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Title:
Bison meat has a lower atherogenic risk than beef in healthy men
Authors:
McDaniel, John; Askew, Wayne; Bennett, Danielle; Mihalopoulos, Jason; Anantharaman, Sujata; Fjeldstad, Anette S.; Rule, Dan C.; Nanjee, Nazeem M.; Harris, Ryan A.; Richardson, Russell S.
Abstract:
The rearing method of bison and the nutrient content of the meat may make bison a healthier alternative to beef. We hypothesized that the acute and chronic effects of bison consumption, in comparison to beef, will result in a less perturbed blood lipid panel and a reduced inflammatory and oxidative stress response which will minimize the detrimental effect on vascular function. A double-blind, cross-over randomized trial was employed to examine the consequence of a single 12 oz serving (n = 14) and 7 weeks of chronic consumption (n = 10) (12 oz/d, 6 d/wk) of each meat. Measurements included blood lipids, interleukin-6, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, C-reactive protein, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, protein carbonyl, hydroperoxides, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and FMD/shear rate. Following a single beef meal, triglycerides and oxidized low-density lipoprotein were elevated (67% ± 45% and 18% ± 17% respectively); there was a tendency for hydroperoxides to be elevated (24% ± 37%); and FMD/shear rate was reduced significantly (30% ± 38%). Following a single meal of bison: there was a smaller increase in triglycerides (30% ± 27%), and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress and FMD/shear rate were unchanged. Chronic consumption of either meat did not influence body weight, % body fat, or blood lipids. Protein carbonyl (24% ± 45%), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (78% ± 126%), interleukin-6 (59% ± 76%) and C-reactive protein (72% ± 57%) were significantly elevated and FMD/shear rate was significantly reduced (19% ± 28%) following 7 weeks of beef consumption, but not bison consumption. Based on our findings, the data suggest that bison consumption results in a reduced atherogenic risk compared to beef.
Published:
2013-04
Title:
Comparative Digestive Physiology
Authors:
Karasov, William H.; Douglas, Angela E.
Abstract:
In vertebrates and invertebrates, morphological and functional features of gastrointestinal (GI) tracts generally reflect food chemistry, such as content of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and material(s) refractory to rapid digestion (e.g., cellulose). The expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters approximately matches the dietary load of their respective substrates, with relatively modest excess capacity. Mechanisms explaining differences in hydrolase activity between populations and species include gene copy number variations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional adjustments mediate phenotypic changes in the expression of hydrolases and transporters in response to dietary signals. Many species respond to higher food intake by flexibly increasing digestive compartment size. Fermentative processes by symbiotic microorganisms are important for cellulose degradation but are relatively slow, so animals that rely on those processes typically possess special enlarged compartment(s) to maintain a microbiota and other GI structures that slow digesta flow. The taxon richness of the gut microbiota, usually identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, is typically an order of magnitude greater in vertebrates than invertebrates, and the interspecific variation in microbial composition is strongly influenced by diet. Many of the nutrient transporters are orthologous across different animal phyla, though functional details may vary (e.g., glucose and amino acid transport with K+ rather than Na+ as a counter ion). Paracellular absorption is important in many birds. Natural toxins are ubiquitous in foods and may influence key features such as digesta transit, enzymatic breakdown, microbial fermentation, and absorption
Published:
2013-04
Title:
Lifestyle intervention reduces body weight and improves cardiometabolic risk factors in worksites123
Authors:
Salinardi, Taylor C; Batra, Payal; Roberts, Susan B; Urban, Lorien E; Robinson, Lisa M; Pittas, Anastassios G; Lichtenstein, Alice H; Deckersbach, Thilo; Saltzman, Edward; Das, Sai Krupa
Abstract:
Background: Worksites are potentially effective locations for obesity control because they provide opportunities for group intervention and social support. Studies are needed to identify effective interventions in these settings., Objective: We examined the effects of a multicomponent lifestyle intervention on weight loss and prevention of regain in 4 worksites (2 intervention and 2 control sites)., Design: Overweight and obese employees (n = 133) enrolled in this pilot worksite-randomized controlled trial with a 0–6-mo weight-loss phase and a 6–12-mo structured weight-maintenance phase. The intervention combined recommendations to consume a reduced-energy, low–glycemic load, high-fiber diet with behavioral change education. Outcome measurements included changes in body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors., Results: The mean ± SEM weight loss was substantial in intervention participants, whereas control subjects gained weight (−8.0 ± 0.7 compared with +0.9 ± 0.5 kg, respectively; P
Published:
2013-04
Title:
Longitudinal changes in dietary fat intake and associated changes in cardiovascular risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes: the ACCORD trial
Authors:
Kirk, Julienne K.; Craven, Timothy; Lipkin, Edward W.; Katula, Jeffrey; Pedley, Carolyn; O'Connor, Patrick J.; Margolis, Karen L.
Abstract:
CONCLUSIONS: Reduced fat intake as measured by a brief questionnaire was associated with significant improvement in some cardiovascular risk factors (triglycerides and weight), but not in others. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published:
2013-04
Title:
Management of frontotemporal dementia in mental health and multidisciplinary settings
Authors:
Wylie, Mary Anne; Shnall, Adriana; Onyike, Chiadi U.; Huey, Edward D.
Abstract:
Diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in the mental health setting and issues pertaining to longitudinal care of this population in a specialist clinic are reviewed. FTD is often misdiagnosed as a psychiatric disorder, most commonly as a mood disorder. FTD has features that overlap with those of major depression, mania, obsessive–compulsive disorder and schizophrenia. We describe these features and how to differentiate FTD from these psychiatric disorders. This paper also describes practical issues in the management of FTD, specifically the issues that clinicians, patients and their families face in managing this disease. Areas of clinical care along the continuum are explored; FTD care involves collaborative management of symptoms and disability, and assisting patients and families in adapting to the disease.
Published:
2013-04
Title:
Omega-3 index and prognosis in acute coronary chest pain patients with a low dietary intake of omega-3
Authors:
de la Fuente, Ricardo Leon; Naesgaard, Patrycja Anna; Nilsen, Stein Tore; Woie, Leik; Aarsland, Torbjorn; Gundersen, Thomas; Nilsen, Dennis W. T.
