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Title:
Cardiovascular and Other Health Benefits of Sauna Bathing: A Review of the Evidence
Authors:
Laukkanen, Jari A.; Laukkanen, Tanjaniina; Kunutsor, Setor K.
Abstract:
Sauna bathing, an activity that has been a tradition in Finland for thousands of years and mainly used for the purposes of pleasure and relaxation, is becoming increasingly popular in many other populations. Emerging evidence suggests that beyond its use for pleasure, sauna bathing may be linked to several health benefits, which include reduction in the risk of vascular diseases such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and neurocognitive diseases; nonvascular conditions such as pulmonary diseases; mortality; as well as amelioration of conditions such as arthritis, headache, and flu. The beneficial effects of sauna bathing on these outcomes have been linked to its effect on circulatory, cardiovascular, and immune functions. It has been postulated that regular sauna bathing may improve cardiovascular function via improved endothelium-dependent dilatation, reduced arterial stiffness, modulation of the autonomic nervous system, beneficial changes in circulating lipid profiles, and lowering of systemic blood pressure. This review summarizes the available epidemiological, experimental, and interventional evidence linking Finnish sauna bathing and its effects on cardiovascular outcomes and other disease conditions on the basis of a comprehensive search for observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and non–randomized controlled trials from MEDLINE and EMBASE from their inception until February 24, 2018. An overview of the postulated biological mechanisms underlying the associations between sauna bathing and its health benefits, areas of outstanding uncertainty, and implications for clinical practice is also provided.
Published:
2018
Title:
Cardiovascular disease risk factor responses to a type 2 diabetes care model including nutritional ketosis induced by sustained carbohydrate restriction at 1 year: an open label, non-randomized, controlled study
Authors:
Bhanpuri, Nasir H.; Hallberg, Sarah J.; Williams, Paul T.; McKenzie, Amy L.; Ballard, Kevin D.; Campbell, Wayne W.; McCarter, James P.; Phinney, Stephen D.; Volek, Jeff S.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). We recently reported that glycemic control in patients with T2D can be significantly improved through a continuous care intervention (CCI) including nutritional ketosis. The purpose of this study was to examine CVD risk factors in this cohort. METHODS: We investigated CVD risk factors in patients with T2D who participated in a 1 year open label, non-randomized, controlled study. The CCI group (n = 262) received treatment from a health coach and medical provider. A usual care (UC) group (n = 87) was independently recruited to track customary T2D progression. Circulating biomarkers of cholesterol metabolism and inflammation, blood pressure (BP), carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), multi-factorial risk scores and medication use were examined. A significance level of P < 0.0019 ensured two-tailed significance at the 5% level when Bonferroni adjusted for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: The CCI group consisted of 262 participants (baseline mean (SD): age 54 (8) year, BMI 40.4 (8.8) kg m-2). Intention-to-treat analysis (% change) revealed the following at 1-year: total LDL-particles (LDL-P) (- 4.9%, P = 0.02), small LDL-P (- 20.8%, P = 1.2 × 10-12), LDL-P size (+ 1.1%, P = 6.0 × 10-10), ApoB (- 1.6%, P = 0.37), ApoA1 (+ 9.8%, P < 10-16), ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (- 9.5%, P = 1.9 × 10-7), triglyceride/HDL-C ratio (- 29.1%, P < 10-16), large VLDL-P (- 38.9%, P = 4.2 × 10-15), and LDL-C (+ 9.9%, P = 4.9 × 10-5). Additional effects were reductions in blood pressure, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and white blood cell count (all P
Published:
2018
Title:
Changes in the metabolite profile of breast milk over lactation stages and their relationship with dietary intake in Chinese women: HPLC-QTOFMS based metabolomic analysis
Authors:
Li, K.; Jiang, J.; Xiao, H.; Wu, K.; Qi, C.; Sun, J.; Li, D.
Abstract:
The aim of the present study was to comprehensively evaluate the changes in the metabolite profile of breast milk over lactation stages and their relationship with dietary intake in Chinese women by HPLC-QTOFMS based metabolomic analysis. The colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk of thirty healthy lactating women were collected for analysis. Eighty-four differential metabolites over lactation stages were identified, including 12 fatty acyls, 15 glycerolipids, 23 glycerophospholipids, 7 sphingolipids, 7 vitamins, 5 nucleotides-related metabolites, 2 amino acids, 1 amino acid derivate, 9 dipeptides, 1 steroid hormone, 1 energy-related metabolite and 1 amine. Partial least-squares regression analysis indicated that the metabolite profiles of the colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk have a strong relationship with dietary intake (R2 values were 0.92, 0.87 and 0.74, respectively). However, among the 84 differential metabolites over lactation stages, only two showed a strong relationship with dietary intake: 1,24,25-(OH)3 vitamin D3 was positively correlated with the dietary intake of meat and eggs, protein and fat; 11β-hydroxyprogesterone was negatively correlated with the dietary intake of fruit and carbohydrate. After adjusting for dietary intake, the variation trend of all the 84 differential metabolites over lactation stages remained unchanged. In conclusion, 84 differential metabolites in the breast milk of Chinese women over lactation stages were identified, and their variation trend was independent of dietary intake. These metabolites were partially different from those identified in previous metabolomic studies in the Western population. The present study is quite meaningful for understanding the variation of nutritional requirements in Chinese infants at different developmental stages and manufacturing optimal infant formulas for them. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Published:
2018
Title:
Changing to a vegetarian diet reduces the body creatine pool in omnivorous women, but appears not to affect carnitine and carnosine homeostasis: a randomised trial
Authors:
Blancquaert, Laura; Baguet, Audrey; Bex, Tine; Volkaert, Anneke; Everaert, Inge; Delanghe, Joris; Petrovic, Mirko; Vervaet, Chris; De Henauw, Stefaan; Constantin-Teodosiu, Dumitru; Greenhaff, Paul; Derave, Wim
Abstract:
Balanced vegetarian diets are popular, although they are nearly absent in creatine and carnosine and contain considerably less carnitine than non-vegetarian diets. Few longitudinal intervention studies investigating the effect of a vegetarian diet on the availability of these compounds currently exist. We aimed to investigate the effect of transiently switching omnivores onto a vegetarian diet for 6 months on muscle and plasma creatine, carnitine and carnosine homeostasis. In a 6-month intervention, forty omnivorous women were ascribed to three groups: continued omnivorous diet (control, n 10), vegetarian diet without supplementation (Veg+Pla, n 15) and vegetarian diet combined with daily β-alanine (0·8-0·4 g/d) and creatine supplementation (1 g creatine monohydrate/d) (Veg+Suppl, n 15). Before (0 months; 0M), after 3 months (3M) and 6 months (6M), a fasted venous blood sample and 24-h urine was collected, and muscle carnosine content was determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Muscle biopsies were obtained at 0M and 3M. Plasma creatine and muscle total creatine content declined from 0M to 3M in Veg+Pla (P=0·013 and P=0·009, respectively), whereas plasma creatine increased from 0M in Veg+Suppl (P=0·004). None of the carnitine-related compounds in plasma or muscle showed a significant time×group interaction effect. 1H-MRS-determined muscle carnosine content was unchanged over 6M in control and Veg+Pla, but increased in Veg+Suppl in soleus (P
Published:
2018
Title:
Characterization of Portuguese centenarian eating habits, nutritional biomarkers, and cardiovascular risk: A case control study
Authors:
Da Silva, A.P.; Valente, A.; Chaves, C.; Matos, A.; Gil, A.; Santos, A.C.; Gorjão-Clara, J.P.; Bicho, M.
