive symptoms on the diet. There was a significant correlation between higher ketone level and responder rate (≥50% seizure reduction) in the prospective cohort, although no correlation between ketone level and change in psychiatric symptoms was seen.
Significance
Psychiatric comorbidity among patients with epilepsy is quite common and can be influenced by multiple factors such as seizure frequency, the use of various ASDs, social factors, and underlying etiology. Although ketogenic diet therapies have been in clinical use for one century, the psychiatric impacts have been insufficiently explored. This study provides preliminary evidence that KDT may have a positive impact on psychological state independent of seizure reduction or ketone body production and may be influenced by longer duration of diet therapy. These results support further investigation into specific effects and potential therapeutic benefits on various psychiatric disorders.
Published:
April 1, 2021
Title:
Associations of unprocessed and processed meat intake with mortality and cardiovascular disease in 21 countries [Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study]: a prospective cohort study
Authors:
Iqbal, Romaina; Dehghan, Mahshid; Mente, Andrew; Rangarajan, Sumathy; Wielgosz, Andreas; Avezum, Alvaro; Seron, Pamela; AlHabib, Khalid F; Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio; Swaminathan, Sumathi; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Zatońska, Katarzyna; Bo, Hu; Varma, Ravi Prasad; Rahman, Omar; Yusufali, AfzalHussein; Lu, Yin; Ismail, Noorhassim; Rosengren, Annika; Imeryuz, Neşe; Yeates, Karen; Chifamba, Jephat; Dans, Antonio; Kumar, Rajesh; Xiaoyun, Liu; Tsolekile, Lungi; Khatib, Rasha; Diaz, Rafael; Teo, Koon; Yusuf, Salim; on behalf of the PURE study
Abstract:
Dietary guidelines recommend limiting red meat intake because it is a major source of medium- and long-chain SFAs and is presumed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Evidence of an association between unprocessed red meat intake and CVD is inconsistent.The study aimed to assess the association of unprocessed red meat, poultry, and processed meat intake with mortality and major CVD.The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study is a cohort of 134,297 individuals enrolled from 21 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Food intake was recorded using country-specific validated FFQs. The primary outcomes were total mortality and major CVD. HRs were estimated using multivariable Cox frailty models with random intercepts.In the PURE study, during 9.5 y of follow-up, we recorded 7789 deaths and 6976 CVD events. Higher unprocessed red meat intake (≥250 g/wk vs. <50 g/wk) was not significantly associated with total mortality (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.02; P-trend = 0.14) or major CVD (HR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.11; P-trend = 0.72). Similarly, no association was observed between poultry intake and health outcomes. Higher intake of processed meat (≥150 g/wk vs. 0 g/wk) was associated with higher risk of total mortality (HR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.10; P-trend = 0.009) and major CVD (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.98; P-trend = 0.004).In a large multinational prospective study, we did not find significant associations between unprocessed red meat and poultry intake and mortality or major CVD. Conversely, a higher intake of processed meat was associated with a higher risk of mortality and major CVD.
Published:
March 31, 2021
Title:
Associations of unprocessed and processed meat intake with mortality and cardiovascular disease in 21 countries [Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study]: a prospective cohort study
Authors:
Iqbal, Romaina; Dehghan, Mahshid; Mente, Andrew; Rangarajan, Sumathy; Wielgosz, Andreas; Avezum, Alvaro; Seron, Pamela; AlHabib, Khalid F; Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio; Swaminathan, Sumathi; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Zatońska, Katarzyna; Bo, Hu; Varma, Ravi Prasad; Rahman, Omar; Yusufali, AfzalHussein; Lu, Yin; Ismail, Noorhassim; Rosengren, Annika; Imeryuz, Neşe; Yeates, Karen; Chifamba, Jephat; Dans, Antonio; Kumar, Rajesh; Xiaoyun, Liu; Tsolekile, Lungi; Khatib, Rasha; Diaz, Rafael; Teo, Koon; Yusuf, Salim
Abstract:
A synopsis of five significant, recent and broad-scale scientific investigations on the health risks and health benefits of red meat consumption indicates that there is no convincing scientific evidence for assertions about harmful health effects of unprocessed red meat intake. If at all, the data very slightly lean toward an association of red meat consumption and protective health benefits. Overall, any of the statistical associations of up to 100 grams of red meat consumption per capita per day are so weak that they should be considered neutral. It is notable that less than 1% of the global population consumes more than 85 grams of red meat per day. From a global public health perspective, then, red meat consumption above the threshold of 85 grams is so negligible as to be irrelevant. National governments and supranational organizations such as the EU and UN, and their initiatives such as this year’s UN Food Systems Summit, as well as international business and consumer associations, would be wrong to assume that a scientific consensus exists to justify policies to reduce red meat consumption in the general population for health reasons.