Abstract:
CONCLUSION: In a population with a low intake of fish and fish oils, the adjusted omega-3 index did not predict fatal events following hospitalization in patients with acute chest pain and suspected ACS.
Published:
2013-04
Title:
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a potential source of homeostatic imbalance markers associated with obesity development
Authors:
Oliver, Paula; Reynés, Bàrbara; Caimari, Antoni; Palou, Andreu
Abstract:
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have a great potential for nutrition and obesity studies. PBMC reflect the nutritional response of key organs involved in energy homeostasis maintenance, which is altered in the obese state. Here, we aimed to determine the usefulness of PBMC as a source of early markers of obesity. To that purpose, we analysed whether PBMC could reflect the insensitivity to changes in feeding conditions associated with obesity during the development of this pathology. Expression of key genes central to energy metabolism was measured by Q-PCR in PBMC samples of normoweight (control) and cafeteria-fed (obese) rats in feeding, fasting and refeeding conditions. Samples were obtained monthly from 2 (beginning of cafeteria diet-feeding) to 6 months of age. In general terms, expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis (Fasn, Srebp1) and adipogenesis (Pparg) decreased with fasting and increased with refeeding. Conversely, the expression of a key gene regulating beta-oxidation (Cpt1a) and the gene for an orexigenic neuropeptide (Npy)-in accordance with their metabolic role-increased with fasting and decreased with refeeding. This expression pattern disappeared in obese rats, in which insensitivity to feeding conditions was observed after only 1 month of cafeteria diet-feeding. Thus, during development, PBMC accurately reflect nutritional regulation of energy homeostasic genes and the insensitivity to feeding associated with obesity, even in the earlier stages with a low degree of overweight. For this reason, this set of blood cells could constitute a potential source of biomarkers of early homeostatic imbalance which would be useful in nutrition studies that could help prevent the occurrence of obesity.
Published:
2013-04
Title:
The longer-term impacts of Western diet on human cognition and the brain
Authors:
Francis, Heather; Stevenson, Richard
Abstract:
Animal work over the last three decades has generated a convincing body of evidence that a Western diet - one high in saturated fat and refined carbohydrates (HFS diet) - can damage various brain systems. In this review we examine whether there is evidence for this in humans, using converging lines of evidence from neuropsychological, epidemiological and neuroimaging data. Using the animal research as the organizing principal, we examined evidence for dietary induced impairments in frontal, limbic and hippocampal systems, and with their associated functions in learning, memory, cognition and hedonics. Evidence for the role of HFS diet in attention deficit disorder and in neurodegenerative conditions was also examined. While human research data is still at an early stage, there is evidence of an association between HFS diet and impaired cognitive function. Based upon the animal data, and a growing understanding of how HFS diets can disrupt brain function, we further suggest that there is a causal link running from HFS diet to impaired brain function in humans, and that HFS diets also contribute to the development of neurodegenerative conditions.
Published:
2013-04
Title:
Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness
Authors:
Garaulet, M.; Gómez-Abellán, P.; Alburquerque-Béjar, J. J.; Lee, Y.-C.; Ordovás, J. M.; Scheer, F. a. J. L.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: There is emerging literature demonstrating a relationship between the timing of feeding and weight regulation in animals. However, whether the timing of food intake influences the success of a weight-loss diet in humans is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of food timing in weight-loss effectiveness in a sample of 420 individuals who followed a 20-week weight-loss treatment. METHODS: Participants (49.5% female subjects; age (mean ± s.d.): 42 ± 11 years; BMI: 31.4 ± 5.4 kg m(-2)) were grouped in early eaters and late eaters, according to the timing of the main meal (lunch in this Mediterranean population). 51% of the subjects were early eaters and 49% were late eaters (lunch time before and after 1500 hours, respectively), energy intake and expenditure, appetite hormones, CLOCK genotype, sleep duration and chronotype were studied. RESULTS: Late lunch eaters lost less weight and displayed a slower weight-loss rate during the 20 weeks of treatment than early eaters (P=0.002). Surprisingly, energy intake, dietary composition, estimated energy expenditure, appetite hormones and sleep duration was similar between both groups. Nevertheless, late eaters were more evening types, had less energetic breakfasts and skipped breakfast more frequently that early eaters (all; P0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Eating late may influence the success of weight-loss therapy. Novel therapeutic strategies should incorporate not only the caloric intake and macronutrient distribution - as is classically done - but also the timing of food.
Published:
2013-04
Title:
Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2
Authors:
Tonstad, S.; Stewart, K.; Oda, K.; Batech, M.; Herring, R. P.; Fraser, G. E.
Abstract:
AIM: To evaluate the relationship of diet to incident diabetes among non-Black and Black participants in the Adventist Health Study-2. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants were 15,200 men and 26,187 women (17.3% Blacks) across the U.S. and Canada who were free of diabetes and who provided demographic, anthropometric, lifestyle and dietary data. Participants were grouped as vegan, lacto ovo vegetarian, pesco vegetarian, semi-vegetarian or non-vegetarian (reference group). A follow-up questionnaire after two years elicited information on the development of diabetes. Cases of diabetes developed in 0.54% of vegans, 1.08% of lacto ovo vegetarians, 1.29% of pesco vegetarians, 0.92% of semi-vegetarians and 2.12% of non-vegetarians. Blacks had an increased risk compared to non-Blacks (odds ratio [OR] 1.364; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.093-1.702). In multiple logistic regression analysis controlling for age, gender, education, income, television watching, physical activity, sleep, alcohol use, smoking and BMI, vegans (OR 0.381; 95% CI 0.236-0.617), lacto ovo vegetarians (OR 0.618; 95% CI 0.503-0.760) and semi-vegetarians (OR 0.486, 95% CI 0.312-0.755) had a lower risk of diabetes than non-vegetarians. In non-Blacks vegan, lacto ovo and semi-vegetarian diets were protective against diabetes (OR 0.429, 95% CI 0.249-0.740; OR 0.684, 95% CI 0.542-0.862; OR 0.501, 95% CI 0.303-0.827); among Blacks vegan and lacto ovo vegetarian diets were protective (OR 0.304, 95% CI 0.110-0.842; OR 0.472, 95% CI 0.270-0.825). These associations were strengthened when BMI was removed from the analyses. CONCLUSION: Vegetarian diets (vegan, lacto ovo, semi-) were associated with a substantial and independent reduction in diabetes incidence. In Blacks the dimension of the protection associated with vegetarian diets was as great as the excess risk associated with Black ethnicity.