Abstract:
Background and Aims. Eating habits may contribute to longevity. We characterized the eating habits and cardiovascular risk (CVR) biomarkers in Portuguese centenarians (CENT) compared to controls. Methods and Results. Centenarians (n = 253), 100.26 ± 1.98 years, were compared with 268 controls (67.51 ± 3.25), low (LCR) and high (HCR) CVR (QRISK®2-2016). Anthropometric and body composition were evaluated by bioimpedance. Abdominal obesity, BMI, and fat mass (FM) cut-offs were according to the WHO. Sarcopenia was defined by muscle mass index cut-off ≤ 16.7 kg/m2. Daily red meat intake, adjusted for age and gender, was sarcopenia protective (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.096.0.670, P = 0 006); however, it contributes for FM excess (OR = 4.946, 95% CI = 1.471.16.626, P = 0 01), overweight, and obesity (OR = 4.804, 95% CI = 1.666.13.851, P = 0 004). This centenarian eating habit (2%) contrasts to HCR (64.3%). The history of red meat (P < 0 0001) and canned/industrialized food intakes (P < 0 0001) was associated with HCR. Basal metabolism was lower in centenarians versus LCR/HCR (CENT = 1176.78 ± 201.98; LCR = 1356.54 ± 170.65; HCR= 1561.33 ± 267.85; P < 0 0001), BMI (CENT = 21.06 ± 3.68; LCR = 28.49 ± 4.69; HCR= 29.56 ± 5.26; P < 0 0001), waist circumference (CENT = 85.29 ± 10.83; LCR = 96.02 ± 11.71; HCR= 104.50 ± 11.84; P < 0 0001), and waist-hip ratio (CENT = 0.88 ± 0.07; LCR = 0.92 ± 0.08; HCR= 1.01 ± 0.08; P < 0 0001). CENT had lower total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and cholesterol/HDL ratio than controls. Conclusions. Frequent consumption of red meat, cholesterol, and heme iron rich may contribute to obesity and increased CVR. The low frequency of this consumption, observed in centenarians, although associated with sarcopenia, may be one of the keys to longevity. Copyright © 2018 A. Pereira da Silva et al.
Published:
2018
Title:
Chemoprevention and nutrition in colorectal cancer
Authors:
Frick, A.; Lang, M.
Abstract:
Despite a reduction in colorectal cancer rates in recent years, colorectal cancer is still one of the leading cancers in the Western world. Increasing evidence suggests that a Western diet, high in calories and mostly relying on meat and a reduction in fiber intake, increases the risk for colorectal cancer. More than 800 epidemiologic studies led to the decision by the World Health Organization (WHO) to categorize processed meat as cancerogenic. However, studies like the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) point out strategies to reduce colorectal cancer risk. Especially a well-balanced diet, fiber-rich and reduced in meat, together with a normal body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference is negatively associated with colorectal cancer risk. A fiber-rich diet also affects the intestinal microbiota and is associated with an increase in the metabolite butyrate. Most recent studies showed that other aspects of the Western diet may also influence intestinal homeostasis. Certain dietary supplements and food additives seem to have negative effects in susceptible mice, resulting in severe colitis on the short-term and an increased colorectal cancer risk on the long-term. Besides nutrition, colorectal cancer chemoprevention is an important factor for patients at high risk such as Lynch syndrome patients. Most data is available on long-term, low-dose acetylsalicylic acid reducing colorectal cancer risk. Within this review we would like to elucidate the influence of drugs, diet and nutritional factors on colorectal cancer risk. © 2018, The Author(s).
Published:
2018
Title:
Chloroquine modulates antitumor immune response by resetting tumor-associated macrophages toward M1 phenotype
Authors:
Chen, Degao; Xie, Jing; Fiskesund, Roland; Dong, Wenqian; Liang, Xiaoyu; Lv, Jiadi; Jin, Xun; Liu, Jinyan; Mo, Siqi; Zhang, Tianzhen; Cheng, Feiran; Zhou, Yabo; Zhang, Huafeng; Tang, Ke; Ma, Jingwei; Liu, Yuying; Huang, Bo
Abstract:
Resetting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is a promising strategy to ameliorate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and improve innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. Here we show that chloroquine (CQ), a proven anti-malarial drug, can function as an antitumor immune modulator that switches TAMs from M2 to tumor-killing M1 phenotype. Mechanistically, CQ increases macrophage lysosomal pH, causing Ca2+ release via the lysosomal Ca2+ channel mucolipin-1 (Mcoln1), which induces the activation of p38 and NF-κB, thus polarizing TAMs to M1 phenotype. In parallel, the released Ca2+ activates transcription factor EB (TFEB), which reprograms the metabolism of TAMs from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. As a result, CQ-reset macrophages ameliorate tumor immune microenvironment by decreasing immunosuppressive infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Treg cells, thus enhancing antitumor T-cell immunity. These data illuminate a previously unrecognized antitumor mechanism of CQ, suggesting a potential new macrophage-based tumor immunotherapeutic modality.
Published:
2018
Title:
Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis in Vegetarians and Omnivores
Authors:
Lütjohann, Dieter; Meyer, Sven; von Bergmann, Klaus; Stellaard, Frans
Abstract:
SCOPE: Vegetarian diets are considered health-promoting; however, a plasma cholesterol lowering effect is not always observed. We investigate the link between vegetarian-diet-induced alterations in cholesterol metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS: We study male and female omnivores, lacto-ovo vegetarians, lacto vegetarians, and vegans. Cholesterol intake, absorption, and fecal sterol excretion are measured as well as plasma concentrations of cholesterol and noncholesterol sterols. These serve as markers for cholesterol absorption, synthesis, and catabolism. The biliary cholesterol secretion rate is estimated. Flux data are related to body weight. Individual vegetarian diet groups are statistically compared to the omnivore group. Lacto vegetarians absorb 44% less dietary cholesterol, synthesized 22% more cholesterol, and show no differences in plasma total and LDL cholesterol. Vegan subjects absorb 90% less dietary cholesterol, synthesized 35% more cholesterol, and have a similar plasma total cholesterol, but a 13% lower plasma LDL cholesterol. No diet-related differences in biliary cholesterol secretion and absorption are observed. Total cholesterol absorption is lower only in vegans. Total cholesterol input is similar under all vegetarian diets. CONCLUSIONS: Unaltered biliary cholesterol secretion and higher cholesterol synthesis blunt the lowered dietary cholesterol intake in vegetarians. LDL cholesterol is significantly lower only in vegans.
Published:
2018
Title:
Clinical Effects of Regular Dry Sauna Bathing: A Systematic Review
Authors:
Hussain, Joy; Cohen, Marc
Abstract:
Introduction . Many health benefits are claimed by individuals and facilities promoting sauna bathing; however the medical evidence to support these claims is not well established. This paper aims to systematically review recent research on the effects of repeated dry sauna interventions on human health. Methods . A systematic search was made of medical databases for studies reporting on the health effects of regular dry sauna bathing on humans from 2000 onwards. Risk of bias was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. Results . Forty clinical studies involving a total of 3855 participants met the inclusion criteria. Only 13 studies were randomized controlled trials and most studies were small (n\textless40) . Reported outcome measures were heterogeneous with most studies reporting beneficial health effects. Only one small study (n=10) reported an adverse health outcome of disrupted male spermatogenesis, demonstrated to be reversible when ceasing sauna activity. Conclusions . Regular dry sauna bathing has potential health benefits. More data of higher quality is needed on the frequency and extent of adverse side effects. Further study is also needed to determine the optimal frequency and duration of distinct types of sauna bathing for targeted health effects and the specific clinical populations who are most likely to benefit.
Published:
2018
Title:
Colorectal Cancer Fact Sheet
Authors:
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Abstract:
CANCER TODAY provides data visualization tools that present current national estimates of the incidence, mortality, and prevalence of 36 cancer types in 185 countries, by sex and age group.
Published:
2018
Title:
Combined Effect of Sauna Bathing and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Deaths in Caucasian Men: A Long-term Prospective Cohort Study
Authors:
Laukkanen, Jari A.; Laukkanen, Tanjaniina; Khan, Hassan; Babar, Maira; Kunutsor, Setor K.
Abstract:
Both cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and frequency of sauna bathing (FSB) are each strongly and independently associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk. However, the combined effect of CRF and FSB on SCD risk has not been previously investigated. We evaluated the joint impact of CRF and FSB on the risk of SCD in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective cohort study of 2291 men aged 42–61 years at recruitment. Objectively measured CRF and self-reported sauna bathing habits were assessed at baseline. CRF was categorized as low and high (median cutoffs) and FSB as low and high (defined as ≤2 and 3–7 sessions/week respectively). Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for SCD. During a median follow-up of 26.1 years, 226 SCDs occurred. Comparing high vs low CRF, the HR (95% CIs) for SCD in analysis adjusted for several established risk factors was 0.48 (0.34–0.67). Comparing high vs low FSB, the corresponding HR was 0.67 (0.46–0.98). Compared to men with low CRF & low FSB, the multivariate-adjusted HRs of SCD for the following groups: high CRF & high FSB; high CRF & low FSB; and low CRF & high FSB were 0.31 (0.16–0.63), 0.49 (0.34–0.70), and 0.71 (0.45–1.10) respectively. In a general male Caucasian population, the combined effect of high aerobic fitness (as measured by CRF) and frequent sauna baths is associated with a substantially lowered risk of future SCD compared with high CRF or frequent sauna bathing alone.