Published:
March 31, 2021
Title:
Gut microbial taxa elevated by dietary sugar disrupt memory function
Authors:
Noble, Emily E.; Olson, Christine A.; Davis, Elizabeth; Tsan, Linda; Chen, Yen-Wei; Schade, Ruth; Liu, Clarissa; Suarez, Andrea; Jones, Roshonda B.; de La Serre, Claire; Yang, Xia; Hsiao, Elaine Y.; Kanoski, Scott E.
Abstract:
Emerging evidence highlights a critical relationship between gut microbiota and neurocognitive development. Excessive consumption of sugar and other unhealthy dietary factors during early life developmental periods yields changes in the gut microbiome as well as neurocognitive impairments. However, it is unclear whether these two outcomes are functionally connected. Here we explore whether excessive early life consumption of added sugars negatively impacts memory function via the gut microbiome. Rats were given free access to a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) during the adolescent stage of development. Memory function and anxiety-like behavior were assessed during adulthood and gut bacterial and brain transcriptome analyses were conducted. Taxa-specific microbial enrichment experiments examined the functional relationship between sugar-induced microbiome changes and neurocognitive and brain transcriptome outcomes. Chronic early life sugar consumption impaired adult hippocampal-dependent memory function without affecting body weight or anxiety-like behavior. Adolescent SSB consumption during adolescence also altered the gut microbiome, including elevated abundance of two species in the genus Parabacteroides (P. distasonis and P. johnsonii) that were negatively correlated with hippocampal function. Transferred enrichment of these specific bacterial taxa in adolescent rats impaired hippocampal-dependent memory during adulthood. Hippocampus transcriptome analyses revealed that early life sugar consumption altered gene expression in intracellular kinase and synaptic neurotransmitter signaling pathways, whereas Parabacteroides microbial enrichment altered gene expression in pathways associated with metabolic function, neurodegenerative disease, and dopaminergic signaling. Collectively these results identify a role for microbiota “dysbiosis” in mediating the detrimental effects of early life unhealthy dietary factors on hippocampal-dependent memory function.
Published:
March 31, 2021
Title:
New research on Alzheimer’s Disease shows ‘lifestyle origin at least in some degree’
Authors:
Hollingshead, Media Contact: Todd
Abstract:
AD-stricken brains show a genetic deficit in ability to use glucose
Published:
March 31, 2021
Title:
Total Dietary Fat Intake, Fat Quality, and Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews of Prospective Studies
Authors:
Schwingshackl, Lukas; Zähringer, Jasmin; Beyerbach, Jessica; Werner, Sarah W.; Heseker, Helmut; Koletzko, Berthold; Meerpohl, Joerg J.