Published:
2013-04
Title:
White button mushrooms increase microbial diversity and accelerate the resolution of Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice
Authors:
Varshney, Jyotika; Ooi, Jot Hui; Jayarao, Bhushan M; Albert, Istvan; Fisher, Jenny; Smith, Rhonda L; Patterson, Andrew D; Cantorna, Margherita T
Abstract:
The effect of feeding C57BL/6 mice white button (WB) mushrooms or control (CTRL) diets for 6 wk was determined on the bacterial microflora, urinary metabolome, and resistance to a gastrointestinal (GI) pathogen. Feeding mice a diet containing 1 g WB mushrooms/100 g diet resulted in changes in the microflora that were evident at 2 wk and stabilized after 4 wk of WB feeding. Compared with CTRL-fed mice, WB feeding (1 g/100 g diet) increased the diversity of the microflora and reduced potentially pathogenic (e.g., Clostridia) bacteria in the GI tract. Bacteria from the Bacteroidetes phylum increased and the Firmicutes phylum decreased in mushroom-fed mice compared with CTRL. The changes in the microflora were also reflected in the urinary metabolome that showed a metabolic shift in the WB-fed compared with the CTRL-fed mice. The WB feeding and changes in the microbiome were associated with fewer inflammatory cells and decreased colitis severity in the GI mucosa following Citrobacter rodentium infection compared with CTRL. Paradoxically, the clearance of C. rodentium infection did not differ even though Ifn-γ and Il-17 were higher in the colons of the WB-fed mice compared with CTRL. Adding modest amounts of WB mushrooms (1 g/100 g diet) to the diet changed the composition of the normal flora and the urinary metabolome of mice and these changes resulted in better control of inflammation and resolution of infection with C. rodentium.
Published:
2013-04
Title:
Dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. [Review]
Authors:
Salter, A. M.
Abstract:
In 1991, the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy produced a report on the dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for groups of people in the United Kingdom. The resulting recommendations, which included specific limits for intakes of total, saturated, trans- and cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have remained a cornerstone of public health policy ever since, and similar recommendations have been adopted by the World Health Organization. These recommendations were made largely on the basis of specific effects of these fatty acids on the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). The intervening years have seen a plethora of human epidemiological and intervention trials to further elucidate the specific relationship between dietary fatty acid intake, plasma lipids and lipoproteins and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A number of recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews have revisited the role of specific dietary fatty acid classes and CVD risk. In general, these continue to support a link between saturated fatty acids (SFA) and CVD morbidity/mortality. They also highlight the potent adverse effects of trans fatty acids derived from partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. The most recent data suggest that replacing SFA with cis-PUFA (primarily linoleic acid) has the greatest impact on reducing CVD risk. Evidence of specific beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA is generally stronger for secondary, rather than primary, CVD risk, and it is restricted to very long chain fatty acids of marine origin as opposed to alpha-linolenic acid. Taken together, these data suggest that recent focus on dietary n-6-to-n-3 PUFA ratios may have been misguided, and that future strategies should focus on replacing dietary SFA with total PUFA, rather than concentrating on n-6 : n-3 PUFA ratio.
Published:
2013-03
Title:
Diverse physiological effects of long-chain saturated fatty acids: implications for cardiovascular disease. [Review]
Authors:
Flock, Michael R.; Kris-Etherton, Penny M.
Abstract:
SUMMARY: Acknowledging the complexity of saturated fatty acid metabolism and associated metabolic events is important when assessing their effects on cardiovascular disease risk. Investigating the biological effects of saturated fatty acids will advance our understanding of how they affect cardiovascular disease risk.
Published:
2013-03
Title:
Effects of intermittent fasting on metabolism in men
Authors:
de Azevedo, Fernanda Reis; Ikeoka, Dimas; Caramelli, Bruno
Abstract:
This review analyzes the available literature on the impact of intermittent fasting (IF), a nutritional intervention, on different aspects of metabolism. The epidemic of metabolic disturbances, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS), and diabetes mellitus type 2 has led to an increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, and affected patients might significantly benefit from modifications in nutritional habits. Recent experimental studies have elucidated some of the metabolic mechanisms involved with IF. Animal models have shown positive changes in glucose (lower plasma glucose and insulin levels) and in lipid metabolism (reduced visceral fat tissue and increased plasma adiponectin level), and an increased resistance to stress. Despite the limited number of samples studied, positive results have been reportedonthe impact ofIFfor human health. IFisreportedto improve the lipid profile; to decrease inflammatory responses, reflected by changes in serum adipokine levels; and to change the expression of genes related to inflammatory response and other factors. Studies on obese individuals have shown that patient compliance was greater for IF than other traditional nutritional approaches (calorie restriction), and IF was found to be associated with low oxidative stress. Recent reports suggest that IF exerts a positive impact on the metabolic derangements commonly associated with cardiovascular diseases, and that it may be a viable and accessible intervention for most individuals. Therefore, further clinical studies are essential to test the effectiveness of IF in preventing and controlling metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. © 2013 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.
Published:
2013-03
Title:
Harnessing the power of metabolism for seizure prevention: focus on dietary treatments
Authors:
Hartman, Adam L.; Stafstrom, Carl E.
Abstract:
The continued occurrence of refractory seizures in at least one-third of children and adults with epilepsy, despite the availability of almost 15 conventional and novel anticonvulsant drugs, speaks to a dire need to develop novel therapeutic approaches. Cellular metabolism, the critical pathway by which cells access and utilize energy, is essential for normal neuronal function. Furthermore, mounting evidence suggests direct links between energy metabolism and cellular excitability. The high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet has been used as a treatment for drug-refractory epilepsy for almost a century. Yet, the multitude of alternative therapies to target aspects of cellular metabolism and hyperexcitability is almost untapped. Approaches discussed in this review offer a wide diversity of therapeutic targets that might be exploited by investigators in the search for safer and more effective epilepsy treatments.
