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Title:
Clinical Implications of Discordance Between LDL Cholesterol and LDL Particle Number
Authors:
Otvos, James D.; Mora, Samia; Shalaurova, Irina; Greenland, Philip; Mackey, Rachel H.; Goff, David C.
Abstract:
Background The amount of cholesterol per LDL particle is variable and related in part to particle size, with smaller particles carrying less cholesterol. This variability causes concentrations of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and LDL particles (LDL-P) to be discordant in many individuals. Methods LDL-P measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, calculated LDL-C, and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were assessed at baseline in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a community-based cohort of 6814 persons free of clinical CVD at entry and followed for CVD events (n=319 during 5.5-year follow-up). Discordance, defined as values of LDL-P and LDL-C differing by ≥ 12 percentile units to give equal-sized concordant and discordant subgroups, was related to CVD events and to carotid IMT in models predicting outcomes for a 1 SD difference in LDL-C or LDL-P, adjusted for age, sex and race. Results LDL-C and LDL-P were associated with incident CVD overall: hazard ratios (HR [95% CI]) 1.20 [1.08, 1.34] and 1.32 [1.19, 1.47], respectively, but for those with discordant levels, only LDL-P was associated with incident CVD (HR: 1.45 [1.19, 1.78]) (LDL-C HR: 1.07 [0.88, 1.30])). IMT also tracked with LDL-P rather than LDL-C, i.e., adjusted mean IMT of 958, 932, and 917 μm in the LDL-P > LDL-C discordant, concordant, and LDL-P
Published:
2011
Title:
Clinical implications of discordance between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle number
Authors:
Otvos, James D.; Mora, Samia; Shalaurova, Irina; Greenland, Philip; MacKey, Rachel H.; Goff, David C.
Abstract:
Background: The amount of cholesterol per low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle is variable and related in part to particle size, with smaller particles carrying less cholesterol. This variability causes concentrations of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and LDL particles (LDL-P) to be discordant in many individuals. Methods: LDL-P measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, calculated LDL-C, and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were assessed at baseline in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, a community-based cohort of 6814 persons free of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) at entry and followed for CVD events (n = 319 during 5.5-year follow-up). Discordance, defined as values of LDL-P and LDL-C differing by ≥12 percentile units to give equal-sized concordant and discordant subgroups, was related to CVD events and to carotid IMT in models predicting outcomes for a 1 SD difference in LDL-C or LDL-P, adjusted for age, gender, and race. Results: LDL-C and LDL-P were associated with incident CVD overall: hazard ratios (HR 1.20, 95% CI [CI] 1.08-1.34; and 1.32, 95% CI 1.19-1.47, respectively, but for those with discordant levels, only LDL-P was associated with incident CVD (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.19-1.78; LDL-C HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.88-1.30). IMT also tracked with LDL-P rather than LDL-C, ie, adjusted mean IMT of 958, 932, and 917 μm in the LDL-P \textgreater LDL-C discordant, concordant, and LDL-P \textless LDL-C discordant subgroups, respectively, with the difference persisting after adjustment for LDL-C (P = .002) but not LDL-P (P = .60). Conclusions: For individuals with discordant LDL-C and LDL-P levels, the LDL-attributable atherosclerotic risk is better indicated by LDL-P. © 2011 National Lipid Association. All rights reserved.
Published:
2011
Title:
Cross-sectional associations between measures of sleep and markers of glucose metabolism among subjects with and without diabetes: The coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) sleep study
Authors:
Knutson, Kristen L.; Van Cauter, Eve; Zee, Phyllis; Liu, Kiang; Lauderdale, Diane S.
Abstract:
To examine whether sleep duration and quality are associated with fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or estimated insulin resistance in a community-based sample of early middle-aged adults.
Published:
2011
Title:
Diet-dependent net endogenous acid load of vegan diets in relation to food groups and bone health-related nutrients: results from the German Vegan Study
Authors:
Ströhle, Alexander; Waldmann, Annika; Koschizke, Jochen; Leitzmann, Claus; Hahn, Andreas
Abstract:
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Dietary composition has been shown to affect acid-base homeostasis and bone health in humans. We investigated the potential renal acid load (PRAL) and the estimated diet-dependent net acid load (net endogenous acid production, NEAP) in adult vegans and evaluated the relationships between NEAP, food groups and intake of bone health-related nutrients. METHODS: The German Vegan Study (GVS) is a cross-sectional study. Data from healthy men (n = 67) and women (n = 87), aged 21-75 years, who fulfilled the study criteria (vegan diet for ≥1 year prior to study start; age ≥18 years, and no pregnancy/childbirth during the last 12 months) were included in the analysis. NEAP values were calculated from diet composition using two models: one based on the protein/potassium quotient and another taking into account an anthropometry-based loss of urinary organic anions. RESULTS: Mean daily intakes of phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium and vitamin C were above, and vitamin D and calcium below Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). Regardless of the model used, the diet in the GVS was characterized by a nearly neutral NEAP. A strong correlation was observed between the NEAP values of the two models (r(s) = 0.873, p
Published:
2011
Title:
Dietary intake patterns are reflected in metabolomic profiles: Potential role in dietary assessment studies
Authors:
O'Sullivan, A.; Gibney, M.J.; Brennan, L.
Abstract:
Background: It has been suggested that metabolomics could play a role in dietary assessment and identification of novel biomarkers of dietary intake. Objective: This study examined the link between habitual dietary patterns and metabolomic profiles. Design: A total of 160 volunteers participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled dietary intervention. We collected biofluids and recorded 3-d food diaries. Food data were reduced to 33 food groups, and a k-means cluster analysis was performed to identify dietary patterns. 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were acquired for plasma and urine samples, and gas chromatography was used for plasma fatty acid profiling. Results: Cluster analysis identified 3 distinct dietary patterns on the basis of the energy contribution of different food groups. Dietary clusters were reflected in plasma fatty acid profiles and in metabolomic data. 1H NMR spectra of urine allowed the identification of metabolites associated with different dietary patterns. Several of the metabolites identified were linked to the intake of specific food groups; in particular, there was a positive association between O-acetylcarnitine and phenylacetylglutamine and red-meat and vegetable intakes, respectively. Conclusions: Habitual dietary patterns are shown in metabolomic data. This approach successfully identified potential biomarkers of red-meat and vegetable intakes. © 2011 American Society for Nutrition.