Published:
2018
Title:
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire: A comparison of five factor solutions across vegan and omnivore participants
Authors:
Heiss, Sydney; Boswell, James F.; Hormes, Julia M.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: The Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is a valid and reliable measure of eating-related pathology, but its factor structure has proven difficult to replicate. Given differences in dietary patterns in vegans compared to omnivores, proper measurement of eating disorder symptoms is especially important in studies of animal product avoiders. METHOD: This study compared goodness-of-fit of five alternative models of the EDE-Q in vegans (i.e., individuals refraining from all animal products, n = 318) and omnivores (i.e., individuals not restricting intake of animal products, n = 200). Confirmatory factor analyses were used to compare fit indices of the original four-factor model of the EDE-Q, along with alternative three-, two-, full one-, and brief one-factor models. RESULTS: No model provided adequate fit of the data in either sample of respondents. The fit of the brief one-factor model was the closest to acceptable in omnivores, but did not perform as well in vegans. Indicators of fit were comparable in vegans and omnivores across all other models. DISCUSSION: Our data confirm difficulties in replicating the proposed factor structure of the EDE-Q, including in vegans. More research is needed to determine the suitability of the EDE-Q for quantifying eating behaviors, including in those abstaining from animal products.
Published:
2018
Title:
Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors:
Wiviott, Stephen D.; Raz, Itamar; Bonaca, Marc P.; Mosenzon, Ofri; Kato, Eri T.; Cahn, Avivit; Silverman, Michael G.; Zelniker, Thomas A.; Kuder, Julia F.; Murphy, Sabina A.; Bhatt, Deepak L.; Leiter, Lawrence A.; McGuire, Darren K.; Wilding, John P.H.; Ruff, Christian T.; Gause-Nilsson, Ingrid A.M.; Fredriksson, Martin; Johansson, Peter A.; Langkilde, Anna-Maria; Sabatine, Marc S.
Abstract:
To the Editor: Although the Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin (TECOS) reported by Green et al. (July 16 issue)1 provides valuable data, we have concerns about within-trial differences in glycemic control and medication that could have biased the results in favor of sitagliptin. In this trial, patients who received placebo, as compared with patients who received sitagliptin, received a greater number of conventional therapies for diabetes.1 Thiazolidinediones may cause heart failure, and insulin and sulfonylureas may not be without risk.2 Therefore, the lack of a heart-failure signal could be falsely reassuring. Can the authors describe the use of medications . . .
Published:
2018
Title:
Denis Burkitt and the origins of the dietary fibre hypothesis
Authors:
Cummings, John H.; Engineer, Amanda
Abstract:
For more than 200 years the fibre in plant foods has been known by animal nutritionists to have significant effects on digestion. Its role in human nutrition began to be investigated towards the end of the 19th century. However, between 1966 and 1972, Denis Burkitt, a surgeon who had recently returned from Africa, brought together ideas from a range of disciplines together with observations from his own experience to propose a radical view of the role of fibre in human health. Burkitt came late to the fibre story but built on the work of three physicians (Peter Cleave, G. D. Campbell and Hugh Trowell), a surgeon (Neil Painter) and a biochemist (Alec Walker) to propose that diets low in fibre increase the risk of CHD, obesity, diabetes, dental caries, various vascular disorders and large bowel conditions such as cancer, appendicitis and diverticulosis. Simply grouping these diseases together as having a common cause was groundbreaking. Proposing fibre as the key stimulated much research but also controversy. Credit for the dietary fibre hypothesis is given largely to Burkitt who became known as the 'Fibre Man'. This paper sets out the story of the development of the fibre hypothesis, and the contribution to it of these individuals.
Published:
2018
Title:
Determinants of the urinary and serum metabolome in children from six European populations
Authors:
Lau, C.-H.E.; Siskos, A.P.; Maitre, L.; Robinson, O.; Athersuch, T.J.; Want, E.J.; Urquiza, J.; Casas, M.; Vafeiadi, M.; Roumeliotaki, T.; McEachan, R.R.C.; Azad, R.; Haug, L.S.; Meltzer, H.M.; Andrusaityte, S.; Petraviciene, I.; Grazuleviciene, R.; Thomsen, C.; Wright, J.; Slama, R.; Chatzi, L.; Vrijheid, M.; Keun, H.C.; Coen, M.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Environment and diet in early life can affect development and health throughout the life course. Metabolic phenotyping of urine and serum represents a complementary systems-wide approach to elucidate environment-health interactions. However, large-scale metabolome studies in children combining analyses of these biological fluids are lacking. Here, we sought to characterise the major determinants of the child metabolome and to define metabolite associations with age, sex, BMI and dietary habits in European children, by exploiting a unique biobank established as part of the Human Early-Life Exposome project ( http://www.projecthelix.eu ). METHODS: Metabolic phenotypes of matched urine and serum samples from 1192 children (aged 6-11) recruited from birth cohorts in six European countries were measured using high-throughput 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and a targeted LC-MS/MS metabolomic assay (Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit). RESULTS: We identified both urinary and serum creatinine to be positively associated with age. Metabolic associations to BMI z-score included a novel association with urinary 4-deoxyerythreonic acid in addition to valine, serum carnitine, short-chain acylcarnitines (C3, C5), glutamate, BCAAs, lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPC a C14:0, lysoPC a C16:1, lysoPC a C18:1, lysoPC a C18:2) and sphingolipids (SM C16:0, SM C16:1, SM C18:1). Dietary-metabolite associations included urinary creatine and serum phosphatidylcholines (4) with meat intake, serum phosphatidylcholines (12) with fish, urinary hippurate with vegetables, and urinary proline betaine and hippurate with fruit intake. Population-specific variance (age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, dietary and country of origin) was better captured in the serum than in the urine profile; these factors explained a median of 9.0% variance amongst serum metabolites versus a median of 5.1% amongst urinary metabolites. Metabolic pathway correlations were identified, and concentrations of corresponding metabolites were significantly correlated (r > 0.18) between urine and serum. CONCLUSIONS: We have established a pan-European reference metabolome for urine and serum of healthy children and gathered critical resources not previously available for future investigations into the influence of the metabolome on child health. The six European cohort populations studied share common metabolic associations with age, sex, BMI z-score and main dietary habits. Furthermore, we have identified a novel metabolic association between threonine catabolism and BMI of children.
Published:
2018
Title:
Dietary Patterns among Asian Indians Living in the United States Have Distinct Metabolomic Profiles That Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk
Authors:
Bhupathiraju, Shilpa N.; Guasch-Ferré, Marta; Gadgil, Meghana D.; Newgard, Christopher B.; Bain, James R.; Muehlbauer, Michael J.; Ilkayeva, Olga R.; Scholtens, Denise M.; Hu, Frank B.; Kanaya, Alka M.; Kandula, Namratha R.
Abstract:
Background: Recent studies, primarily in non-Hispanic whites, suggest that dietary patterns have distinct metabolomic signatures that may influence disease risk. However, evidence in South Asians, a group with unique dietary patterns and a high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk, is lacking. Objective: We investigated the metabolomic profiles associated with 2 distinct dietary patterns among a sample of Asian Indians living in the United States. We also examined the cross-sectional associations between metabolomic profiles and cardiometabolic risk markers. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from 145 Asian Indians, aged 45-79 y, in the Metabolic Syndrome and Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) pilot study. Metabolomic profiles were measured from fasting serum samples. Usual diet was assessed by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. We used principal components analysis to derive dietary and metabolomic patterns. We used adjusted general linear regression models to examine associations between dietary patterns, individual food groups, metabolite patterns, and cardiometabolic risk markers. Results: We observed 2 major principal components or metabolite clusters, the first comprised primarily of medium- to long-chain acylcarnitines (metabolite pattern 1) and the second characterized by branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and short-chain acylcarnitines (metabolite pattern 2). A "Western/nonvegetarian" pattern was significantly and positively associated with metabolite pattern 2 (all participants: β ± SE = 0.180 ± 0.090, P = 0.05; participants without type 2 diabetes: β ± SE = 0.323 ± 0.090, P = 0.0005). In all participants, higher scores on metabolite pattern 2 were adversely associated with measures of glycemia (fasting insulin: β ± SE = 2.91 ± 1.29, P = 0.03; 2-h insulin: β ± SE = 22.1 ± 10.3, P = 0.03; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance: β ± SE = 0.94 ± 0.42, P = 0.03), total adiponectin (β ± SE = -1.46 ± 0.47, P = 0.002), lipids (total cholesterol: β ± SE = 7.51 ± 3.45, P = 0.03; triglycerides: β ± SE = 14.4 ± 6.67, P = 0.03), and a radiographic measure of hepatic fat (liver-to-spleen attenuation ratio: β ± SE = -0.83 ± 0.42, P = 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a "Western/nonvegetarian" dietary pattern is associated with a metabolomic profile that is related to an adverse cardiometabolic profile in Asian Indians. Public health efforts to reduce cardiometabolic disease burden in this high-risk group should focus on consuming a healthy plant-based diet.