Published:
2013-03
Title:
Impact of vegetarian diet on serum immunoglobulin levels in children
Authors:
Gorczyca, Daiva; Prescha, Anna; Szeremeta, Karolina
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Nutrition plays an important role in immune response. We evaluated the effect of nutrient intake on serum immunoglobulin levels in vegetarian and omnivore children. METHODS: Serum immunoglobulin levels and iron status were estimated in 22 vegetarian and 18 omnivore children. Seven-day food records were used to assess the diet. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in serum IgA, IgM, and IgG levels between groups of children. Serum immunoglobulin levels were lower in vegetarian children with iron deficiency in comparison with those without iron deficiency. In the vegetarians, IgG level correlated positively with energy, zinc, copper, and vitamin B(6) intake. In the omnivores, these correlations were stronger with IgM level. CONCLUSIONS: Despite negligible differences in serum immunoglobulin levels between vegetarian and omnivore children, the impact of several nutrient intakes on IgM and IgG levels differed between groups. Low iron status in vegetarian children can lead to decreased immunoglobulin levels.
Published:
2013-03
Title:
Ketogenic diet
Authors:
Dhamija, Radhika; Eckert, Susan; Wirrell, Elaine
Abstract:
About one third of patients with epilepsy are pharmacoresistent. For a subgroup of this population, the ketogenic diet can be highly efficacious and should be considered early. This review discusses the different types of ketogenic diet, proposed mechanism of actions and its evidence for use in children and adults with both generalized and focal epilepsies where surgery is not feasible. In addition we discuss a practical approach to diet initiation, maintenance and monitoring for side effects. We also summarize the emerging evidence for the use of ketogenic diet in a broad range of neurological disorders.
Published:
2013-03
Title:
Non-classic thyroid hormone signalling involved in hepatic lipid metabolism
Authors:
Cordeiro, Aline; Souza, Luana Lopes; Einicker-Lamas, Marcelo; Pazos-Moura, Carmen Cabanelas
Abstract:
Thyroid hormones are important modulators of lipid metabolism because the liver is a primary hormonal target. The hypolipidaemic effects of thyroid hormones result from the balance between direct and indirect actions resulting in stimulation of lipid synthesis and lipid oxidation, which favours degradation pathways. Originally, it was believed that thyroid hormone activity was only transduced by alteration of gene transcription mediated by the nuclear receptor thyroid hormone receptors, comprising the classic action of thyroid hormone. However, the discovery of other effects independent of this classic mechanism characterised a new model of thyroid hormone action, the non-classic mechanism that involves other signalling pathways. To date, this mechanism and its relevance have been intensively described. Considering the increasing evidence for non-classic signalling of thyroid hormones and the major influence of these hormones in the regulation of lipid metabolism, we reviewed the role of thyroid hormone in cytosolic signalling cascades, focusing on the regulation of second messengers, and the activity of effector proteins and the implication of these mechanisms on the control of hepatic lipid metabolism.
Published:
2013-03
Title:
Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: results from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study
Authors:
Crowe, Francesca L.; Appleby, Paul N.; Travis, Ruth C.; Key, Timothy J.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Few previous prospective studies have examined differences in incident ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk between vegetarians and nonvegetarians. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the association of a vegetarian diet with risk of incident (nonfatal and fatal) IHD. DESIGN: A total of 44,561 men and women living in England and Scotland who were enrolled in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Oxford study, of whom 34% consumed a vegetarian diet at baseline, were part of the analysis. Incident cases of IHD were identified through linkage with hospital records and death certificates. Serum lipids and blood pressure measurements were available for 1519 non cases, who were matched to IHD cases by sex and age. IHD risk by vegetarian status was estimated by using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: After an average follow-up of 11.6 y, there were 1235 IHD cases (1066 hospital admissions and 169 deaths). Compared with nonvegetarians, vegetarians had a lower mean BMI [in kg/m(2); -1.2 (95% CI: -1.3, -1.1)], non-HDL-cholesterol concentration [-0.45 (95% CI: -0.60, -0.30) mmol/L], and systolic blood pressure [-3.3 (95% CI: -5.9, -0.7) mm Hg]. Vegetarians had a 32% lower risk (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.81) of IHD than did nonvegetarians, which was only slightly attenuated after adjustment for BMI and did not differ materially by sex, age, BMI, smoking, or the presence of IHD risk factors. CONCLUSION: Consuming a vegetarian diet was associated with lower IHD risk, a finding that is probably mediated by differences in non-HDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure.
Published:
2013-03
Title:
Starvation ketoacidosis in pregnancy
Authors:
Frise, Charlotte J.; Mackillop, Lucy; Joash, Karen; Williamson, Catherine
Abstract:
Starvation ketosis outside pregnancy is rare and infrequently causes a severe acidosis. Placental production of hormones, including glucagon and human placental lactogen, leads to the insulin resistance that is seen in pregnancy, which in turn increases susceptibility to ketosis particularly in the third trimester. Starvation ketoacidosis in pregnancy has been reported and is usually precipitated by a period of severe vomiting. Ketoacidosis is likely to have important implications for fetal survival as ketoacidosis in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with intrauterine death. This article features four cases of women with vomiting in the third trimester of pregnancy associated with a severe metabolic acidosis. The mechanism underlying ketogenesis, the evidence for accelerated ketogenesis in pregnancy and other similar published cases are reviewed. A proposed strategy for management of these women is presented.
Published:
2013-03
Title:
The endothelial cell: an "early responder" in the development of insulin resistance
Authors:
Barrett, Eugene J.; Liu, Zhenqi
Abstract:
Vascular endothelium is an important insulin target and plays a pivotal role in the development of metabolic insulin resistance provoked by the Western lifestyle. It acts as a "first-responder" to environmental stimuli such as nutrients, cytokines, chemokines and physical activity and regulates insulin delivery to muscle and adipose tissue and thereby affecting insulin-mediated glucose disposal by these tissues. In addition, it also regulates the delivery of insulin and other appetite regulating signals from peripheral tissues to the central nervous system thus influencing the activity of nuclei that regulate hepatic glucose production, adipose tissue lipolysis and lipogenesis, as well as food consumption. Resistance to insulin's vascular actions therefore broadly impacts tissue function and contribute to metabolic dysregulation. Moreover, vascular insulin resistance negatively impacts vascular health by affecting blood pressure regulation, vessel wall inflammation and atherogenesis thereby contributing to the burden of vascular disease seen with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In the current review, we examined the evidence that supports the general concept of vascular endothelium as a target of insulin action and discussed the biochemical and physiological consequences of vascular insulin resistance.
