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Title:
Soy diet worsens heart disease in mice
Authors:
Stauffer, Brian L.; Konhilas, John P.; Luczak, Elizabeth D.; Leinwand, Leslie A.
Abstract:
We report that dietary modification from a soy-based diet to a casein-based diet radically improves disease indicators and cardiac function in a transgenic mouse model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. On a soy diet, males with a mutation in the alpha-myosin heavy chain gene progress to dilation and heart failure. However, males fed a casein diet no longer deteriorate to severe, dilated cardiomyopathy. Remarkably, their LV size and contractile function are preserved. Further, this diet prevents a number of pathologic indicators in males, including fibrosis, induction of beta-myosin heavy chain, inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), and caspase-3 activation.
Published:
2006-01
Title:
A change of heart: unraveling the mysteries of cardiovascular disease
Authors:
Levy, Daniel; Brink, Susan
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
A guide to knowledge translation theory:
Authors:
Estabrooks, Carole A.; Thompson, David S.; Lovely, Jacque J.E.; Hofmeyer, Anne
Abstract:
Despite calls over several decades for theory development, there remains no overarching knowledge-translation theory. However, a range of models and theoretical perspectives focused on narrower and related areas have been available for some time. We provide an overview of selected perspectives that we believe are particularly useful for developing testable and useful knowledge-translation interventions. In addition, we discuss adjuvant theories necessary to complement these perspectives. We draw from organizational innovation, health, and social sciences literature to illustrate the similarities and differences of various theoretical perspectives related to the knowledge-translation field.
Published:
2006
Title:
A vegetable to meat consumption ratio as a relevant factor determining cancer preventive diet. The Mediterranean versus other European countries. [Review] [115 refs]
Authors:
Kapiszewska, Maria
Abstract:
The observed growth of cancer incidence in certain regions has been usually linked to frequent consumption of 'unhealthy' food. Such food often contains genotoxic substances as heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) and/or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbones (PAHs), occurring during food preparation, which induce DNA damage in cells. These substances are mainly formed during frying or grilling of meat and they can be removed from the body in a two-stage metabolic process of detoxification (phase 1 and phase 2). If they are not excreted, they form DNA adducts. The effectiveness of detoxification depends on the activity of enzymes encoded by polymorphic genes. A diet containing plenty of fruits and vegetables, due to the presence of biologically active polyphenols, can modulate activity of detoxifying enzymes. Such a diet can decrease the extent of DNA adducts, breaks and oxidative damage, supporting the body's enzymatic system in sufficient removal of DNA damage. The antioxidant vitamins' content in such a diet also enhances the DNA protection by increasing the scavenging of radical oxidative species that occurs during metabolic reactions. The lack of balance between the amount of 'unhealthy' and 'healthy' food leads to the accumulation of unrepaired damage, initiating DNA instability and inducing cancer development. Such damage is often used as a biomarker of cancer risk in epidemiological studies. Moreover, in in vitro studies, the amount of the DNA damage is used as indicator of the protective ability of vitamins, plant extracts and/or individual flavonoids. The incidences of certain dietaryrelated cancers in European Mediterranean countries is lower than in Central and Northern European countries; there is simultaneously variation in the habitual diet in these regions. This suggests that some features of routine nutrition in the Mediterranean countries may be responsible for this preventing effect. However, inconsistency in the epidemiological data, associating the meat and fruit and vegetable intake with cancer risk, suggests that another strategy for evaluation dietary influence on cancer risk should be undertaken. This article argues that it is not the consumption of a single food product or an individual component of diet, but rather a proper ratio of vegetable to meat consumption that is responsible for cancer prevention. This hypothesis is tested comparing the association between certain dietaryrelated cancer incidences (colon & rectum, breast and prostate cancer), registered in 2002, with the ratio between consumption of these two groups of food products in the Mediterranean region and in Central and Northern European region over the last three decades. The results clearly showed that both the ratio between vegetables and meat consumption as well as the ratio between the amount of energy from vegetables and from animal products can be used successfully to evaluate the dietary pattern related to cancer risk. [References: 115]
Published:
2006
Title:
ADHD and the dopamine transporter: are there reasons to pay attention?