Published:
2018
Title:
Dietary balance index-07 and the risk of anemia in middle aged and elderly people in southwest China: A cross sectional study
Authors:
Zhang, Q.; Qin, G.; Liu, Z.; Li, Z.; Li, J.; Varma, D.S.; Wan, Q.; Zhao, J.; Min, X.; Han, X.; Liu, M.
Abstract:
A balanced diet is essential to achieve and maintain good health. In this study, we assessed diet quality of middle aged and elderly people based on Chinese Diet Balance Index-07 (DBI-07) and explored the associations between DBI-07 and anemia. Data analyzed for this study was from the 2010–2012 National Nutrition and Health Survey in Yunnan province, southwest China (n = 738, aged 50–77 years). Dietary recalls over there consecutive days were done in a face-to-face interview. The scores of DBI-07 for each component and three DBI-07 indicators ((Lower Bound Score (LBS), Higher Bound Score (HBS), Diet Quality Distance (DQD)) were calculated according to compliance with the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese residents. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was determined using the cyanmethemoglobin method. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to explore the associations between DBI-07 indicators and anemia, as well as scores of DBI-07 components and Hb level. The sample included 336 men and 402 women. Inadequate intakes of vegetables, fruits, dairy, soybean, eggs, fish and excessive intakes of cereals, meat, cooking oil, salt were both common. 91.3% of the participants had moderate or high levels of inadequate food intake, while 37.7% had moderate or high levels of excessive food intake. The mean Hb was 14.2 ± 1.7 g/dL, with a prevalence of anemia of 13.0%. Subjects with high LBS and DQD were more likely to be anemic (all p < 0.05). After adjustment for potential confounders, there were positive correlations between Hb level and the intakes of vegetables and soybean (βvegetables = 1.04, p < 0.01; βsoybean = 0.82, p = 0.04). In conclusion, dietary imbalance and anemia are common in middle aged and elderly population in southwest China and inadequate intakes of vegetables and soybean may increase the risk of anemia. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Published:
2018
Title:
Dietary patterns and risk of advanced colorectal neoplasms: A large population based screening study in Germany
Authors:
Erben, Vanessa; Carr, Prudence R.; Holleczek, Bernd; Stegmaier, Christa; Hoffmeister, Michael; Brenner, Hermann
Abstract:
Specific components of the diet such as red and processed meat have been associated with the risk of developing colorectal cancer. However, evidence on the association of dietary patterns with colorectal neoplasms is sparse. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of dietary patterns with prevalence of advanced colorectal neoplasms among older adults in Germany. A cross-sectional study was conducted among participants of screening colonoscopy in Saarland, Germany, who were enrolled in the KolosSal study (Effektivität der Früherkennungs-Koloskopie: eine Saarland-weite Studie) from 2005 to 2013. Information on diet and lifestyle factors was obtained through questionnaires and colonoscopy results were extracted from physicians' reports. Associations of a priori defined dietary patterns (vegetarian or adapted versions of the Healthy Eating Index [HEI] and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH] index) with the risk of advanced colorectal neoplasms were assessed by multiple logistic regression analyses with comprehensive adjustment for potential confounders. A total of 14,309 participants were included (1561 with advanced colorectal neoplasms). Healthier eating behavior was associated with lower prevalence of advanced colorectal neoplasms in a dose-response manner. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) comparing the highest with the lowest categories of adapted HEI and DASH were 0.61 (0.50, 0.76) and 0.70 (0.55, 0.89), respectively. No significant associations were observed for a vegetarian eating pattern (adjusted OR 0.80 (0.55, 1.17)). Healthy dietary patterns, as described by a high HEI or DASH score, but not a vegetarian diet alone, are associated with reduced risk of advanced colorectal neoplasms.
Published:
2018
Title:
Different ketogenesis strategies lead to disparate seizure outcomes
Authors:
Dolce, Alison; Santos, Polan; Chen, Weiran; Hoke, Ahmet; Hartman, Adam L.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Despite the introduction of new medicines to treat epilepsy over the last 50 years, the number of patients with poorly-controlled seizures remains unchanged. Metabolism-based therapies are an underutilized treatment option for this population. We hypothesized that two different means of systemic ketosis, the ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting, would differ in their acute seizure test profiles and mitochondrial respiration. METHODS: Male NIH Swiss mice (aged 3-4 weeks) were fed for 12-13 days using one of four diet regimens: ketogenic diet (KD), control diet matched to KD for protein content and micronutrients (CD), or CD with intermittent fasting (24 h feed/24 h fast) (CD-IF), tested post-feed or post-fast. Mice were subject to the 6 Hz threshold test or, in separate cohorts, after injection of kainic acid in doses based on their weight (Cohort I) or a uniform dose regardless of weight (Cohort II). Mitochondrial respiration was tested in brain tissue isolated from similarly-fed seizure-naïve mice. RESULTS: KD mice were protected against 6 Hz-induced seizures but had more severe seizure scores in the kainic acid test (Cohorts I & II), the opposite of CD-IF mice. No differences were noted in mitochondrial respiration between diet regimens. INTERPRETATION: KD and CD-IF do not share identical antiseizure mechanisms. These differences were not explained by differences in mitochondrial respiration. Nevertheless, both KD and CD-IF regimens protected against different types of seizures, suggesting that mechanisms underlying CD-IF seizure protection should be explored further.
Published:
2018
Title:
Direct Cardiac Actions of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Target Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying Heart Failure in Diabetic Patients
Authors:
Uthman, Laween; Baartscheer, Antonius; Schumacher, Cees A.; Fiolet, Jan W. T.; Kuschma, Marius C.; Hollmann, Markus W.; Coronel, Ruben; Weber, Nina C.; Zuurbier, Coert J.
Abstract:
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are the first antidiabetic compounds that effectively reduce heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death in type 2 diabetics. Being explicitly designed to inhibit SGLT2 in the kidney, SGLT2i have lately been investigated for their off-target cardiac actions. Here, we review the direct effects of SGLT2i Empagliflozin (Empa), Dapagliflozin (Dapa), and Canagliflozin (Cana) on various cardiac cell types and cardiac function, and how these may contribute to the cardiovascular benefits observed in large clinical trials. SGLT2i impaired the Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE-1), reduced cytosolic [Ca2+] and [Na+] and increased mitochondrial [Ca2+] in healthy cardiomyocytes. Empa, one of the best studied SGLT2i, maintained cell viability and ATP content following hypoxia/reoxygenation in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. SGLT2i recovered vasoreactivity of hyperglycemic and TNF-α-stimulated aortic rings and of hyperglycemic endothelial cells. Anti-inflammatory actions of Cana in IL-1β-treated HUVEC and of Dapa in LPS-treated cardiofibroblast were mediated by AMPK activation. In isolated mouse hearts, Empa and Cana, but not Dapa, induced vasodilation. In ischemia-reperfusion studies of the isolated heart, Empa delayed contracture development during ischemia and increased mitochondrial respiration post-ischemia. Direct cardiac effects of SGLT2i target well-known drivers of diabetes and heart failure (elevated cardiac cytosolic [Ca2+] and [Na+], activated NHE-1, elevated inflammation, impaired vasorelaxation, and reduced AMPK activity). These cardiac effects may contribute to the large beneficial clinical effects of these antidiabetic drugs.
Published:
2018
Title:
Do ketone bodies mediate the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet?
Authors:
Simeone, Timothy A.; Simeone, Kristina A.; Stafstrom, Carl E.; Rho, Jong M.