Published:
2011
Title:
Differences in hepatic gene expression as a major distinguishing factor between Korean native pig and Yorkshire
Authors:
Kim, Seung-Soo; Kim, So-Ra; Kim, Jung-Rok; Moon, Jin-Kyoo; Choi, Bong-Hwan; Lee, Jae-Won; Kim, Kwan-Suk; Kim, Tae-Hun; Kim, Hyun-Jung; Lee, Cheol-Koo
Abstract:
>1.5), 73 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Functional analysis of these DEGs indicated clear distinctions in signaling capacity related to epidermal growth factor (EGF), extracellular structure, protein metabolism, and detoxification. Hepatic DEGs demonstrated the importance of hormonal and metabolic capabilities to differences between these two pig breeds.
Published:
2011
Title:
Different adipose depots: Their role in the development of metabolic syndrome and mitochondrial response to hypolipidemic agents
Authors:
Bjørndal, Bodil; Burri, Lena; Staalesen, Vidar; Skorve, Jon; Berge, Rolf K.
Abstract:
Adipose tissue metabolism is closely linked to insulin resistance, and differential fat distributions are associated with disorders like hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissues vary in their impact on metabolic risk due to diverse gene expression profiles, leading to differences in lipolysis and in the production and release of adipokines and cytokines, thereby affecting the function of other tissues. In this paper, the roles of the various adipose tissues in obesity are summarized, with particular focus on mitochondrial function. In addition, we discuss how a functionally mitochondrial-targeted compound, the modified fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), can influence mitochondrial function and decrease the size of specific fat depots. © 2011 Bodil Bjørndal et al.
Published:
2011
Title:
Effect of Waon therapy on oxidative stress in chronic heart failure
Authors:
Fujita, Shoji; Ikeda, Yoshiyuki; Miyata, Masaaki; Shinsato, Takuro; Kubozono, Takuro; Kuwahata, So; Hamada, Narisato; Miyauchi, Takahiro; Yamaguchi, Tsuyoshi; Torii, Hiroyuki; Hamasaki, Shuichi; Tei, Chuwa
Abstract:
BACKGROUND A previous report by our team showed that Waon therapy, using a far infrared-ray dry sauna at 60°C, improves cardiac and vascular function in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The purpose of the present study was to clarify the effect of Waon therapy on oxidative stress in CHF patients and investigate its mechanism by animal experiments. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty patients with CHF were divided into control (n=20) and Waon therapy (n=20) groups. All patients received standard optimal medications for CHF. Waon therapy group was treated with Waon therapy daily for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of Waon therapy, concentrations of hydroperoxide and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) decreased significantly (hydroperoxide, 422±116 to 327±88U.CARR, P\textless0.001; BNP, 402±221 to 225±137pg/ml, P\textless0.001), and the nitric oxide metabolites increased (71.2±35.4 to 92.0±40.5mmol/L, P\textless0.05). In contrast, none of these variables changed over the 4-week interval in the control group. Furthermore, animal experiments were performed using TO-2 cardiomyopathic hamsters. On immunohistochemistry, cardiac expression of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a marker of oxidative stress, was decreased in the 4-week Waon therapy compared to untreated hamsters. On Western blotting, cardiac expressions of heat shock protein (HSP) 27, manganese superoxide dismutase and HSP32, which reduce oxidative stress, were significantly upregulated in the 4-week Waon therapy compared to untreated hamsters. CONCLUSIONS Waon therapy decreases oxidative stress in patients and hamsters with heart failure.
Published:
2011
Title:
Effect of passive heat stress on arterial stiffness
Authors:
Ganio, Matthew S.; Brothers, R. Matthew; Shibata, Shigeki; Hastings, Jeffrey L.; Crandall, Craig G.
Abstract:
Arterial compliance, the inverse of arterial stiffness, is a prognostic indicator of arterial health. Central and peripheral arterial compliance decrease with acute cold stress and may increase postexercise when exercise-induced elevations in core temperature are likely still to be present. Increased blood flow through the conduit arteries associated with elevated core temperature increases shear stress, which in turn releases nitric oxide and other endothelium-derived factors. These changes, in conjunction with supportive in vitro data, suggest that elevated core temperature may indirectly increase central and peripheral arterial compliance (i.e. decrease arterial stiffness). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that increased core temperature decreases central and peripheral arterial stiffness, as measured with pulse wave velocity (PWV). Using Doppler ultrasound, carotid-femoral (central) and carotid-radial (peripheral) arterial PWVs were measured from eight subjects (age 37 ± 11 years; mass 68.8 ± 11.1 kg; height 171 ± 3 cm) before and during passive heat-stress-induced increases in core temperature of 0.47 ± 0.05, 1.03 ± 0.12 and 1.52 ± 0.07°C (i.e. baseline, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5°C, respectively). Changes in PWV were evaluated with one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. When analysed as group means, neither central (677 ± 161, 617 ± 72, 659 ± 74 and 766 ± 207 cm s(-1); P = 0.12) nor peripheral PWV (855 ± 192, 772 ± 95, 759 ± 49 and 858 ± 247 cm s(-1); P = 0.56) changed as core temperature increased from baseline to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5°C, respectively. However, individual changes in central (average r = -0.89, P \textless 0.05) and peripheral PWV (average r = -0.93, P \textless 0.05) with heat stress were significantly correlated with normothermic baseline PWV. In conclusion, these data suggest that the magnitude by which heat stress reduced PWV was predicated upon normothermic PWV, with the individuals having the highest normothermic PWV being most responsive to the heat-stress-induced reductions in PWV.