Published:
2013-03
Title:
The function and the role of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian tissues
Authors:
Mráček, Tomáš; Drahota, Zdeněk; Houštěk, Josef
Abstract:
Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) is not included in the traditional textbook schemes of the respiratory chain, reflecting the fact that it is a non-standard, tissue-specific component of mammalian mitochondria. But despite its very simple structure, mGPDH is a very important enzyme of intermediary metabolism and as a component of glycerophosphate shuttle it functions at the crossroads of glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism. In this review we summarize the present knowledge on the structure and regulation of mGPDH and discuss its metabolic functions, reactive oxygen species production and tissue and organ specific roles in mammalian mitochondria at physiological and pathological conditions.
Published:
2013-03
Title:
Whole egg consumption improves lipoprotein profiles and insulin sensitivity to a greater extent than yolk-free egg substitute in individuals with metabolic syndrome
Authors:
Blesso, Christopher N.; Andersen, Catherine J.; Barona, Jacqueline; Volek, Jeff S.; Fernandez, Maria Luz
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: We investigated if daily egg feeding, along with carbohydrate restriction, would alter lipoprotein metabolism and influence atherogenic lipoprotein profiles and insulin resistance in men and women with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: In a randomized, single-blind, parallel design, participants consumed either 3 whole eggs/day (EGG, n=20) or the equivalent amount of yolk-free egg substitute (SUB, n=17), as part of a moderately carbohydrate-restricted diet (25%-30% energy) for 12 weeks. Plasma lipids, apolipoproteins (apos), oxidized LDL (oxLDL), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activities were assessed at baseline and week 12. Lipoprotein particle concentrations and sizes were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: Atherogenic dyslipidemia improved for all individuals as evidenced by reductions in plasma triglycerides, apoC-III, apoE, oxLDL, VLDL particle diameter, large VDL, total IDL, small LDL, and medium LDL particles (P<0.05). Furthermore, there were increases in HDL-cholesterol, large LDL and large HDL particles (P<0.05) for all individuals. However, there were greater increases in HDL-cholesterol and large HDL particles, and reductions in total VLDL and medium VLDL particles for those consuming EGG compared to SUB (P<0.05). Plasma insulin and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were reduced, while LCAT activity, and both HDL and LDL diameters increased over time in the EGG group only (P
Published:
2013-03
Title:
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have intrinsic insulin resistance on euglycaemic-hyperinsulaemic clamp
Authors:
Stepto, Nigel K.; Cassar, Samantha; Joham, Anju E.; Hutchison, Samantha K.; Harrison, Cheryce L.; Goldstein, Rebecca F.; Teede, Helena J.
Abstract:
STUDY QUESTION: What is the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) and the contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic IR in women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) according to the Rotterdam criteria? SUMMARY ANSWER: We report novel clamp data in Rotterdam diagnosed PCOS women, using World Health Organization criteria for IR showing that women with PCOS have a high prevalence of IR, strengthening the evidence for an aetiological role of IR in both National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Rotterdam diagnosed PCOS in lean and overweight women. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: PCOS is a complex endocrine condition with a significant increased risk of gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Using a cross-sectional study design, 20 overweight and 20 lean PCOS (Rotterdam criteria), 14 overweight and 19 lean body mass index (BMI)-matched control non-PCOS women underwent clinical measures of IR after a 3-month withdrawal of insulin sensitizers and the oral contraceptive pill. MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: In an academic clinic setting, glucose infusion rate (GIR) on euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp was investigated as a marker of insulin sensitivity. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: PCOS women were more IR than BMI-matched controls (main effect for BMI and PCOS; P < 0.001). IR was present in 75% of lean PCOS, 62% of overweight controls and 95% of overweight PCOS. Lean controls (mean ± SD; GIR 339 ± 76 mg min⁻¹ m⁻²) were less IR than lean PCOS (270 ± 66 mg min⁻¹ m⁻²), overweight controls (264 ± 66 mg min⁻¹ m⁻²) and overweight PCOS (175 ± 96 mg min⁻¹ m⁻²). The negative relationship between BMI and IR reflected by GIR was more marked in PCOS (y = 445.1 - 7.7x, R² = 0.42 (P < 0.0001) than controls (y = 435.5 - 4.6x, R² = 0.04 (P
Published:
2013-03
Title:
A Double-Edged Sword: Don't Overdo Extra Iron
Authors:
Abstract:
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Amadori glycated proteins: role in production of autoantibodies in diabetes mellitus and effect of inhibitors on non-enzymatic glycation
Authors:
Ansari, Nadeem A.; Dash, Debabrata
Abstract:
Nonenzymatic glycation of macromolecules, especially proteins leading to their oxidation is increased in diabetes mellitus due to hyperglycemia and play an important role in associated complications of the disease. The glycation primarily occurs at intrachain lysine residues of proteins and results in the formation of an early stage stable product as Amadori-lysine which undergo further irreversible chemical reactions to form advanced glycation endproducts. This review deals with the role of Amadori modified proteins in pathogenesis of diabetes. We aim to explain immunogenicity of Amadori-glycated proteins, which might be involve in production of serum autoantibodies in the diabetic patients, and effect of inhibitors on the glycation process.
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Animal fibre: the forgotten nutrient in strict carnivores? First insights in the cheetah
Authors:
Depauw, S.; Hesta, M.; Whitehouse-Tedd, K.; Vanhaecke, L.; Verbrugghe, A.; Janssens, G. P. J.