Abstract:
Although the mechanisms underlying the anti-seizure effects of the high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) remain unclear, a long-standing question has been whether ketone bodies (i.e., β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone), either alone or in combination, contribute mechanistically. The traditional belief has been that while ketone bodies reflect enhanced fatty acid oxidation and a general shift toward intermediary metabolism, they are not likely to be the key mediators of the KD's clinical effects, as blood levels of β-hydroxybutyrate do not correlate consistently with improved seizure control. Against this unresolved backdrop, new data support ketone bodies as having anti-seizure actions. Specifically, β-hydroxybutyrate has been shown to interact with multiple novel molecular targets such as histone deacetylases, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors on immune cells, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Clearly, as a diet-based therapy is expected to render a broad array of biochemical, molecular, and cellular changes, no single mechanism can explain how the KD works. Specific metabolic substrates or enzymes are only a few of many important factors influenced by the KD that can collectively influence brain hyperexcitability and hypersynchrony. This review summarizes recent novel experimental findings supporting the anti-seizure and neuroprotective properties of ketone bodies.
Published:
2018
Title:
Does hypertonic saline infusion with furosemide improve outcomes for patients with acute CHF exacerbation?
Authors:
Crane, Chris; Hertel, Adam; Hobza, Courtney; Menard, James Ryan
Abstract:
Published:
2018
Title:
Eat right: Is my food safe? App
Authors:
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Abstract:
Published:
2018
Title:
Ecology, Archaeology, and Historical Accounts Demonstrate the Whaling Practices of the Quileute Tribe in Washington State
Authors:
Robertson, Frances C; Trites, Andrew W
Abstract:
Published:
2018
Title:
Effect of Vegan Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Carnitine- and Choline-Derived Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Production and Vascular Inflammation in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome
Authors:
Smits, Loek P.; Kootte, Ruud S.; Levin, Evgeni; Prodan, Andrei; Fuentes, Susana; Zoetendal, Erwin G.; Wang, Zeneng; Levison, Bruce S.; Cleophas, Maartje C. P.; Kemper, E. Marleen; Dallinga-Thie, Geesje M.; Groen, Albert K.; Joosten, Leo A. B.; Netea, Mihai G.; Stroes, Erik S. G.; de Vos, Willem M.; Hazen, Stanley L.; Nieuwdorp, Max
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Intestinal microbiota have been found to be linked to cardiovascular disease via conversion of the dietary compounds choline and carnitine to the atherogenic metabolite TMAO (trimethylamine-N-oxide). Specifically, a vegan diet was associated with decreased plasma TMAO levels and nearly absent TMAO production on carnitine challenge. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a double-blind randomized controlled pilot study in which 20 male metabolic syndrome patients were randomized to single lean vegan-donor or autologous fecal microbiota transplantation. At baseline and 2 weeks thereafter, we determined the ability to produce TMAO from d6-choline and d3-carnitine (eg, labeled and unlabeled TMAO in plasma and 24-hour urine after oral ingestion of 250 mg of both isotope-labeled precursor nutrients), and fecal samples were collected for analysis of microbiota composition. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans of the abdominal aorta, as well as ex vivo peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokine production assays, were performed. At baseline, fecal microbiota composition differed significantly between vegans and metabolic syndrome patients. With vegan-donor fecal microbiota transplantation, intestinal microbiota composition in metabolic syndrome patients, as monitored by global fecal microbial community structure, changed toward a vegan profile in some of the patients; however, no functional effects from vegan-donor fecal microbiota transplantation were seen on TMAO production, abdominal aortic 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, or ex vivo cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS: Single lean vegan-donor fecal microbiota transplantation in metabolic syndrome patients resulted in detectable changes in intestinal microbiota composition but failed to elicit changes in TMAO production capacity or parameters related to vascular inflammation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.trialregister.nl. Unique identifier: NTR 4338.
Published:
2018
Title:
Effect of high-pressure treatment on taste and metabolite profiles of ducks with two different vinasse-curing processes
Authors:
Lou, Xiaowei; Ye, Yangfang; Wang, Ying; Sun, Yangying; Pan, Daodong; Cao, Jinxuan
Abstract:
The effect of high-pressure (HP) (0.1, 150 and 300MPa, 15min) on taste profiles of vinasse-cured ducks was investigated; the metabolite profiles were determined using 1H NMR. HP at 150MPa increased the taste intensity of products compared with the controls, while HP at 300MPa did not further improve their taste compared with 150MPa treated samples. The metabonome of vinasse-cured ducks was dominated by 27 metabolites. HP increased amino acids, glucose, alkaloids and organic acids, but decreased inosine monophosphate and its derivatives, compared with the controls. The increments of metabolites in vinasse-dry-cured duck were higher than those in vinasse-wet-cured duck. The change of metabolites could be related to the enzyme activity, the degradations of proteins, sugars and nucleotides, and the permeation from vinasse-curing agents to duck meat. These findings suggest that 150MPa treatment was effective to improve the taste of vinasse-cured duck. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published:
2018
Title:
Effect of hop β-acids as dietary supplement for broiler chickens on meat composition and redox stability
Authors:
Zawadzki, A.; Alloo, C.; Grossi, A.B.; do Nascimento, E.S.P.; Almeida, L.C.; Bogusz Junior, S.; Skibsted, L.H.; Cardoso, D.R.
Abstract:
Addition of β-acids extracted from hop at different levels (0, 30 mg kg− 1, 60 mg kg− 1, 240 mg kg− 1) to the diet of broiler chickens demonstrated significant effects on the average concentration of polar metabolites and fatty acids of relevance for meat quality. The largest metabolic differences between control group and chicken fed different levels of β-acids were achieved using 30 mg kg− 1 of supplement. As determined by EPR spin-trapping, increased redox stability was also obtained for meat from chicken fed 30 mg kg− 1 of β-acids which also had highest level of endogenous antioxidants, especially anserine, carnosine, NADH and PUFAs. Diet and storage period were found to affect protein oxidation and myosin and actin were recognized as the main targets of protein oxidation. Myofibrillar proteins from chicken fed hop β-acids showed to be less susceptible to oxidation. A moderated level of hop β-acids as dietary supplement accordingly improve the overall redox stability, protecting myofibrillar proteins and fatty acids against oxidation and improve the nutritional properties of meat from broiler chickens. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
Published:
2018
Title:
Effect of pomegranate based marinades on the microbiological, chemical and sensory quality of chicken meat: A metabolomics approach
Authors:
Lytou, A.E.; Nychas, G.-J.E.; Panagou, E.Z.
Abstract:
Pomegranate juice is a product with enhanced functional properties that could be used as an alternative to traditional marination ingredients and effectively retard microbial growth along with providing an improved sensory result. In this study, two pomegranate based marinades were prepared for the marination of chicken breast fillets and the marinated samples were aerobically stored at 4 and 10 °C for 9 days. Raw, non-marinated chicken samples were used as control. Levels of total viable counts (TVC), Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosphacta, Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were determined together with sensory assessment to evaluate the evolution of spoilage. The profile of organic acids and volatile compounds was also analyzed during storage. The shelf life of marinated samples was significantly extended compared to control samples at both storage temperatures (e.g., up to 5 and 6 days for the pomegranate/lemon marinated samples stored at 4 and 10 °C, respectively) as evaluated by both microbiological and sensory analyses. The profile of the organic acids and the volatilome of marinated and control samples were remarkably differentiated according to storage time, microbial load and sensory score. The findings of this study suggest that pomegranate juice could be used as a novel ingredient in marinades to improve the sensory attributes, while prolonging the shelf life of chicken meat. © 2017
Published:
2018
Title:
Effect of the dietary delivery matrix on vitamin D3 bioavailability and bone mineralisation in vitamin-D3-deficient growing male rats
Authors:
Hodgkinson, Alison J.; Wallace, Olivia A. M.; Kruger, Marlena C.; Prosser, Colin G.
Abstract:
This study assessed bioavailability and utilisation of vitamin D3 in two feeding trials using young, growing Sprague-Dawley male rats. Trial one fed animals standard AIN-93G diet (casein protein) containing no vitamin D3 and goat or cow skimmed milk supplemented with vitamin D3. Trial two fed animals modified dairy-free AIN-93G diet (egg albumin) containing no vitamin D3 and goat or cow skimmed or full-fat milk supplemented with vitamin D3. Control groups received AIN-93G diets with or without vitamin D, and water. At 8 weeks of age, blood samples were collected for vitamin and mineral analysis, and femurs and spines were collected for assessment of bone mineralisation and strength. In both trials, analyses showed differences in bioavailability of vitamin D3, with ratios of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to vitamin D3 intake more than 2-fold higher in groups drinking supplemented milk compared with groups fed supplemented solid food. Bone mineralisation was higher in groups drinking supplemented milk compared with groups fed supplemented solid food, for both trials (P
Published:
2018
Title:
Effects of Ad libitum Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Dieting in Middle-Age Male Runners
Authors:
Heatherly, Alexander J.; Killen, Lauren G.; Smith, Ashton F.; Waldman, Hunter S.; Seltmann, Christie L.; Hollingsworth, Angela; O'Neal, Eric K.