Published:
2011
Title:
Effects of a moderate low-carbohydrate diet on preferential abdominal fat loss and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors:
Sasakabe, Tae; Haimoto, Hajime; Umegaki, Hiroyuki; Wakai, Kenji
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Reports have shown that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is more closely linked to cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) than subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). We aimed to elucidate preferential abdominal fat loss and the correlations between abdominal fat reductions and changes in CRFs achieved with a moderate low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-two outpatients (28 men and 24 women, mean age ± SD: 60.0 ± 10.5 years) with hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(lc)) levels ≥ 6.5% were on an LCD for 6 months. Over a 6-month period, we measured their abdominal fat distribution (using CT) and assessed CRFs, including body mass index (BMI), HbA(1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride levels. RESULTS: The patients showed good compliance with the LCD (1812 ± 375 kcal/day, % carbohydrate:fat:protein = 35:40:19 for men; 1706 ± 323 kcal/day, % carbohydrate:fat:protein = 41:36:21 for women). Significant decreases (P = 0.05) in BMI and HbA(1c) levels were observed, along with an increase in HDL-C (P = 0.021) in men and a decrease in LDL-C (P = 0.001) in women. VAT (-21.6 cm(2), P < 0.001 in men; -19.6 cm(2), P
Published:
2011
Title:
Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: A comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies
Authors:
Gebauer, S.K.; Chardigny, J.-M.; Jakobsen, M.U.; Lamarche, B.; Lock, A.L.; Proctor, S.P.; Baer, D.J.
Abstract:
There are 2 predominant sources of dietary trans fatty acids (TFA) in the food supply, those formed during the industrial partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils (iTFA) and those formed by biohydrogenation in ruminants (rTFA), including vaccenic acid (VA) and the naturally occurring isomer of conjugated linoleic acid, cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9,t11-CLA). The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence base from epidemiological and clinical studies to determine whether intake of rTFA isomers, specifically VA and c9,t11-CLA, differentially affects risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer compared with iTFA. In addition, animal and cell culture studies are reviewed to explore potential pro-and antiatherogenic mechanisms of VA and c9,t11-CLA. Some epidemiological studies suggest that a positive association with coronary heart disease risk exists between only iTFA isomers and not rTFA isomers. Small clinical studies have been conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships between these different sources of TFA and biomarkers or risk factors of CVD with inconclusive results. The lack of detection of treatment effects reported in some studies may be due to insufficient statistical power. Many studies have used doses of rTFA that are not realistically attainable via diet; thus, further clinical studies are warranted. Associations between iTFA intake and cancer have been inconsistent, and associations between rTFA intake and cancer have not been well studied. Clinical studies have not been conducted investigating the cause-and-effect relationship between iTFA and rTFA intake and risk for cancers. Further research is needed to determine the health effects of VA and c9,t11-CLA in humans. © 2011 American Society for Nutrition.
Published:
2011
Title:
Evaluation of a Lifestyle Modification Program for Treatment of Overweight and Nonmorbid Obesity in Primary Healthcare and Its Influence on Health-Related Quality of Life
Authors:
Arrebola, E.; Gómez‐Candela, C.; Fernández‐Fernández, C.; Loria, V.; Muñoz‐Pérez, E.; Bermejo, L. M.
Abstract:
Background: The impact of overweight and nonmorbid obesity on health-related quality of life (HRQL) has not been widely researched. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a lifestyle modification program (LMP) focused on diet, exercise, and psychological support on HRQL in overweight and nonmorbidly obese patients treated in a primary healthcare setting. Methods: Sixty patients with grade II overweight and nonmorbid grade I-II obesity were included in this open pilot clinical trial; subjects’ ages ranged from 18 to 50 years. They were provided with an LMP combining nutrition education, physical activity, and psychological support. Subjects attended group sessions every 2 weeks. The main outcome measures at baseline and 6 months were body composition parameters (body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist circumference) and HRQL using the 1.4 Spanish version of the SF-36 questionnaire. The questionnaire yields an 8-scale profile of physical functioning (PF), role—physical (RP), bodily pain (BP), vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), role—emotional (RE), mental health (MH), and general health (GH) factors. Results: The LMP achieved improvements in SF-36 subscales at the end of the intervention: PF (80.37 ± 18.90 vs 89.40 ± 13.95, P < .001), RP (20.37 ± 9.10 vs 23.14 ± 6.67, P < .05), VT (58.71 ± 21.98 vs 70.91 ± 26.56, P < .01), SF (79.62 ± 27.76 vs 86.57 ± 25.45, P < .03), and GH (61.03 ± 19.13 vs 69.42 ± 18.80, P
Published:
2011
Title:
Evidence that 'food addiction' is a valid phenotype of obesity
Authors:
Davis, Caroline; Curtis, Claire; Levitan, Robert D.; Carter, Jacqueline C.; Kaplan, Allan S.; Kennedy, James L.
Abstract:
There is growing evidence of 'food addiction' (FA) in sugar- and fat-bingeing animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the legitimacy of this disorder in the human condition. It was also our intention to extend the validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) - the first tool developed to identify individuals with addictive tendencies towards food. Using a sample of obese adults (aged 25-45 years), and a case-control methodology, we focused our assessments on three domains relevant to the characterization of conventional substance-dependence disorders: clinical co-morbidities, psychological risk factors, and abnormal motivation for the addictive substance. Results were strongly supportive of the FA construct and validation of the YFAS. Those who met the diagnostic criteria for FA had a significantly greater co-morbidity with Binge Eating Disorder, depression, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to their age- and weight-equivalent counterparts. Those with FA were also more impulsive and displayed greater emotional reactivity than obese controls. They also displayed greater food cravings and the tendency to 'self-soothe' with food. These findings advance the quest to identify clinically relevant subtypes of obesity that may possess different vulnerabilities to environmental risk factors, and thereby could inform more personalized treatment approaches for those who struggle with overeating and weight gain. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Published:
2011
Title:
Fat adaptation science: low-carbohydrate, high- fat diets to alter fuel utilization and promote training adaptation
Authors:
Hawley, John A.