Abstract:
As wild felids are obligate carnivores, it is likely that poorly enzymatically digestible animal tissues determine hindgut fermentation, instead of plant fibre. Therefore, faecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA, including branched-chain fatty acids, BCFA), indole and phenol were evaluated in 14 captive cheetahs, fed two different diets differing in proportion of poorly enzymatically digestible animal tissue. Using a cross-over design, the cheetahs were fed exclusively whole rabbit or supplemented beef for 1 month each. Feeding whole rabbit decreased faecal propionic (p
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Animal plant warfare and secondary metabolite evolution
Authors:
Wöll, Steffen; Kim, Sun Hee; Greten, Henry Johannes; Efferth, Thomas
Abstract:
The long-lasting discussion, why plants produce secondary metabolites, which are pharmacologically and toxicologically active towards mammals traces back to the eminent role of medicinal plants in the millennia-old history of manhood. In recent years, ...
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Block of hERG K+ channel and prolongation of action potential duration by fluphenazine at submicromolar concentration
Authors:
Hong, Hee-Kyung; Hoon Lee, Byung; Park, Mi-Hyeong; Ho Lee, Seung; Chu, Daehyun; Jin Kim, Woo; Choe, Han; Hee Choi, Bok; Jo, Su-Hyun
Abstract:
Fluphenazine is a potent antipsychotic drug that can increase action potential duration and induce QT prolongation in several animal models and in humans. As the block of cardiac human ether-a-go-gorelated gene (hERG) channels is one of the leading causes of acquired long QT syndrome, we investigated the acute effects of fluphenazine on hERG channels to determine the electrophysiological basis for its proarrhythmic potential. Fluphenazine at concentrations of 0.1–1.0 mM increased the action potential duration at 90% of repolarization (APD90) and action potential duration at 50% of repolarization (APD50) in 5 min when action potentials were elicited under current-clamp conditions in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. We examined the effects of fluphenazine on hERG channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes and HEK293 cells using two-microelectrode voltage-clamp and patch-clamp techniques. The IC50 for the fluphenazine-induced block of hERG currents in HEK293 cells at 36 1C was 0.102 mM at þ 20 mV. Fluphenazine-induced a concentration-dependent decrease of the current amplitude at the end of the voltage steps and hERG tail currents. The fluphenazine-dependent hERG block in Xenopus oocytes increased progressively relative to the degree of depolarization. Fluphenazine affected the channels in the activated and inactivated states but not in the closed states, and the S6 domain mutation from tyrosine to alanine at amino acid 652 (Y652A) attenuated the hERG current block. These results suggest that the antipsychotic drug fluphenazine is a potent blocker of hERG channels, providing a molecular mechanism for the drug-induced arrhythmogenic side effects.
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2013: <b>CANMAT guidelines for bipolar disorder</b>
Authors:
Yatham, Lakshmi N; Kennedy, Sidney H; Parikh, Sagar V; Schaffer, Ayal; Beaulieu, Serge; Alda, Martin; O’Donovan, Claire; MacQueen, Glenda; McIntyre, Roger S; Sharma, Verinder; Ravindran, Arun; Young, L Trevor; Milev, Roumen; Bond, David J; Frey, Benicio N; Goldstein, Benjamin I; Lafer, Beny; Birmaher, Boris; Ha, Kyooseob; Nolen, Willem A; Berk, Michael
Abstract:
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios of urine and faeces as novel nutritional biomarkers of meat and fish intake
Authors:
Kuhnle, Gunter G. C.; Joosen, Annemiek M. C. P.; Kneale, Catherine J.; O'Connell, Tamsin C.
Abstract:
PURPOSE: Meat and fish consumption are associated with changes in the risk of chronic diseases. Intake is mainly assessed using self-reporting, as no true quantitative nutritional biomarker is available. The measurement of plasma fatty acids, often used as an alternative, is expensive and time-consuming. As meat and fish differ in their stable isotope ratios, δ(13)C and δ(15)N have been proposed as biomarkers. However, they have never been investigated in controlled human dietary intervention studies. OBJECTIVE: In a short-term feeding study, we investigated the suitability of δ(13)C and δ(15)N in blood, urine and faeces as biomarkers of meat and fish intake. METHODS: The dietary intervention study (n = 14) followed a randomised cross-over design with three eight-day dietary periods (meat, fish and half-meat-half-fish). In addition, 4 participants completed a vegetarian control period. At the end of each period, 24-h urine, fasting venous blood and faeces were collected and their δ(13)C and δ(15)N analysed. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between diets in isotope ratios in faeces and urine samples, but not in blood samples (Kruskal-Wallis test, p
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Data-driven strategy for the discovery of potential urinary biomarkers of habitual dietary exposure
Authors:
Lloyd, Amanda J.; Beckmann, Manfred; Haldar, Sumanto; Seal, Chris; Brandt, Kirsten; Draper, John
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: An understanding of causal relations between diet and health is hindered by the lack of robust biological markers of food exposure. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop a data-driven procedure to discover urine biomarkers indicative of habitual exposure to different foods. DESIGN: The habitual diet of 68 participants was assessed by using 4 food-frequency questionnaires over 3 mo, and participants were assigned to different consumption-frequency classes for 58 dietary components. Flow infusion electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry followed by supervised multivariate data analysis was used to determine whether the chemical composition of urine was related to specific differences in the consumption levels of each food. RESULTS: Foods were eaten habitually in 1 of 5 basic patterns differing in range and distribution of consumption frequency. Overnight, 24-h, and fasting urine samples proved useful for biomarker lead discovery with habitual citrus exposure used as a paradigm. Exposure level discrimination robustness improved linearly as urine samples from low-frequency citrus consumers were compared with urine samples from participants reporting increasingly higher intakes. For all foods, distinctiveness and consumption-frequency range influenced the likelihood that differential dietary exposure could be detected. Model output statistics indicated foods for which biomarker lead discovery was feasible. Metabolites proposed previously as acute intake biomarkers of citrus (proline betaine), oily fish (methylhistidine), coffee (dihydrocaffeic acid derivatives), and tomato (phenolic metabolites) were also biomarkers of habitual exposure. A significance threshold in modeling output statistics was determined to guide the discovery of potential biomarkers for other foods. CONCLUSION: This data-driven strategy can identify urinary metabolites associated with habitual exposure to specific foods. This trial has the UK registration number 4349 and was registered at isrtcn.org as CCT-NAPN-A13175.