Abstract:
PURPOSE This study examined the effects of a 3-week ad libitum high fat (∼70% of calories), low carbohydrate (\textless50 g/day) diet (LCHF) on markers of endurance performance in middle-aged, recreationally competitive male runners. METHODS All subjects (n = 8) following their normal HC diet had anthropometric measures assessed and completed 5, 10-min running bouts at multiple individual race paces in the heat while physiological, metabolic variables and perceptual responses were recorded. After 20-min of rest, participants completed a 5-km time trial (5TT) on a road course. Subjects then consumed a LCHF diet for 3 weeks and returned for repeat testing. RESULTS Body mass and 7-site skinfold thickness sum decreased by approximately 2.5 kg (p \textless 0.01) and 13 mm (p \textless 0.05) after LCHF. Rectal temperature was higher after the first 10-min of exercise (37.7 ± 0.3 °C vs. 37.3 ± 0.2 °C) in the HC diet but did not differ at any other time with LCHF. Heart rate and perceptual measures did not display any consistent differences between treatments excluding thirst sensation for LCHF. Respiratory exchange ratio and carbohydrate oxidation declined significantly while fat oxidation increased after LCHF for every pace (p \textless 0.01). There was no significant difference (p = 0.25) in 5TT performance, but LCHF (23.45 ± 2.25 min) displayed a trend of improved performance versus HC (23.92 ± 2.57 min). CONCLUSION Improved body composition and fat oxidation from LCHF potentially negate expected performance decrement from reduced carbohydrate utilization late in exercise for non-elite runners. An acute decrease in training capacity is expected; however, if performance improvement is not exhibited after 3 weeks, diet cessation is suggested for negative responders.
Published:
2018
Title:
Effects of High Consumption of Vegetables on Clinical, Immunological, and Antioxidant Markers in Subjects at Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors:
Peluso, Ilaria; Raguzzini, Anna; Catasta, Giovina; Cammisotto, Vittoria; Perrone, Anna; Tomino, Carlo; Toti, Elisabetta; Serafini, Mauro
Abstract:
High intakes of vegetables have been associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the effect of vegetables on immune function and antioxidant status in human studies have provided contrasting results. In the present study, after a week of run-in period, 38 subjects at risk of CVD were randomly assigned to one of the following 4-week interventions: low vegetable consumption (800 g of vegetables/week) or high vegetable consumption (4200 g of vegetables/week). Vegetables included carrots, topinambur (Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus), tomatoes, red cabbage, and sweet peppers. Blood and salivary samples were collected before and after intervention periods. In addition to clinical, immunological, and antioxidant markers, leukocyte and lymphocyte expression of the gut-homing β7 integrin was evaluated. No significant changes were detected in clinical, immunological, and antioxidant markers in biological samples, except for an increase in white blood cell count for the low vegetable consumption group (p
Published:
2018
Title:
Effects of an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat/low saturated fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes: A 2-year randomized clinical trial
Authors:
Tay, Jeannie; Thompson, Campbell H.; Luscombe-Marsh, Natalie D.; Wycherley, Thomas P.; Noakes, Manny; Buckley, Jonathan D.; Wittert, Gary A.; Yancy, William S.; Brinkworth, Grant D.
Abstract:
AIM: To examine whether a low-carbohydrate, high-unsaturated/low-saturated fat diet (LC) improves glycaemic control and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS: A total of 115 adults with T2D (mean [SD]; BMI, 34.6 [4.3] kg/m(2) ; age, 58 [7] years; HbA1c, 7.3 [1.1]%) were randomized to 1 of 2 planned energy-matched, hypocaloric diets combined with aerobic/resistance exercise (1 hour, 3 days/week) for 2 years: LC: 14% energy as carbohydrate, 28% as protein, 58% as fat (\textless10% saturated fat); or low-fat, high-carbohydrate, low-glycaemic index diet (HC): 53% as CHO, 17% as protein, 30% as fat (\textless10% saturated fat). HbA1c, glycaemic variability (GV), anti-glycaemic medication effect score (MES, calculated based on the potency and dosage of diabetes medication), weight, body composition, CVD and renal risk markers were assessed before and after intervention. RESULTS: A total of 61 (LC = 33, HC = 28) participants completed the study (trial registration: http://www.anzctr.org.au/, ANZCTR No. ACTRN12612000369820). Reductions in weight (estimated marginal mean [95% CI]; LC, -6.8 [-8.8,-4.7], HC, -6.6 [-8.8, -4.5] kg), body fat (LC, -4.3 [-6.2, -2.4], HC, -4.6 [-6.6, -2.7] kg), blood pressure (LC, -2.0 [-5.9, 1.8]/ -1.2 [-3.6, 1.2], HC, -3.2 [-7.3, 0.9]/ -2.0 [-4.5, 0.5] mmHg), HbA1c (LC, -0.6 [-0.9, -0.3], HC, -0.9 [-1.2, -0.5] %) and fasting glucose (LC, 0.3 [-0.4, 1.0], HC, -0.4 [-1.1, 0.4] mmol/L) were similar between groups (P \textgreater/= 0.09). Compared to HC, the LC achieved greater reductions in diabetes medication use (MES; LC, -0.5 [-0.6, -0.3], HC, -0.2 [-0.4, -0.02] units; P = 0.03), GV (Continuous Overall Net Glycemic Action calculated every 1 hour (LC, -0.4 [-0.6, -0.3], HC, -0.1 [-0.1, 0.2] mmol/L; P = 0.001), and 4 hours (LC, -0.9 [-1.3, -0.6], HC, -0.2 [-0.6, 0.1] mmol/L; P = 0.02)); triglycerides (LC, -0.1 [-0.3, 0.2], HC, 0.1 [-0.2, 0.3] mmol/L; P = 0.001), and maintained HDL-C levels (LC, 0.02 [-0.05, 0.1], HC, -0.1 [-0.1, 0.01] mmol/L; P = 0.004), but had similar changes in LDL-C (LC, 0.2 [-0.1, 0.5], HC, 0.1 [-0.2, 0.4] mmol/L; P = 0.85), brachial artery flow mediated dilatation (LC, -0.5 [-1.5, 0.5], HC, -0.4 [-1.4, 0.7] %; P = 0.73), eGFR and albuminuria. CONCLUSIONS: Both diets achieved comparable weight loss and HbA1c reductions. The LC sustained greater reductions in diabetes medication requirements, and in improvements in diurnal blood glucose stability and blood lipid profile, with no adverse renal effects, suggesting greater optimization of T2D management.
Published:
2018
Title:
Effects of carbohydrate-restricted diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Authors:
Gjuladin-Hellon, Teuta; Davies, Ian G; Penson, Peter; Amiri Baghbadorani, Raziyeh; Baghbadorani, Raziyeh Amiri
Abstract:
Context: Carbohydrate-restricted diets may increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and thereby cardiovascular risk. Objective: A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effects of very low, low, and moderate carbohydrate, higher fat diets versus high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipid markers in overweight/obese adults. Data Sources: Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Central, and CINAHL Plus were searched to identify large randomized controlled trials (n \textgreater 100) with duration \textgreater/= 6 months. Data Extraction: Eight randomized controlled trials (n = 1633; 818 carbohydrate-restricted diet, 815 low-fat diet) were included. Data Analysis: Quality assessment and risk of bias, a random effects model, and sensitivity and subgroup analyses based on the degree of carbohydrate restriction were performed using Cochrane Review Manager. Results were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocol. Results: Carbohydrate-restricted diets showed no significant difference in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 6, 12, and 24 months. Although an overall pooled analysis statistically favored low-fat diets (0.07 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02-0.13; P = 0.009], this was clinically insignificant. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma triglycerides at 6 and 12 months favored carbohydrate-restricted diets (0.08 mmol/L; 95%CI, 0.06-0.11; P \textless 1 x 10-5 and -0.13 mmol/L; 95%CI, -0.19 to -0.08; P \textless 1 x 10-5, respectively). These favorable changes were more marked in the subgroup with very-low carbohydrate content (\textless 50 g/d; 0.12 mmol/L; 95%CI, 0.10-0.14; P \textless 1 x 10-5 and -0.19 mmol/L; 95%CI, -0.26 to -0.12; P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: Large randomized controlled trials of at least 6 months duration with carbohydrate restriction appear superior in improving lipid markers when compared with low-fat diets. Dietary guidelines should consider carbohydrate restriction as an alternative dietary strategy for the prevention/management of dyslipidemia for populations with cardiometabolic risk.