Authors:
Mazei-Robinson, M. S.; Blakely, R. D.
Abstract:
The catecholamine dopamine (DA) plays an important role as a neurotransmitter in the brain in circuits linked to motor function, reward, and cognition. The presynaptic DA transporter (DAT) inactivates DA following release and provides a route for non-exocytotic DA release (efflux) triggered by amphetamines. The synaptic role of DATs first established through antagonist studies and more recently validated through mouse gene-knockout experiments, raises questions as to whether altered DAT structure or regulation support clinical disorders linked to compromised DA signaling, including drug abuse, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As ADHD appears to have highly heritable components and the most commonly prescribed therapeutics for ADHD target DAT, studies ranging from brain imaging to genomic and genetic analyses have begun to probe the DAT gene and its protein for possible contributions to the disorder and/or its treatment. In this review, after a brief overview of ADHD prevalence and diagnostic criteria, we examine the rationale and experimental findings surrounding a role for human DAT in ADHD. Based on the available evidence from our lab and labs of workers in the field, we suggest that although a common variant within the human DAT (hDAT) gene (SLC6A3) is unlikely to play a major role in the ADHD, contributions of hDAT to risk maybe most evident in phenotypic subgroups. The in vitro and in vivo validation of functional variants, pursued for contributions to endophenotypes in a within family approach, may help elucidate DAT and DA contributions to ADHD and its treatment.
Published:
2006
Title:
Acute and Longer-Term Outcomes in Depressed Outpatients Requiring One or Several Treatment Steps: A STAR*D Report
Authors:
Rush, A John; Trivedi, Madhukar H; Wisniewski, Stephen R; Nierenberg, Andrew A; Stewart, Jonathan W; Warden, Diane; Niederehe, George; Thase, Michael E; Lavori, Philip W; Lebowitz, Barry D; McGrath, Patrick J; Rosenbaum, Jerrold F; Sackeim, Harold A
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Anatomical descriptions, comparative studies and evolutionary significance of the hominin skulls from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia
Authors:
Rightmire, G. P; Lordkipanidze, D.; Vekua, A.
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Appendix 4: Elimination Diet for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors:
Abstract:
The prelims comprise: The diet
Published:
2006
Title:
Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the US adult population
Authors:
Simon, Gregory E.; Von Korff, Michael; Saunders, Kathleen; Miglioretti, Diana L.; Crane, Paul K.; Van Belle, Gerald; Kessler, Ronald C.
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Behavioral ecology and archaeology
Authors:
Bird, Douglas W.; O’Connell, James F.
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Branched-Chain Amino Acids: Metabolism, Physiological Function, and Application
Authors:
Charlton, Michael
Abstract:
The three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are the most hydrophobic of the amino acids and play crucial roles in determining the structures of globular proteins as well as the interaction of the transmembrane domains of membranous proteins with phospholipid bilayers. However, the three BCAAs do not behave identically. In terms of protein secondary structure, valine and isoleucine exhibit a definite preference for the b-structure, whereas leucine has a higher preference for the a-helix. Although mutation of one BCAA to another is commonly regarded as conservative, there are well-documented examples of such substitutions that have a significant effect on protein function. The occurrence of BCAA in nature is, therefore, attributable to their primary role in protein structure, not to their secondary metabolic roles. These functions are important for almost all proteins; therefore, BCAA commonly account for ;20–25% of most dietary proteins. Dietary BCAA largely escape first-pass splanchnic metabolism. The first steps in their catabolism are common to all three, involving the BCAA aminotransferase (BCAT) and branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD). Their further metabolism employs distinct pathways to different end-products (glucose and/or ketone bodies). However, the fact that the flux-generating step for the catabolism of the three BCAAs occurs at one of the common steps indicates that the production of these downstream products are not individually regulated and, hence, may not play important individual roles. The catabolism of the BCAAs is highly regulated by both allosteric and covalent