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Dose-dependent consumption of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) increases plasma phospholipid n-3 fatty acids differentially
Authors:
Raatz, Susan K.; Rosenberger, Thad A.; Johnson, LuAnn K.; Wolters, William W.; Burr, Gary S.; Picklo, Matthew J.
Abstract:
Enhanced n-3 fatty acid intake benefits cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction. Increasing consumption at a population level may be better addressed by diet than through supplementation. However, limited data are available on the effect of the dose response to fish intake on plasma levels of n-3 fatty acids. To compare the effects of different doses of farmed Atlantic salmon on plasma phospholipid fatty acid proportions and CVD risk biomarkers (eg, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6) in healthy subjects we performed a randomized three-period crossover-designed trial (4-week treatment, 4- to 8-week washout) to compare the effects of twice per week consumption of farmed Atlantic salmon at doses of 90, 180, and 270 g in 19 apparently healthy men and women (mean age 40 to 65 years) and a body mass index between 25 and 34.9. All study visits were conducted at the US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center. Eicosapentaenoic acid and total n-3 concentrations were increased (P<0.05) by all treatments in a dose-response manner, with total n-3 of 8.03% ± 0.26% and 9.21% ± 0.26% for 180- and 270-g doses, respectively. Linoleic acid did not change in response to treatment, whereas arachidonic acid (P<0.05) and total n-6 fatty acids decreased dose dependently (
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Egg intake improves carotenoid status by increasing plasma HDL cholesterol in adults with metabolic syndrome
Authors:
Blesso, Christopher N.; Andersen, Catherine J.; Bolling, Bradley W.; Fernandez, Maria Luz
Abstract:
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with reductions in plasma lutein and zeaxanthin, along with altered composition of their lipoprotein transporters which may affect disease risk. Egg yolk intake has been demonstrated to increase plasma lutein and zeaxanthin in other populations. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of whole egg feeding on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoids in participants with MetS. Participants consumed 3 whole eggs per day (EGG, n = 20) or the equivalent amount of yolk-free egg substitute (SUB, n = 17), as part of a carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRD) for 12 weeks. Post-intervention, the EGG group had significant increases in plasma lutein (+21%), zeaxanthin (+48%), and β-carotene (+24%), while the SUB group had increases in plasma β-carotene (+55%) only. Significant enrichment of isolated HDL and LDL fractions in lutein (+20% HDL, +9% LDL) and zeaxanthin (+57% HDL, +46% LDL) was observed in the EGG group after 12 weeks. Increases in the proportion of plasma carotenoids carried by HDL was seen for lutein (P < 0.01), zeaxanthin (P < 0.01), β-cryptoxanthin (P < 0.05), and lycopene (P
Published:
2013-02
Title:
How prevalent is vitamin B(12) deficiency among vegetarians?
Authors:
Pawlak, Roman; Parrott, Scott James; Raj, Sudha; Cullum-Dugan, Diana; Lucus, Debbie
Abstract:
Vegetarians are at risk for vitamin B(12) (B12) deficiency due to suboptimal intake. The goal of the present literature review was to assess the rate of B12 depletion and deficiency among vegetarians and vegans. Using a PubMed search to identify relevant publications, 18 articles were found that reported B12 deficiency rates from studies that identified deficiency by measuring methylmalonic acid, holo-transcobalamin II, or both. The deficiency rates reported for specific populations were as follows: 62% among pregnant women, between 25% and almost 86% among children, 21-41% among adolescents, and 11-90% among the elderly. Higher rates of deficiency were reported among vegans compared with vegetarians and among individuals who had adhered to a vegetarian diet since birth compared with those who had adopted such a diet later in life. The main finding of this review is that vegetarians develop B12 depletion or deficiency regardless of demographic characteristics, place of residency, age, or type of vegetarian diet. Vegetarians should thus take preventive measures to ensure adequate intake of this vitamin, including regular consumption of supplements containing B12.
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Human brain evolution: transcripts, metabolites and their regulators
Authors:
Somel, Mehmet; Liu, Xiling; Khaitovich, Philipp
Abstract:
What evolutionary events led to the emergence of human cognition? Although the genetic differences separating modern humans from both non-human primates (for example, chimpanzees) and archaic hominins (Neanderthals and Denisovans) are known, linking human-specific mutations to the cognitive phenotype remains a challenge. One strategy is to focus on human-specific changes at the level of intermediate phenotypes, such as gene expression and metabolism, in conjunction with evolutionary changes in gene regulation involving transcription factors, microRNA and proximal regulatory elements. In this Review we show how this strategy has yielded some of the first hints about the mechanisms of human cognition.
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Is a healthy diet an environmentally sustainable diet?
Authors:
Macdiarmid, Jennie I.
Abstract:
The concept of a healthy and environmentally sustainable diet is not new, but with increasing concern about future global food security and climate change there is a renewed interest in this topic. Dietary intakes in UK accounts for approximately 20-30% of total annual greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), with the greatest contributions coming from high intakes of meat and dairy products. Dietary proposals to help mitigate climate change (i.e. reduce GHGE) have focused on reducing consumption of meat and dairy products, but this must be considered in the context of the whole diet, alongside any possible nutritional consequences for health. Bringing together health and environmental impact of the diet raises the question of whether a healthy diet can also be an environmentally sustainable diet. While recent research showed that it is possible to achieve a realistic diet that meets dietary requirement for health and has lower GHGE, it cannot be assumed that a healthy diet will always have lower GHGE. With different combinations of food it is possible to consume a diet that meets dietary requirements for health, but has high GHGE. It is important to understand what constitutes a sustainable diet, but this then needs to be communicated effectively to try and change well-established dietary intakes of the population. Studies show that understanding of sustainable diets is poor and there are many misconceptions (e.g. the overestimation of the protein requirements for a healthy diet), which could contribute to the barriers towards changing dietary intakes.
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Muscle composition slightly affects in vitro digestion of aged and cooked meat: identification of associated proteomic markers
Authors:
Bax, M.-L.; Sayd, T.; Aubry, L.; Ferreira, C.; Viala, D.; Chambon, C.; Remond, D.; Sante-Lhoutellier, V.