Published:
2018
Title:
Effects of diets containing linseed oil or lard and supplemented with pumpkin seeds on oxidative status, blood serum metabolites, growth performance, and meat quality of naked neck chickens
Authors:
Meineri, G.; Longato, E.; Peiretti, P.G.
Abstract:
This study investigates the effect of two dietary fats, namely linseed oil (LO) and lard (LF), and supplementation with pumpkin seeds (PS) on the performance, oxidative status, and blood serum metabolites of broilers, along with the composition, oxidative stability, and fatty acid (FA) profile of broiler meat. Ninety-six 64-d-old naked neck chickens were randomly distributed into four groups of 24 chickens each (8 chickens per cage, three cages per treatment) and fed a LO diet, a LO diet supplemented with 50 g PS kg −1 , a LF diet, and a LF diet supplemented with 50 g PS kg −1 . The antioxidant system is increased and reactive oxygen species decreased in chickens fed PS diets. Glycemia and cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the chickens fed PS diets than in those given diets without supplementation; the cholesterol levels were also significantly lower in the chickens fed LO diets than those fed LF diets. However, the LO diet affected the fresh meat quality by decreasing pH values of the meat at 24 h after slaughter. Adding PS to the LO diet improved the oxidative stability of the muscle at day 3 of refrigerated storage. The use of LO instead of LF favourably modulates the FA profile of meat, by increasing both linoleic and α-linolenic acid content and reducing the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FA ratio, atherogenic and thrombogenic index. © 2018, Agricultural Institute of Canada. All rights reserved.
Published:
2018
Title:
Effects of supplemental calcium and Vitamin D on expression of Toll-like receptors and phospho-Ikka/B in the normal rectal mucosa of colorectal adenoma patients
Authors:
Hodge, R.; Mandle, H.B.; Ray, S.; Tandon, S.; Peterson, M.; Henry, A.; Jahan, F.A.; Bostick, R.M.; Baron, J.A.; Barry, E.L.; Yacoub, R.; Rutherford, R.E.; Seabrook, M.E.; Fedirko, V.
Abstract:
Chronic inflammation in the colorectum, a significant contributor to colorectal carcinogenesis, can be triggered by the activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways such as those initiated by Toll-like receptors (TLR) and nuclear factor kB (NF-kB). Although experimental evidence supports calcium and vitamin D potentially modifying these proinflammatory pathways in the colorectum, human data in these regards are scarce. We investigated supplemental calcium (1,200 mg daily) and/or vitamin D3 (1,000 IU daily) effects on inflammatory signaling pathway-related biomarkers in a subset of 105 participants from a colorectal adenoma recurrence chemoprevention clinical trial. We assessed expression of TLR4 and TLR5, which recognize the bacterial components lipopolysaccharides and flagellin, respectively, and phospho-IKKa/b (pIKKa/b), a biomarker of inflammation, in the normal-appearing rectal crypt epithelium and stroma using standardized, automated immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis. Following 1 year of treatment, TLR4, TLR5, and pIKKa/b expression in the rectal mucosa did not statistically significantly change with vitamin D or calcium supplementation, taken alone or in combination. Several baseline participant characteristics, including body mass index, history of sessile serrated adenomas, high red/processed meat intake, and high levels of rectal epithelial cell proliferation (as measured by MIB-1/Ki-67), were associated with higher baseline expression of TLRs or pIKKa/b. Our findings suggest that vitamin D and calcium may have no substantial effect on the investigated biomarkers. However, several modifiable lifestyle factors may be associated with TLRs and pIKKa/b expression in the normal rectal mucosa, supporting their future investigation as potentially treatable, preneoplastic risk factors for colorectal neoplasms. © 2018 American Association for Cancer Research.
Published:
2018
Title:
Efficacy of species-specific probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici FT28 on blood biochemical profile, carcass traits and physicochemical properties of meat in fattening pigs
Authors:
Dowarah, R.; Verma, A.K.; Agarwal, N.; Singh, P.
Abstract:
The present study investigates the influence of supplementing Pediococcus acidilactici strain FT28 on serum biochemistry, carcass and physicochemical properties of meat in fattening pigs. A total of 36 piglets (28 day) were randomly divided into three groups of four replicates of three animals in each. Each group was fed one of the experimental diet as basal diet alone (Control-T0); basal diet supplemented with Pediococcus acidilactici strain FT28 (swine origin probiotic-T1) and basal diet supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC-15 (dairy origin probiotic-T2). Increased (P < 0.05) level of serum total protein and albumin, and decreased (P < 0.05) triglyceride were observed with probiotic supplementation either of swine or dairy origin, compared to control. The level globulin and glucose were higher (P < 0.05) in T1 group among the dietary groups. Carcass traits remained unaltered except for the weight of ham, kidney and spleen which were higher (P < 0.05) in the T1 group. Water holding capacity and TBARS were improved (P < 0.05) in the T1 group than control, however comparable to the T2 group. The ether extract, pH and sensory attributes (juiciness and appearance) were improved (P
Published:
2018
Title:
Erastin-Like Anti-Warburg Agents Prevent Mitochondrial Depolarization Induced by Free Tubulin and Decrease Lactate Formation in Cancer Cells
Authors:
DeHart, David N.; Lemasters, John J.; Maldonado, Eduardo N.
Abstract:
In Warburg metabolism, suppression of mitochondrial metabolism contributes to a low cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio favoring enhanced aerobic glycolysis. Flux of metabolites across the mitochondrial outer membrane occurs through voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC). In cancer cells, free dimeric tubulin induces VDAC closure and dynamically regulates mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ). Erastin, a small molecule that binds to VDAC, antagonizes the inhibitory effect of tubulin on VDAC and hyperpolarizes mitochondria in intact cells. Here, our aim was to identify novel compounds from the ChemBridge DIVERSet library that block the inhibitory effect of tubulin on ΔΨ using cell-based screening. HCC4006 cells were treated with nocodazole (NCZ) to increase free tubulin and decrease ΔΨ in the presence or absence of library compounds. Tetramethylrhodamine methylester (TMRM) fluorescence was assessed by high-content imaging to determine changes in ΔΨ. Compounds were considered positive if ΔΨ increased in the presence of NCZ. Using confocal microscopy, we identified and validated six lead molecules that antagonized the depolarizing effect of NCZ. Lead compounds and erastin did not promote microtubule stabilization, so changes in ΔΨ were independent of tubulin dynamics. The most potent lead compound also decreased lactate formation. These novel small molecules represent a potential new class of anti-Warburg drugs.
Published:
2018
Title:
Erosive Tooth Wear and Dietary Patterns: A Clinical Study
Authors:
Pedrão, Alice Moreira Neves; Andrews Portes, Leslie; Padilha Gomes, Everton; Figueira Teixeira, Fernanda Cristina; da Costa Pereira, Alexandre; de Oliveira, Natalia Cristina
Abstract:
PURPOSE: Evidence exists which suggests that a vegetarian diet is a predisposing factor to erosive tooth wear. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of dietary pattern (vegetarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian and omnivore) on erosive tooth wear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred seven subjects (29 vegetarians, 96 lacto-ovo vegetarians and 82 omnivores) underwent an oral assessment and were asked to answer questionnaires about diet and oral care. RESULTS: Individuals who followed vegetarian and lacto-ovo vegetarian diets had statistically significantly more erosive tooth wear than did omnivores (p = 0.004). Conversely, omnivores presented more tooth loss than did lacto-ovo vegetarians (p = 0.027). Being a vegetarian or a lacto-ovo vegetarian entailed an increased risk (4 times and 2.5 times, respectively) of presenting erosive tooth wear than being omnivorous. CONCLUSION: Vegetarian and lacto-ovo vegetarian dietary patterns seem to favour the loss of dental structure by erosion. Vegetarian patients should thus be informed about preventive measures and treated accordingly.
Published:
2018
Title:
Evaluation of spoilage potential and volatile metabolites production by Shewanella baltica isolated from modified atmosphere packaged live mussels
Authors:
Odeyemi, O.A.; Burke, C.M.; Bolch, C.J.S.; Stanley, R.