Abstract:
The effect of manipulating an individual's habitual diet on skeletal muscle fuel utilization has been of longstanding interest to scientists, and it is now well established that changes in dietary intake that alter the concentration of blood-borne substrates and hormones cause substantial perturbations in the macronutrient storage profile of muscle and exert profound effects on rates of substrate oxidation during exercise. Only recently, however, has it become appreciated that nutrient-exercise interventions can modulate many contraction- induced responses in muscle, and that fuel availability per se provides a 'trigger' for adaptation. Consumption of low-carbohydrate, high- fat diets in the face of endurance training alters patterns of fuel utilization and subsequent exercise responses. Human studies show how low-carbohydrate, fat-rich diets interact with specific contractile stimulus to modulate many of the acute responses to exercise, thereby promoting or inhibiting subsequent training adaptation.
Published:
2011
Title:
Food and foodways of medieval Cairenes: aspects of life in an Islamic metropolis of the eastern Mediterranean
Authors:
Lewicka, Paulina B
Abstract:
As a corpus-based study which aims at profiling the food culture of medieval Cairo, the book is an attempt to reconstruct the menu of Cairenes as well as their various daily practices, customs and habits related to food and eating.
Published:
2011
Title:
Food and war in twentieth century Europe
Authors:
Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina; Duffett, Rachel; Drouard, Alain
Abstract:
Wars cannot be fought and sustained without food and this unique collection explores the impact of war on food production, allocation and consumption in Europe in the era of total war. The analysis ranges from military provisioning and systems of food rationing to civilians' survival strategies and the role of war in stimulating innovation and modernization.
Published:
2011
Title:
High dietary niacin intake is associated with decreased chromosome translocation frequency in airline pilots
Authors:
Yong, Lee C; Petersen, Martin R
Abstract:
Experimental studies suggest that B vitamins such as niacin, folate, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 may protect against DNA damage induced by ionising radiation (IR). However, to date, data from IR-exposed human populations are not available. We examined the intakes of these B vitamins and their food sources in relation to the frequency of chromosome translocations as a biomarker of cumulative DNA damage, in eighty-two male airline pilots. Dietary intakes were estimated by using a self-administered semi-quantitative FFQ. Translocations in peripheral blood lymphocytes were scored by using fluorescence in situ hybridisation whole-chromosome painting. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate rate ratios and 95 % CI, adjusted for age and occupational and lifestyle factors. We observed a significant inverse association between translocation frequency and dietary intake of niacin (P = 0·02): adjusted rate ratio for subjects in the highest tertile compared with the lowest tertile was 0·58 (95 % CI 0·40, 0·83). Translocation frequency was not associated with total niacin intake from food and supplements as well as dietary or total intake of folate, riboflavin or vitamin B6 or B12. However, the adjusted rate ratios were significant for subjects with >= median compared with
Published:
2011
Title:
Human gut microbiota and its relationship to health and disease
Authors:
Wallace, Taylor C.; Guarner, Francisco; Madsen, Karen; Cabana, Michael D.; Gibson, Glenn; Hentges, Eric; Sanders, Mary Ellen
Abstract:
Published:
2011
Title:
Improvement of autonomic nervous activity by Waon therapy in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors:
Kuwahata, So; Miyata, Masaaki; Fujita, Shoji; Kubozono, Takuro; Shinsato, Takuro; Ikeda, Yoshiyuki; Hamasaki, Shuichi; Kuwaki, Tomoyuki; Tei, Chuwa
Abstract:
Background and purpose: We have reported previously that Waon therapy improves cardiac and vascular function, and prognosis of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). CHF is characterized by generalized sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Waon therapy on autonomic nervous activity in patients with CHF. Methods and subjects: Fifty-four patients with CHF, who were receiving conventional therapy for CHF, were divided into Waon therapy and control groups. In the Waon therapy group, 27 patients were treated with medication and Waon therapy. In the control group, 27 patients were treated with only conventional CHF therapy. Cardiac function including cardiac output (CO) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was evaluated by echocardiography. The heart rate variability, such as the coefficient of variation of RR intervals (CVRR), the low-frequency (LF) component, high-frequency (HF) component, the LF norm [LF/(LF. +. HF)], and HF norm [HF/(LF. +. HF)], were measured at admission and 4 weeks after treatment. Results: Echocardiography demonstrated that CO and LVEF significantly increased after 4 weeks in the Waon therapy group, but did not change in the control group. In the Waon therapy group, CVRR, HF, and HF norm significantly increased 4 weeks after Waon therapy. In addition, the LF/HF ratio and LF norm significantly decreased 4 weeks after Waon therapy. In contrast, these parameters remained unchanged in the control group. Moreover, the HF and HF norm were significantly higher, and the LF/HF ratio and LF norm were significantly lower after 4 weeks of Waon therapy group than after 4 weeks of only conventional therapy. Conclusions: Waon therapy improved cardiac function and autonomic nervous activity by increasing parasympathetic and decreasing sympathetic nervous activity in patients with CHF. © 2011 Japanese College of Cardiology.
Published:
2011
Title:
Increased fat-free body mass and no adverse effects on blood lipid concentrations 4 weeks after additional meat consumption in comparison with an exclusion of meat in the diet of young healthy women
Authors:
Petzke, K.J.; Lemke, S.; Klaus, S.
Abstract:
Aims. To investigate whether changes of meat consumption can affect body composition and laboratory parameters in healthy, normal weight, young women without the aim to reduce body weight. Research Design and Methods. Women volunteered to eat low-fat meat in addition to their habitual diet (M) or to exclude meat products from their diet (NOM). After 4 weeks M and NOM were crossed over between subjects. Changes in nutrient intake, morphometrics and plasma parameters were compared during M and NOM. Results. Daily protein intake (means ± SD) was 2.25 ± 0.35 (25.2% of energy) and 1.15 ± 0.26 g/kg (14.0% of energy) during M and NOM, respectively. Fat-free body mass (FFM) increased during M (0.7 ± 1.0 kg, P =.02) and decreased during NOM (- 0.8 ± 0.8 kg, P =.003). Body fat mass was unchanged. Concentrations of total cholesterol (- 7 %), LDL-cholesterol (- 8 %), and glucose (- 4 %) deceased significantly after M. Fasting glutamine concentrations were decreased by M and increased by NOM. Conclusions. Additional meat intake can increase FFM without adverse effects on blood lipid concentrations. Long-term studies are required. Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine could represent a biomarker for meat protein consumption. © 2011 Klaus J. Petzke et al.