Abstract:
Meat is an appropriate source of proteins and minerals for human nutrition. Technological treatments modify the physical-chemical properties of proteins, making them liable to decrease the nutritional potential of meat. To counteract this damage, antioxidants and chaperone proteins in muscle cells can prevent oxidation, restore the function of denatured proteins, and thus prevent aggregation. This study aimed to explore the impact of indoor vs outdoor-reared meat protein composition on digestion and to associate protein markers to in vitro digestion parameters. Indoor-reared meat tended to show less oxidation and denaturation than outdoor-reared meat and was characterised by an overexpression of contractile and chaperone proteins. Outdoor-reared meat showed amplification of antioxidant and detoxification metabolism defending against oxidised compounds. Impacts on digestion remained minor. Several protein markers of in vitro digestion parameters were found for aged and cooked meat, linked to the detoxification process and to muscle contraction. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Nutrient Sensing, Metabolism, and Cell Growth Control
Authors:
Yuan, Hai-Xin; Xiong, Yue; Guan, Kun-Liang
Abstract:
Cell growth is regulated by coordination of both extracellular nutrients and intracellular metabolite concentrations. AMP-activated kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 serve as key molecules that sense cellular energy and nutrients levels, respectively. In addition, the members of the dioxygenase family, including prolylhydroxylase, lysine demethylase, and DNA demethylase, have emerged as possible sensors of intracellular metabolic status. The interplay among nutrients, metabolites, gene expression, and protein modification are involved in the coordination of cell growth with extracellular and intracellular conditions.
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Omega-3 fatty acids deficiency aggravates glutamatergic synapse and astroglial aging in the rat hippocampal CA1
Authors:
Latour, Alizée; Grintal, Barbara; Champeil‐Potokar, Gaelle; Hennebelle, Marie; Lavialle, Monique; Dutar, Patrick; Potier, Brigitte; Billard, Jean‐Marie; Vancassel, Sylvie; Denis, Isabelle
Abstract:
Epidemiological data suggest that a poor ω3 status favoured by the low ω3/ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio in western diets contributes to cognitive decline in the elderly, but mechanistic evidence is lacking. We therefore explored the impact of ω3 deficiency on the evolution of glutamatergic transmission in the CA1 of the hippocampus during aging by comparing 4 groups of rats aged 6-22 months fed ω3-deficient or ω3/ω6-balanced diets from conception to sacrifice: Young ω3 Balanced ( YB) or Deficient ( YD), Old ω3 Balanced ( OB) or Deficient ( OD) rats. ω3 Deficiency induced a 65% decrease in the amount of docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA, the main ω3 in cell membranes) in brain phospholipids, but had no impact on glutamatergic transmission and astroglial function in young rats. Aging induced a 10% decrease in brain DHA, a 35% reduction of synaptic efficacy ( fEPSP/ PFV) due to decreased presynaptic glutamate release and a 30% decrease in the astroglial glutamate uptake associated with a marked astrogliosis (+100% GFAP). The ω3 deficiency further decreased these hallmarks of aging ( OD vs. OB rats: −35% fEPSP/PFV P < 0.05, −15% astroglial glutamate uptake P < 0.001, +30% GFAP P
Published:
2013-02
Title:
The defence of body weight: a physiological basis for weight regain after weight loss
Authors:
Sumithran, Priya; Proietto, Joseph
Abstract:
Although weight loss can usually be achieved by restricting food intake, the majority of dieters regain weight over the long-term. In the hypothalamus, hormonal signals from the gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue and other peripheral sites are integrated to influence appetite and energy expenditure. Diet-induced weight loss is accompanied by several physiological changes which encourage weight regain, including alterations in energy expenditure, substrate metabolism and hormone pathways involved in appetite regulation, many of which persist beyond the initial weight loss period. Safe effective long-term strategies to overcome these physiological changes are needed to help facilitate maintenance of weight loss. The present review, which focuses on data from human studies, begins with an outline of body weight regulation to provide the context for the subsequent discussion of short- and long-term physiological changes which accompany diet-induced weight loss.
Published:
2013-02
Title:
The relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease. [Review]
Authors:
Kratz, Mario; Baars, Ton; Guyenet, Stephan
Abstract:
CONCLUSIONS: The observational evidence does not support the hypothesis that dairy fat or high-fat dairy foods contribute to obesity or cardiometabolic risk, and suggests that high-fat dairy consumption within typical dietary patterns is inversely associated with obesity risk. Although not conclusive, these findings may provide a rationale for future research into the bioactive properties of dairy fat and the impact of bovine feeding practices on the health effects of dairy fat.
Published:
2013-02
Title:
Vegetarian diets and the incidence of cancer in a low-risk population
Authors:
Tantamango-Bartley, Yessenia; Jaceldo-Siegl, Karen; Fan, Jing; Fraser, Gary
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Dietary factors account for at least 30% of all cancers in Western countries. As people do not consume individual foods but rather combinations of them, the assessment of dietary patterns may offer valuable information when determining associations between diet and cancer risk. METHODS: We examined the association between dietary patterns (non-vegetarians, lacto, pesco, vegan, and semi-vegetarian) and the overall cancer incidence among 69,120 participants of the Adventist Health Study-2. Cancer cases were identified by matching to cancer registries. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was conducted to estimate hazard ratios, with "attained age" as the time variable. RESULTS: A total of 2,939 incident cancer cases were identified. The multivariate HR of overall cancer risk among vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians was statistically significant [HR, 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.85-0.99] for both genders combined. Also, a statistically significant association was found between vegetarian diet and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63-0.90). When analyzing the association of specific vegetarian dietary patterns, vegan diets showed statistically significant protection for overall cancer incidence (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72-0.99) in both genders combined and for female-specific cancers (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47-0.92). Lacto-ovo-vegetarians appeared to be associated with decreased risk of cancers of the gastrointestinal system (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60-0.92). CONCLUSION: Vegetarian diets seem to confer protection against cancer. IMPACT: Vegan diet seems to confer lower risk for overall and female-specific cancer than other dietary patterns. The lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets seem to confer protection from cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.
Published:
2013-02
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