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: We conducted a scoping review of systematic reviews (SRs) on dietary fat intake and health outcomes in human adults within the context of a position paper by the "International Union of Nutritional Sciences Task force on Dietary Fat Quality" tasked to summarize the available evidence and provide dietary recommendations. METHODS: We systematically searched several databases for relevant SRs of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and/or prospective cohort studies published between 2015 and 2019 assessing the association between dietary fat and health outcomes. RESULTS: Fifty-nine SRs were included. The findings from SRs of prospective cohort studies, which frequently compare the highest versus lowest intake categories, found mainly no association of total fat, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and saturated fatty acid (SFA) with risk of chronic diseases. SRs of RCTs applying substitution analyses indicate that SFA replacement with PUFA and/or MUFA improves blood lipids and glycemic control, with the effect of PUFA being more pronounced. A higher intake of total trans-fatty acid (TFA), but not ruminant TFA, was probably associated with an increased risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease based on existing SRs. CONCLUSION: Overall, the available published evidence deems it reasonable to recommend replacement of SFA with MUFA and PUFA and avoidance of consumption of industrial TFA.
Published:
March 31, 2021
Title:
Just Read: Saturated Fat in Meat is not associated with Cardiovascular Disease - How to make it look like it is
Authors:
Eytan, Ted
Abstract:
I've recently put out a solicitation for physicians to send me evidence that low carbohydrate or animal source foods are harmful for our health. This is a breakdown of one paper sent to me by a physician colleague purporting to show that there's an association between saturated fat consumed in meat
Published:
March 30, 2021
Title:
Ketogenic Diets Induced Glucose Intolerance and Lipid Accumulation in Mice with Alterations in Gut Microbiota and Metabolites
Authors:
Li, Yue; Yang, Xin; Zhang, Jing; Jiang, Tianyi; Zhang, Ziyi; Wang, Zhiyi; Gong, Mengxue; Zhao, Liping; Zhang, Chenhong
Abstract:
The ketogenic diet (KD), which can induce changes in gut microbiota, has shown benefits for epilepsy and several neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effects of a KD on glucose and lipid metabolism remain inconclusive. Using two formulas of ketogenic diets (KDR with 89.5% fat and KDH with 91.3% fat), which are commonly used in mouse trials, we found that KDR but not KDH induced insulin resistance and damaged glucose homeostasis, while KDH induced more fat accumulation in mice. Further study showed that KD impacted glucose metabolism, which was related to the sources of fat, while both the sources and proportions of fat affected lipid metabolism. And the KD widely used in human studies still induced insulin resistance and fat accumulation in mice. Moreover, KDs changed the gut microbiota and metabolites in mice, and the sources and proportions of fat in the diets respectively changed the abundance of specific bacteria and metabolites which were correlated with parameters related to glucose intolerance and lipid accumulation. Overall, our study demonstrated that the metabolic disorders induced by KDs are closely related to the source and proportion of fat in the diet, which may be associated with the changes of the gut microbiota and metabolites.IMPORTANCE The ketogenic diet with extremely high fat and very low carbohydrate levels is very popular in society today. Although it has beneficial effects on epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases, how ketogenic diets impact host glucose and lipid metabolism and gut microbiota still needs further investigation. Here, we surveyed the effects of two ketogenic diets which are commonly used in mouse trials on metabolic phenotypes, gut microbiota, and metabolites in mice. We found that both ketogenic diets impaired glucose and lipid metabolism in mice, and this may be due to the sources and proportions of fat in the diets. This work highlights the potential risk of glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and the importance of evaluating the sources and proportions of fat in the diets, when using ketogenic diets for weight loss and the treatment of diseases.