Published:
2011
Title:
Insulin Resistance: The Link Between Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors:
Reaven, Gerald M.
Abstract:
Insulin-mediated glucose disposal varies at least sixfold in apparently healthy individuals. The adverse effect of decreases in the level of physical fitness on insulin sensitivity is comparable to the untoward impact of excess adiposity, with each accounting for approximately 25% of the variability of insulin action. It is the loss of insulin sensitivity that explains why obese individuals are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease, but not all overweight/obese individuals are insulin resistant. At a clinical level, it is important to identify those overweight individuals who are also insulin resistant and to initiate the most intensive therapeutic effort in this subgroup. Finally, it appears that the adverse impact of overall obesity, as estimated by body mass index, is comparable to that of abdominal obesity, as quantified by waist circumference. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Published:
2011
Title:
Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factors in subjects with prehypertension
Authors:
Knobler, Hilla; Abbasi, Fahim; Lamendola, Cindy; Reaven, Gerald M.
Abstract:
Prehypertension is considered to be associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD), and some data suggest that insulin resistance is common in this group. The goal of this study was to quantify insulin action by determining the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during the insulin suppression test in apparently healthy individuals with prehypertension (n=126) and to elucidate the relationship between insulin action and CVD risk.We found a marked heterogeneity in insulin sensitivity in the prehypertension group, and when we divided the population into insulin-sensitive, insulin-resistant and intermediate groups, there were significant (p\textless0.01) increases in plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations and decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations with progressive degrees of insulin resistance. These data show that at least one-third of patients with prehypertension are insulin resistant, display the accompanying metabolic abnormalities, and merit enhanced surveillance and intensive efforts at therapeutic intervention to prevent CVD.
Published:
2011
Title:
Insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and renal sodium transport
Authors:
Horita, Shoko; Seki, George; Yamada, Hideomi; Suzuki, Masashi; Koike, Kazuhiko; Fujita, Toshiro
Abstract:
\textlessp\textgreaterSodium transport through various nephron segments is quite important in regulating sodium reabsorption and blood pressure. Among several regulators of this process, insulin acts on almost all the nephron segments and is a strong enhancer of sodium reabsorption. Sodium-proton exchanger type 3 (NHE3) is a main regulator of sodium reabsorption in the luminal side of proximal tubule. In the basolateral side of the proximal tubule, sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCe1) mediates sodium and bicarbonate exit from tubular cells. In the distal nephron and the connecting tubule, epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is of great importance to sodium reabsorption. NHE3, NBCe1, and ENaC are all regulated by insulin. Recently with-no-lysine (WNK) kinases, responsible for familial hypertension, stimulating sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron, have been found to be also regulated by insulin. We will discuss the regulation of renal sodium transport by insulin and its roles in the pathogenesis of hypertension in insulin resistance.\textless/p\textgreater
Published:
2011
Title:
Insulin resistance: From bit player to centre stage
Authors:
Reaven, Gerald M.
Abstract:
Multilayer neural networks trained with the back-propagation$\backslash$nalgorithm constitute the best example of a successful gradient based$\backslash$nlearning technique. Given an appropriate network architecture,$\backslash$ngradient-based learning algorithms can be used to synthesize a complex$\backslash$ndecision surface that can classify high-dimensional patterns, such as$\backslash$nhandwritten characters, with minimal preprocessing. This paper reviews$\backslash$nvarious methods applied to handwritten character recognition and$\backslash$ncompares them on a standard handwritten digit recognition task.$\backslash$nConvolutional neural networks, which are specifically designed to deal$\backslash$nwith the variability of 2D shapes, are shown to outperform all other$\backslash$ntechniques. Real-life document recognition systems are composed of$\backslash$nmultiple modules including field extraction, segmentation recognition,$\backslash$nand language modeling. A new learning paradigm, called graph transformer$\backslash$nnetworks (GTN), allows such multimodule systems to be trained globally$\backslash$nusing gradient-based methods so as to minimize an overall performance$\backslash$nmeasure. Two systems for online handwriting recognition are described.$\backslash$nExperiments demonstrate the advantage of global training, and the$\backslash$nflexibility of graph transformer networks. A graph transformer network$\backslash$nfor reading a bank cheque is also described. It uses convolutional$\backslash$nneural network character recognizers combined with global training$\backslash$ntechniques to provide record accuracy on business and personal cheques.$\backslash$nIt is deployed commercially and reads several million cheques per day$\backslash$n
Published:
2011
Title:
Leptin and cardiovascular diseases
Authors:
Hou, Ning; Luo, Jian-Dong
Abstract:
Leptin is a 16-kDa hormone, synthesized primarily by adipocyte, which acts as a key factor for maintenance of energy homeostasis in central and peripheral tissues. In most obese individuals, serum leptin levels are increased and correlate with the individual’s body mass index. 2. Abundant investigations ranging from clinical and animal model studies to in vitro analyses show that leptin plays a pivotal role in obesity-related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Hyperleptinaemia has been confirmed to be a predictor of acute cardiovascular events. However, some studies have shown that leptin has a cardioprotective effect in leptin-deficient models. These data suggest the influences of leptin on the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases are complex and not completely understood. 3. In the present review, we summarize the major leptin signalling pathways, including Janus-activated kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (Jak/STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) signalling pathways, and analyse the probable mechanisms of selective leptin resistance. We then provide a detailed review of the effects of leptin on the cardiovascular system, including sympathoactivation, oxidative stress, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vascular cell proliferation, cardiomyocytes hypertrophy, as well as fatty acid metabolism, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (e.g. ischaemic heart disease). The central premise of this review is to elucidate the mechanisms by which leptin affects the cardiovascular function and provide insight into obesity-related CVD.