mechanisms. BCKD is inhibited by phosphorylation and activated by dephosphorylation. Allosteric inhibition of the kinase by the branched-chain keto acids (BCKA) (particularly by a-ketoisocaproate) serves both as a mechanism for promoting the catabolism of excess quantities of these amino acids as well as for conserving low concentrations of these dietary essential amino acids. Cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of BCAT have been identified. They are thought to play an important role in brain neurotransmitter metabolism. J. Nutr. 136: 207S–211S, 2006. KEY WORDS: leucine isoleucine valine protein structure muscle metabolism The metabolism of BCAAs presents a number of novel features: the catabolism of these three amino acids is controlled by a common flux-generating step, their catabolic disposal occurs largely in skeletal muscle, their circulating concen-trations can influence the brain uptake of precursor amino acids for neurotransmitter synthesis, and they can regulate protein synthesis in a variety of tissues. Despite these unusual, or even unique, features it is quite certain that the most important function of these amino acids lies in their roles in proteins. In this article we discuss the role of the BCAAs in protein structure, their metabolic disposal, the key enzymes of their metabolism, and the regulation of these enzymes.
Published:
2006
Title:
Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting: Two potential diets for successful brain aging
Authors:
Martin, Bronwen; Mattson, Mark P.; Maudsley, Stuart
Abstract:
The vulnerability of the nervous system to advancing age is all too often manifest in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In this review article we describe evidence suggesting that two dietary interventions, caloric restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF), can prolong the health-span of the nervous system by impinging upon fundamental metabolic and cellular signaling pathways that regulate life-span. CR and IF affect energy and oxygen radical metabolism, and cellular stress response systems, in ways that protect neurons against genetic and environmental factors to which they would otherwise succumb during aging. There are multiple interactive pathways and molecular mechanisms by which CR and IF benefit neurons including those involving insulin-like signaling, FoxO transcription factors, sirtuins and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. These pathways stimulate the production of protein chaperones, neurotrophic factors and antioxidant enzymes, all of which help cells cope with stress and resist disease. A better understanding of the impact of CR and IF on the aging nervous system will likely lead to novel approaches for preventing and treating neurodegenerative disorders. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published:
2006
Title:
Candidate gene studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors:
Faraone, Stephen V.; Khan, Sajjad A.
Abstract:
A growing body of behavioral and molecular genetics literature has indicated that the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be attributed to both genetic and environmental factors. Family, twin, and adoption studies provide compelling evidence that genes play a strong role in mediating susceptibility to ADHD. Molecular genetic studies suggest that the genetic architecture of ADHD is complex, while the handful of genome-wide scans conducted thus far is not conclusive. In contrast, the many candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder. For the 8 genes for which the same variant has been studied in 3 or more case-control or family-based studies, 7 show statistically significant evidence of association with ADHD based on pooled odds ratios across studies: the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4), the dopamine D5 receptor gene (DRD5), the dopamine transporter gene (DAT), the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene (DBH), the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT), the serotonin receptor 1B gene (HTR1B), and the synaptosomal-associated protein 25 gene (SNAP25). Recent pharmacogenetic studies have correlated treatment nonresponse with particular gene markers, while preclinical studies have increased our understanding of gene expression paradigms and potential analogs for human trials. This literature review discusses the relevance and implications of genetic associations with ADHD for clinical practice and future research.
Published:
2006
Title:
Chronic obesity lymphoedematous mucinosis: three cases of pretibial mucinosis in obese patients with pitting oedema
Authors:
Tokuda, Y.; Kawachi, S.; Murata, H.; Saida, T.