Published:
March 30, 2021
Title:
New Tax Introduced on Sodas and Sugary Drinks in District
Authors:
Abstract:
The DC Council saw a controversial new bill that would place a higher tax on sodas and other sugary drinks
Published:
March 30, 2021
Title:
Sugar-sweetened beverage intake in adulthood and adolescence and risk of early-onset colorectal cancer among women
Authors:
Hur, Jinhee; Otegbeye, Ebunoluwa; Joh, Hee-Kyung; Nimptsch, Katharina; Ng, Kimmie; Ogino, Shuji; Meyerhardt, Jeffrey A.; Chan, Andrew T.; Willett, Walter C.; Wu, Kana; Giovannucci, Edward; Cao, Yin
Abstract:
Objective Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption had substantially increased across successive US birth cohorts until 2000, and adolescents and young adults under age 50 years have the highest consumption. However, the link between SSBs and early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) remains unexamined. Design In the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991–2015), we prospectively investigated the association of SSB intake in adulthood and adolescence with EO-CRC risk among 95 464 women who had reported adulthood beverage intake using validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) every 4 years. A subset of 41 272 participants reported beverage intake at age 13–18 years using a validated high school-FFQ in 1998. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs. Results We documented 109 EO-CRC cases. Compared with individuals who consumed
Published:
March 30, 2021
Title:
Neither soyfoods nor isoflavones warrant classification as endocrine disruptors: a technical review of the observational and clinical data
Authors:
Messina, Mark; Mejia, Sonia Blanco; Cassidy, Aedin; Duncan, Alison; Kurzer, Mindy; Nagato, Chisato; Ronis, Martin; Rowland, Ian; Sievenpiper, John; Barnes, Stephen
Abstract:
Soybeans are a rich source of isoflavones, which are classified as phytoestrogens. Despite numerous proposed benefits, isoflavones are often classified as endocrine disruptors, based primarily on animal studies. However, there are ample human data regarding the health effects of isoflavones. We conducted a technical review, systematically searching Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (from inception through January 2021). We included clinical studies, observational studies, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMA) that examined the relationship between soy and/or isoflavone intake and endocrine-related endpoints. 417 reports (229 observational studies, 157 clinical studies and 32 SRMAs) met our eligibility criteria. The available evidence indicates that isoflavone intake does not adversely affect thyroid function. Adverse effects are also not seen on breast or endometrial tissue or estrogen levels in women, or testosterone or estrogen levels, or sperm or semen parameters in men. Although menstrual cycle length may be slightly increased, ovulation is not prevented. Limited insight could be gained about possible impacts of in utero isoflavone exposure, but the existing data are reassuring. Adverse effects of isoflavone intake were not identified in children, but limited research has been conducted. After extensive review, the evidence does not support classifying isoflavones as endocrine disruptors.
Published:
March 27, 2021
Title:
Neither soyfoods nor isoflavones warrant classification as endocrine disruptors: a technical review of the observational and clinical data
Authors:
Messina, Mark; Mejia, Sonia Blanco; Cassidy, Aedin; Duncan, Alison; Kurzer, Mindy; Nagato, Chisato; Ronis, Martin; Rowland, Ian; Sievenpiper, John; Barnes, Stephen
Abstract:
Soybeans are a rich source of isoflavones, which are classified as phytoestrogens. Despite numerous proposed benefits, isoflavones are often classified as endocrine disruptors, based primarily on animal studies. However, there are ample human data regarding the health effects of isoflavones. We conducted a technical review, systematically searching Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (from inception through January 2021). We included clinical studies, observational studies, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMA) that examined the relationship between soy and/or isoflavone intake and endocrine-related endpoints. 417 reports (229 observational studies, 157 clinical studies and 32 SRMAs) met our eligibility criteria. The available evidence indicates that isoflavone intake does not adversely affect thyroid function. Adverse effects are also not seen on breast or endometrial tissue or estrogen levels in women, or testosterone or estrogen levels, or sperm or semen parameters in men. Although menstrual cycle length may be slightly increased, ovulation is not prevented. Limited insight could be gained about possible impacts of in utero isoflavone exposure, but the existing data are reassuring. Adverse effects of isoflavone intake were not identified in children, but limited research has been conducted. After extensive review, the evidence does not support classifying isoflavones as endocrine disruptors.
Published:
March 27, 2021
Title:
Carbohydrate improves exercise capacity but does not affect subcellular lipid droplet morphology, AMPK and p53 signalling in human skeletal muscle
Authors:
Fell, J. Marc; Hearris, Mark A.; Ellis, Daniel G.; Moran, James; Jevons, Emily F. P.; Owens, Daniel J.; Strauss, Juliette A.; Cocks, Matthew; Louis, Julien B.; Shepherd, Sam O.; Morton, James P.