Published:
2011
Title:
Lost in the wash: predicting the impact of losing Aboriginal coastal sites in Australia.
Authors:
McIntyre-Tamwoy, S.; Buhrich, A.
Abstract:
Coastal sea level rise, increased storm wash, storm surges and extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones are predicted to impact on the Australian coastline in future years. The emphasis in research activity in Australia has been directed at issues such as coastal planning and impacts on reef ecosystems and tourism. There has been little focus on the potential loss of coastal cultural he...
Published:
2011
Title:
Low-carbohydrate diet review: Shifting the paradigm
Authors:
Hite, Adele H.; Berkowitz, Valerie Goldstein; Berkowitz, Keith
Abstract:
What does a clinican need to know about low-carbohydrate diets (LC)? This review examines and compares the safety and effictiveness of a LC approach as an alternative to a low-fat (LF), high carbohydrate diet, the current standard for weight loss and/or chronic disease prevention. In short-term and long-term comparison studies, ad libitum and isocaloric therapeutic diets with varying degrees of carbohydrate restriction perform as well as or better than comparable LF diets with regard to weight loss, lipid levels, glucose and insulin response, blood pressure and other important cardiovascular risk markers in both normal subjects and those with metabolic and other health-related disorders. The metabolic, hormonal and appetite signaling effects of carbohydrate reduction suggest an underlying scientific basis for considering it as an alternative approach to low-fat, high-carbohydrate recommendations in adressing overweight/obesity and chronic disease in America. It is time to embrace LC diets as a viable option to aid in reversing diabetes mellitus, risk factors for heart disease and the epidemic of obesity.
Published:
2011
Title:
Metabolic Abnormalities — the Role of Insulin Resistance and the
Authors:
Disease, Mechanisms O F; Resistance, O F Insulin
Abstract:
Published:
2011
Title:
Metabolic profiling of meat: Assessment of pork hygiene and contamination with Salmonella typhimurium
Authors:
Xu, Y.; Cheung, W.; Winder, C.L.; Dunn, W.B.; Goodacre, R.
Abstract:
Spoilage in meat is the result of the action of microorganisms and results in changes of meat and microbial metabolism. This process may include pathogenic food poisoning bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium, and it is important that these are differentiated from the natural spoilage process caused by non-pathogenic microorganisms. In this study we investigated the application of metabolic profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to assess the microbial contamination of pork. Metabolite profiles were generated from microorganisms, originating from the natural spoilage process and from the artificial contamination with S. typhimurium. In an initial experiment, we investigated changes in the metabolic profiles over a 72 hour time course at 25 °C and established time points indicative of the spoilage process. A further experiment was performed to provide in-depth analysis of the metabolites characteristic of contamination by S. typhimurium. We applied a three-way PARAllel FACtor analysis 2 (PARAFAC2) multivariate algorithm to model the metabolic profiles. In addition, two univariate statistical tests, two-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test and Friedman test, were employed to identify metabolites which showed significant difference between natural spoiled and S. typhimurium contaminated samples. Consistent results from the two independent experiments were obtained showing the discrimination of the metabolic profiles of the natural spoiled pork chops and those contaminated with S. typhimurium. The analysis identified 17 metabolites of significant interest (including various types of amino acid and fatty acid) in the discrimination of pork contaminated with the pathogenic microorganism. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Published:
2011
Title:
Metabolic programming in the immediate postnatal life
Authors:
Patel, Mulchand S.; Srinivasan, Malathi
Abstract:
The metabolic programming effects of nutritional modifications in the immediate postnatal life are increasingly recognized to independently contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome in later life. Adjustment of litter size in rodents has been used to induce either under- or overnourishment in the immediate postnatal life of the offspring. While undernourishment led to growth retardation in the offspring, overnourishment produced increased body weight gains, hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia. Overnourishment during the suckling period induced several adaptations in the energy circuitry in the hypothalamus of the offspring predisposing them for the onset of obesity later in life. Another approach for a nutritional modification in the immediate postnatal period is the artificial rearing of newborn rat pups on a high-carbohydrate (HC) milk formula without changes in the total calorie availability. Hyperinsulinemia, immediately evident in the HC pups, persisted in the post-weaning period even after withdrawal of the HC milk. Significant alterations in pancreatic islets supported chronic hyperinsulinemia in the HC rats. Alterations in the gene expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides predisposing to hyperphagia were evident during the period of the HC dietary modification. The persistence of these hypothalamic adaptations supported the obese phenotype in adult HC rats. A transgenerational effect gave rise to the development of chronic hyperinsulinemia and adult-onset obesity in the offspring of the HC female rats. Other studies have shown that lactation by a diabetic, obese or malnourished mother resulted in predisposition for the onset of metabolic disorders in the offspring. These observations from animal studies on the metabolic programming effects due to altered nutritional experiences in the immediate postnatal life strongly suggest that altered feeding practices for infants (formula feeding and early introduction of infant foods) could contribute to the rising incidence of overweight/obesity in children and adults.
Published:
2011
Title:
Nutritional Governmentality.
Authors:
Swislocki, Mark
Abstract:
Published:
2011
Title:
Optimal use and cost-effectiveness of biologic therapies in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors:
Di Sabatino, Antonio; Liberato, Lucio; Marchetti, Monia; Biancheri, Paolo; Corazza, Gino R.