Abstract:
Under the current commercial practice, live mussels only have 10 days’ shelf-life. Observed spoilage indices reduce consumers’ acceptance, palatability and shelf-life of modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) live mussels. The aims of this study are to isolate specific spoilage bacteria from modified atmosphere packaged live mussels, evaluate isolates for microbial spoilage indices using qualitative methods and volatile metabolites production. Forty-six hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria were isolated and evaluated for trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO) reduction, proteolytic and lipolytic activities and hydrogen sulphide production. Twenty-eight isolates were obtained from pouch water and 18 from mussel meat. All the isolates could produce H2S on Iron agar at 25 °C while 30/46 produced H2S at 4 °C and tolerate 0–6% NaCl. Four (4/46) isolates could not hydrolyse mussel protein. Over 80% isolates reduced TMAO to TMA in 3 days with the production of H2S. Results of this study shows hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria isolated from MAP live mussels produce microbial spoilage indices. Isolate with highest enzymatic activities and hydrogen sulphide production was identified as Shewanella baltica using 16S rRNA gene. Axenic culture of the isolate was inoculated into sterile mussel broth. Inoculated sample was further stored at 4 °C for 10 days for spoilage study. Volatile metabolites produced during storage were evaluated using headspace solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME GC/MS). A total of 44 compounds were identified in the sample after 10 days while 27 compounds were identified in inoculated mussel broth. Group of compounds identified are alcohols, aldehydes, phenol, furans, ketone, esters, organic acid, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, nitrogen and sulphur containing compounds. Dimethyl trisulphide, methyl-phenol, 3,5-octadiene and thiohexene were unique to inoculated mussel broth. Understanding spoilage mechanism and attendant spoilage indices will help in designing effective mussel quality protocols and shelf-life extension. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
Published:
2018
Title:
Fad Diets: Hype or Hope?
Authors:
Kuchkuntla, Aravind R.; Limketkai, Berkeley; Nanda, Sanjeev; Hurt, Ryan T.; Mundi, Manpreet S.
Abstract:
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Obesity continues to be a growing concern globally due to association with a number of comorbidities and contributing significantly to increase in health care expenditures. Despite availability of a number of treatment modalities, lifestyle modification with dietary modification and exercise continues to be the foundation. However, the standard model of lifestyle modification is not efficacious or sustainable for many patients leading them to seek alternative approaches. We conducted a comprehensive literature review to present the data regarding efficacy and sustainability of many common dietary approaches. RECENT FINDINGS: Building upon previous work, recent randomized controlled trials have compared many popular diets head to head in varying patient populations. Along with the weight changes, studies have investigated the changes in metabolic parameters, inflammatory markers, and cardiac risk factor reduction. Though the studies do not show superiority of one diet compared to the other, the preventive benefits and other favorable metabolic changes of the diets make them worthy of consideration.
Published:
2018
Title:
Fasting Imparts a Switch to Alternative Daily Pathways in Liver and Muscle
Authors:
Kinouchi, Kenichiro; Magnan, Christophe; Ceglia, Nicholas; Liu, Yu; Cervantes, Marlene; Pastore, Nunzia; Huynh, Tuong; Ballabio, Andrea; Baldi, Pierre; Masri, Selma; Sassone-Corsi, Paolo
Abstract:
The circadian clock operates as intrinsic time-keeping machinery to preserve homeostasis in response to the changing environment. While food is a known zeitgeber for clocks in peripheral tissues, it remains unclear how lack of food influences clock function. We demonstrate that the transcriptional response to fasting operates through molecular mechanisms that are distinct from time-restricted feeding regimens. First, fasting affects core clock genes and proteins, resulting in blunted rhythmicity of BMAL1 and REV-ERBα both in liver and skeletal muscle. Second, fasting induces a switch in temporal gene expression through dedicated fasting-sensitive transcription factors such as GR, CREB, FOXO, TFEB, and PPARs. Third, the rhythmic genomic response to fasting is sustainable by prolonged fasting and reversible by refeeding. Thus, fasting imposes specialized dynamics of transcriptional coordination between the clock and nutrient-sensitive pathways, thereby achieving a switch to fasting-specific temporal gene regulation. Kinouchi et al. reveal that fasting affects peripheral circadian clocks in the liver and skeletal muscle. Fasting operates by influencing the circadian clock and fasting-sensitive transcription factors, thereby cooperatively achieving fasting-specific temporal gene regulation.
Published:
2018
Title:
Fat Versus Carbohydrate-Based Energy-Restricted Diets for Weight Loss in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. [Review]
Authors:
Hamdy, Osama; Tasabehji, Mhd Wael; Elseaidy, Taha; Tomah, Shaheen; Ashrafzadeh, Sahar; Mottalib, Adham
Abstract:
RECENT FINDINGS: Low-carbohydrate diets were shown to decrease postprandial glucose levels whereas high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets are considered cardio-protective. A diet with an optimal macronutrient composition remains uncertain for patients with combined T2D and obesity. Further research is still needed to define the best dietary composition that achieves the maximum benefits on weight management, glycemic control, and cardiovascular risk factors.
Published:
2018
Title:
Fatty acid oxidation contributes to IL-1β secretion in M2 macrophages and promotes macrophage-mediated tumor cell migration
Authors:
Zhang, Qi; Wang, Herui; Mao, Chengyuan; Sun, Mitchell; Dominah, Gifty; Chen, Liyuan; Zhuang, Zhengping
Abstract:
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are predominantly M2 phenotype in solid cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Though differentiation of M2 macrophages has been recently linked to fatty acid oxidation (FAO), whether FAO plays a role in functional maintenance of M2 macrophages is still unclear. Here, we used an in vitro model to mimic TAM-HCC interaction in tumor microenvironment. We found that M2 monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells through an FAO-dependent way. Further investigations identified that IL-1β mediated the pro-migratory effect of M2 MDM. Using etomoxir and siRNA to inhibit FAO and palmitate to enhance FAO, we showed that FAO was responsible for the up-regulated secretion of IL-1β and, thus, the pro-migratory effect in M2 MDMs. In addition, we proved that IL-1β induction was reactive oxygen species and NLRP3-dependent. Our study demonstrates that FAO plays a key role in functional human M2 macrophages by enhancing IL-1β secretion to promote HCC cell migration. These findings provide evidence for different dependency of energy sources in macrophages with distinct phenotypes and functions, and suggest a novel strategy to treat HCC by reprogramming cell metabolism or modulating tumor microenvironment.
Published:
2018
Title:
First Detailed Anatomical Study of Bonobos Reveals Intra-Specific Variations and Exposes Just-So Stories of Human Evolution, Bipedalism, and Tool Use
Authors:
Diogo, Rui
Abstract:
Just-so stories are prominent in human evolution literature because of our tendency to create simple progressionist narratives about our 'special' place in nature, despite the fact that these stories are almost exclusively based on hard tissue data. How can we be so certain about the evolution of human facial communication, bipedalism, tool use, or speech without detailed knowledge of the internal anatomy of, for instance, one of the two extant species more closely related to us, the bonobos? Here I show how many of these stories now become obsolete, after such a comprehensive knowledge on the anatomy of bonobos and other primates is finally put together. Each and every muscle that has been long accepted to be 'uniquely human' and to provide 'crucial singular functional adaptations' for our bipedalism, tool use and/or vocal/facial communication, is actually present as an intra-specific variant or even as normal phenotype in bonobos and/or other apes.
Published:
2018
Title:
Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting
Authors:
Anton, Stephen D.; Moehl, Keelin; Donahoo, William T.; Marosi, Krisztina; Lee, Stephanie A.; Mainous, Arch G.; Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan; Mattson, Mark P.
Abstract:
© 2017 The Obesity Society. Objective: Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to several days, on a recurring basis. This review is focused on the physiological responses of major organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system, to the onset of the metabolic switch: the point of negative energy balance at which liver glycogen stores are depleted and fatty acids are mobilized (typically beyond 12 hours after cessation of food intake). Results and Conclusions: Emerging findings suggest that the metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid-derived ketones represents an evolutionarily conserved trigger point that shifts metabolism from lipid/cholesterol synthesis and fat storage to mobilization of fat through fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid-derived ketones, which serve to preserve muscle mass and function. Thus, IF regimens that induce the metabolic switch have the potential to improve body composition in overweight individuals. Moreover, IF regimens also induce the coordinated activation of signaling pathways that optimize physiological function, enhance performance, and slow aging and disease processes. Future randomized controlled IF trials should use biomarkers of the metabolic switch (e.g., plasma ketone levels) as a measure of compliance and of the magnitude of negative energy balance during the fasting period.
Published:
2018
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