Abstract:
KEY POINTS: Muscle glycogen and intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG, stored in lipid droplets) are important energy substrates during prolonged exercise. Exercise-induced changes in lipid droplet (LD) morphology (i.e., LD size and number) has not yet been studied under nutritional conditions typically adopted by elite endurance athletes, that is, after carbohydrate (CHO) loading and CHO feeding during exercise. We report for the first time that exercise reduces IMTG content in both central and peripheral regions of type I and IIa fibres, reflective of decreased LD number in both fibre types whereas reductions in LD size was exclusive to type I fibres. Additionally, CHO feeding does not alter subcellular IMTG utilisation, LD morphology or muscle glycogen utilisation in type I or IIa/II fibres. In the absence of alterations to muscle fuel selection, CHO feeding does not attenuate cell signalling with regulatory roles in mitochondrial biogenesis. ABSTRACT: We examined the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) feeding on lipid droplet (LD) morphology, muscle glycogen utilisation and exercise-induced skeletal muscle cell signalling. After a 36 h CHO loading protocol and pre-exercise meal (12 and 2 g·kg-1 , respectively), eight trained males ingested 0, 45 or 90 g CHO·h-1 during 180 min cycling at lactate threshold followed by an exercise capacity test (150% lactate threshold). Muscle biopsies were obtained pre- and post-completion of submaximal exercise. Exercise decreased (P<0.01) glycogen concentration to comparable levels (∼700 to 250 mmol·kg-1 dw), though utilisation was greater in type I (∼40%) versus type II fibres (∼10%) (P<0.01). LD content decreased in type I (∼50%) and type IIa fibres (∼30%) (P<0.01) with greater utilisation in type I fibres (P0.05). Exercise decreased LD number within central and peripheral regions of both type I and IIa fibres, though reduced LD size was exclusive to type I fibres. Exercise induced (all P0.05). CHO increased exercise capacity where 90 g·h-1 (233 ± 133 s) > 45 g·h-1 (156 ± 66 s; P = 0.06) > 0 g·h-1 (108 ± 54 s; P = 0.03). In conditions of high pre-exercise CHO availability, we conclude CHO feeding does not influence exercise-induced changes in LD morphology, glycogen utilisation or cell signalling pathways with regulatory roles in mitochondrial biogenesis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Published:
March 26, 2021
Title:
Efficacy of the ketogenic diet on ACTH- or corticosteroid-resistant infantile spasm: a multicentre prospective control study
Authors:
Zhang, Jie; Chen, Guohong; Wang, Juan; Jiang, Yuwu; Yang, Zhixian; Xu, Kaili; Peng, Jing; Zhou, Shuizhen; Jiang, Li; Li, Baomin; Zhang, Dongqing; Liu, Zhisheng; Huang, Lijuan; Chen, Chunhong; Fang, Fang; Chen, Yanhui; Wu, Yi; Zhong, Jianmin; Zha, Jian; Yin, Fei; Yu, Lifei; Wu, Ye
Abstract:
To determine the efficacy of ketogenic diet (KD) therapy on adrenocorticotropic hormone- (ACTH) or corticosteroid-resistant infantile spasm (IS), and identify relevant associated factors. A prospective controlled study was undertaken at 10 tertiary children's medical centres in mainland China. Participants were non-randomly assigned to KD therapy or control (adjustment of antiepileptic drugs). The primary outcome was the reduction in spasms and remission of hypsarrhythmia at the 16th week, divided into Grade I (spasm-free for at least one week with hypsarrhythmia remission), Grade II (≥50% spasm reduction and/or hypsarrhythmia remission) and Grade III (<50% spasm reduction with hypsarrhythmia). In total, 227 patients were recruited and assigned to the KD (135 patients) and control (92 patients) groups. The efficacy in the KD group was superior to that in the control group (Grade I: 13.4% vs. 10.9%; Grade II: 40.7% vs. 20.7%, p=0.025). Patients with a ketogenic ratio
Published:
March 26, 2021
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