Abstract:
Published:
2011
Title:
Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: results from the EPIC-Oxford study
Authors:
Crowe FL; Steur M; Allen NE; Appleby PN; Travis RC; Key TJ; Crowe, Francesca L; Steur, Marinka; Allen, Naomi E; Appleby, Paul N; Travis, Ruth C; Key, Timothy J
Abstract:
Objective: Vegetarians and vegans exclude certain food sources of vitamin D from their diet, but it is not clear to what extent this affects plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). The objective was to investigate differences in vitamin D intake and plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans.Design: A cross-sectional analysis.Setting: United Kingdom.Subjects: Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in 2107 white men and women (1388 meat eaters, 210 fish eaters, 420 vegetarians and eighty-nine vegans) aged 20-76 years from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Oxford cohort.Results: Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations reflected the degree of animal product exclusion and, hence, dietary intake of vitamin D; meat eaters had the highest mean intake of vitamin D (3·1 (95 % CI 3·0, 3·2) μg/d) and mean plasma 25(OH)D concentrations (77·0 (95 % CI 75·4, 78·8) nmol/l) and vegans the lowest (0·7 (95 % CI 0·6, 0·8) μg/d and 55·8 (95 % CI 51·0, 61·0) nmol/l, respectively). The magnitude of difference in 25(OH)D concentrations between meat eaters and vegans was smaller (20 %) among those participants who had a blood sample collected during the summer months (July-September) compared with the winter months (38 %; January-March). The prevalence of low plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D (<25 nmol/l) during the winter and spring ranged from
Published:
2011
Title:
Premetazoan ancestry of the Myc-Max network
Authors:
Young, S.L.; Diolaiti, D.; Conacci-Sorrell, M.; Ruiz-Trillo, I.; Eisenman, R.N.; King, N.
Abstract:
The origin of metazoans required the evolution of mechanisms for maintaining differentiated cell types within a multicellular individual, in part through spatially differentiated patterns of gene transcription. The unicellular ancestor of metazoans was presumably capable of regulating gene expression temporally in response to changing environmental conditions, and spatial cell differentiation in metazoans may represent a co-option of preexisting regulatory mechanisms. Myc is a critical regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and death that is found in all metazoans but absent in other multicellular lineages, including fungi and plants. Homologs of Myc and its binding partner, Max, exist in two of the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis (Mb) and Capsaspora owczarzaki, a unicellular opisthokont that is closely related to metazoans and choanoflagellates. We find that Myc and Max from M. brevicollis heterodimerize and bind to both canonical and noncanonical E-boxes, the DNA-binding sites through which metazoan Myc proteins act. Moreover, in M. brevicollis, MbMyc protein can be detected in nuclear and flagellar regions. Like metazoan Max proteins, MbMax can form homodimers that bind to E-boxes. However, cross-species dimerization between Mb and human Myc and Max proteins was not observed, suggesting that the binding interface has diverged. Our results reveal that the Myc/Max network arose before the divergence of the choanoflagellate and metazoan lineages. Furthermore, core features of metazoan Myc function, including heterodimerization with Max, binding to E-box sequences in DNA, and localization to the nucleus, predate the origin of metazoans. © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All reserved.
Published:
2011
Title:
Randomized comparison of reduced fat and reduced carbohydrate hypocaloric diets on intrahepatic fat in overweight and obese human subjects
Authors:
Haufe, Sven; Engeli, Stefan; Kast, Petra; Böhnke, Jana; Utz, Wolfgang; Haas, Verena; Hermsdorf, Mario; Mähler, Anja; Wiesner, Susanne; Birkenfeld, Andreas L.; Sell, Henrike; Otto, Christoph; Mehling, Heidrun; Luft, Friedrich C.; Eckel, Juergen; Schulz‐Menger, Jeanette; Boschmann, Michael; Jordan, Jens
Abstract:
Obesity-related hepatic steatosis is a major risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Fat reduced hypocaloric diets are able to relieve the liver from ectopically stored lipids. We hypothesized that the widely used low carbohydrate hypocaloric diets are similarly effective in this regard. A total of 170 overweight and obese, otherwise healthy subjects were randomized to either reduced carbohydrate (n = 84) or reduced fat (n = 86), total energy restricted diet (−30% of energy intake before diet) for 6 months. Body composition was estimated by bioimpedance analyses and abdominal fat distribution by magnetic resonance tomography. Subjects were also submitted to fat spectroscopy of liver and oral glucose tolerance testing. In all, 102 subjects completed the diet intervention with measurements of intrahepatic lipid content. Both hypocaloric diets decreased body weight, total body fat, visceral fat, and intrahepatic lipid content. Subjects with high baseline intrahepatic lipids (>5.56%) lost ≈7-fold more intrahepatic lipids compared with those with low baseline values (
Published:
2011
Title:
Redefining food: the standardization of products and production in Europe and the United States, 1880-1914
Authors:
Spiekermann, Uwe
Abstract:
This article analyzes the interrelationship between expert systems and the creation of public trust in food production in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, focusing on the roles of scientific knowledge and elites in academia, government, and business. The nutrient paradigm of the mid nineteenth century played a crucial part in this history, facilitating new practices of control and standardization based on measurable, empirical ‘facts.’ This article compares the different approaches, power constellations, and results of the struggle for improved and reliable food quality in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the USA. Scientists, especially chemists, the food industries, and public authorities at the local, regional, and federal levels established a structure of science‐based standardization and trust‐building, which acted on behalf of the consumer in enforcing their own ‘objective’ ideas about safe products and additives.
Published:
2011
Title:
Relationships Among Insulin Resistance, Type 2 Diabetes, Essential Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Similarities and Differences
Authors:
Reaven, Gerald M.
Abstract:
Insulin resistance plays a major role in the pathogenesis and clinical course of patients with type 2 diabetes (2DM) and essential hypertension. However, the syndromes differ in prevalence of insulin resistance, and associated insulin secretory response. Essentially all patients with type 2 diabetes are insulin resistant, whereas only approximately 50% of those with essential hypertension are insulin resistant. Furthermore, 2DM develops when the pancreatic β-cell can no longer maintain the degree of compensatory hyperinsulinemia needed to prevent hyperglycemia. In contrast, the compensatory hyperinsulinemia that prevents most insulin resistant individuals from developing 2DM acts on normally insulin sensitive tissues in a manner that predisposes to the development of essential hypertension. This review will discuss these similarities and differences in some detail, as well as exploring the relationship among insulin resistance and related metabolic abnormalities in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in patients with 2DM and essential hypertension.
Published:
2011
Title:
Relationships among insulin resistance, obesity, diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome and cardio-metabolic risk
Authors:
Salazar, Martin R.; Carbajal, Horacio A.; Espeche, Walter G.; Dulbecco, Carlos A.; Aizpurúa, Marcelo; Marillet, Alberto G.; Echeverría, Raúl F.; Reaven, Gerald M.
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to test the hypotheses that: 1) diagnosing the metabolic syndrome does not effectively identify insulin-resistant (IR) individuals; and 2) waist circumference (WC) is no better than body mass index (BMI) in predicting insulin resistance or the components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Measurements of BMI, WC, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose, insulin (FPI), triglycerides (TG), and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were made in 1,300 adults, without known cardiovascular disease (CVD) or drug treatment of hypertension or diabetes. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the ability of the MetS, and its components, to identify IR individuals. In addition, comparisons were made of CVD risk factors following division of the population into quartiles of FPI concentrations, and univariate and multiple regression analysis used to compare the ability of WC, BMI, and FPI as predictors of MetS components. The MetS was no more effective in identifying IR individuals than several individual components (sensitivity∼40%), and IR individuals not identified were at significantly increased CVD risk. FPI concentration was the best predictor of an abnormal glucose, TG, and HDL-C, whereas the adiposity indices were better predictors of abnormal blood pressure. The relationship between BMI and WC with the MetS and its components seemed comparable.
Published:
2011
Title:
Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: Implications for obesity
Authors:
Volkow, Nora D.; Wang, Gene Jack; Baler, Ruben D.
Abstract:
The ability to resist the urge to eat requires the proper functioning of neuronal circuits involved in top-down control to oppose the conditioned responses that predict reward from eating the food and the desire to eat the food. Imaging studies show that obese subjects might have impairments in dopaminergic pathways that regulate neuronal systems associated with reward sensitivity, conditioning and control. It is known that the neuropeptides that regulate energy balance (homeostatic processes) through the hypothalamus also modulate the activity of dopamine cells and their projections into regions involved in the rewarding processes underlying food intake. It is postulated that this could also be a mechanism by which overeating and the resultant resistance to homoeostatic signals impairs the function of circuits involved in reward sensitivity, conditioning and cognitive control. © 2010.
Published:
2011
Title:
Sleep disturbances and insulin resistance
Authors:
Van Cauter, E.
Abstract:
Diabet. Med. 28, 1455–1462 (2011) $\backslash$nAbstract$\backslash$nThe causes and risk factors of insulin resistance remain insufficiently understood. After taking into account the important roles of adiposity, age, sex and race/ethnicity, up to 50% of the individual variability in insulin resistance remains unexplained. In recent years, evidence has accumulated to support a role for sleep disturbances, including insufficient sleep, poor sleep quality and insomnia, and obstructive sleep apnoea, as independent risk factors for the development and exacerbation of insulin resistance. The present review summarizes the evidence. We will start with a brief introduction to sleep and its disorders and then examine in succession the role of the three major types of sleep disturbances of modern society, namely insufficient sleep, poor sleep quality and/or insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea. Insulin resistance is a hallmark of the polycystic ovary syndrome, the most common endocrine pathology in women, and the last section of this review will discuss the role of obstructive sleep apnoea in the insulin resistance and metabolic disturbances of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Published:
2011
Title:
Starving the South: how the North won the Civil War
Authors:
Smith, Andrew F
Abstract:
From the First Shot fired at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, to the last shot fired at Appomattox, food played a crucial role in the Civil War. In Starving the South, culinary historian Andrew Smith takes a fascinating gastronomical look at the war and its aftermath. At the time, the North mobilized its agricultural resources, fed its civilians and military, and still had massive amounts of food to export to Europe. The South did not; while people starved, the morale of their soldiers waned and desertions from the Army of the Confederacy increased. The legacy of this divide lives on today. The necessity of providing food transformed local markets into large, nationalized, and industrialized food suppliers. It forced the development of the northern canning industry, solidified the celebration of Thanksgiving as a national holiday, and forged the first truly national cuisine as emancipated slaves immigrated northward carrying the recipes and favors of the South with them. On the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Fort Sumter, culinary historian Andrew F. Smith is the first to ask, "Did hunger defeat the Confederacy?"--Jacket.
Published:
2011
Title:
The Association Between Housing Instability, Food Insecurity, and Diabetes Self-Efficacy in Low-Income Adults
Authors:
Vijayaraghavan, Maya; Jacobs, Elizabeth A.; Seligman, Hilary; Fernandez, Alicia
Abstract:
Limited data exist on whether structural factors associated with poverty such as inadequate housing and food insecurity affect diabetes care. In a sample of low-income participants with diabetes (N711), we sought to determine if housing instability was associated with lower diabetes self-efficacy, and whether this relationship was mediated by food insecurity. We ordered housing from most to least stable. We observed a linear decrease in diabetes self-efficacy as housing instability increased (p.01). After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and alcohol or substance use, adults lacking a usual place to stay had lower self-efficacy than those who owned their own home (ß-coefficient 0.94, 95% CI 1.88, 0.01). Food insecurity mediated the association between housing instability and diabetes self-efficacy (ß-coefficient 0.64, 95% CI 1.57, 0.31). Our findings suggest that inadequate access to food lowers self-efficacy among adults with diabetes, and supports provision of food to unstably housed adults as part of diabetes care.
Published:
2011
Title:
The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World since 1700
Authors:
Floud, Roderick; Fogel, Robert W.; Harris, Bernard; Hong, Sok Chul
Abstract:
Published:
2011
Title:
The HRMAS-NMR tool in foodstuff characterisation
Authors:
Valentini, M.; Ritota, M.; Cafiero, C.; Cozzolino, S.; Leita, L.; Sequi, P.
Abstract:
High resolution magic angle spinning, that is, HRMAS, is a quite novel tool in NMR spectroscopy; it offers the almost unique opportunity of measuring intact tissues disguised as suspended or swollen in a deuterated solvent. The feasibility of 1H-HRMAS-NMR in foodstuff characterisation has been exploited, but in spite of this, its applications are still limited. Metabolic profiling and biopolymer composition and aggregation are the topics investigated until now for raw vegetables, meat and processed foodstuff. Almost all known studies are reported in the next pages. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published:
2011
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