Abstract:
Pretibial mucin deposition on the shins is known as pretibial myxoedema. We report three patients with pretibial mucinosis without thyroid disease. The patients were characterized clinically by morbid obesity and bilateral lower extremity pitting oedema with gradual and painless onset, and that did not involve the feet and ankles. Vesicles, semitranslucent papules or a woody plaque were found on the shins. Histologically, patients showed characteristic features of epidermal atrophy with effacement of the rete ridge pattern, separation of collagen bundles associated with oedema with stellate to linear fibroblasts, upward-running increased capillary and small vessels with haemosiderin deposition, and mucin deposition at the superficial papillary dermis and around the vessels. We propose that the present cases of ‘chronic obesity lymphoedematous mucinosis’ belong to the clinical entity of pretibial mucinosis.
Published:
2006
Title:
Clozapine Alone versus Clozapine and Risperidone with Refractory Schizophrenia
Authors:
Honer, William G; Chan, Raymond C K; Falkai, Peter; Stip, Emmanuel; Wasan, Kishor
Abstract:
Background The treatment of schizophrenia with multiple antipsychotic drugs is common, but the benefits and risks are not known. Methods In a randomized, double-blind study, we evaluated patients with schizophrenia and a poor response to treatment with clozapine. The patients continued to take clozapine and were randomly assigned to receive eight weeks of daily augmentation with 3 mg of risperidone or with placebo. This course of treatment was followed by an optional 18 weeks of augmentation with risperidone. The primary outcome was reduction in the total score for severity of symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The secondary outcomes included cognitive functioning. Results A total of 68 patients were randomly assigned to treatment. In the double-blind phase, the mean total score for the severity of symptoms decreased from baseline to eight weeks in both the risperidone and the placebo groups. There was no statistically significant difference in symptomatic benefit between augmentation with risperidone and placebo: 9 of 34 patients receiving placebo and 6 of 34 receiving risperidone responded to treatment (P = 0.38). The mean difference in the change in PANSS scores from baseline to eight weeks between those receiving risperidone and those receiving placebo was 0.1 (95 percent confidence interval, −7.3 to 7.0). The verbal working-memory index showed a small decline in the risperidone group and a small improvement in the placebo group (P = 0.02 for the comparison between the two groups in the change from baseline). The increase in fasting blood glucose levels was mildly greater in the risperidone group than in the placebo group (16.2 vs. 1.8 mg per deciliter [0.90 vs. 0.10 mmol per liter], P = 0.04). The incidence and severity of other side effects did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions In this short-term study, the addition of risperidone to clozapine did not improve symptoms in patients with severe schizophrenia. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00272584)
Published:
2006
Title:
Contributions of biogeochemistry to understanding hominin dietary ecology
Authors:
Lee-Thorp, Julia; Sponheimer, Matt
Abstract:
Dietary ecology is one key to understanding the biology, lifeways, and evolutionary pathways of many animals. Determining the diets of long-extinct hominins, however, is a considerable challenge. Although archaeological evidence forms a pillar of our understanding of diet and subsistence in the more recent past, for early hominins, the most direct evidence is to be found in the fossils themselves. Here we review the suite of emerging biochemical paleodietary tools based on stable isotope and trace element archives within fossil calcified tissues. We critically assess their contribution to advancing our understanding of australopith, early Homo, and Neanderthal diets within the broader context of non-biogeochemical techniques for dietary reconstruction, such as morphology and dental microwear analysis. The most significant outcomes to date are the demonstration of high trophic-level diets among Neanderthals and Late Pleistocene modern humans in Glacial Europe, and the persistent inclusion of C(4) grass-related foods in the diets of Plio-Pleistocene hominins in South Africa. Such studies clearly show the promise of biogeochemical techniques for testing hypotheses about the diets of early hominins. Nevertheless, we argue that more contextual data from modern ecosystem and experimental studies are needed if we are to fully realize their potential.
Published:
2006
Title:
Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation
Authors:
Batterham, Rachel L.; Heffron, Helen; Kapoor, Saloni; Chivers, Joanna E.; Chandarana, Keval; Herzog, Herbert; Le Roux, Carel W.; Thomas, E. Louise; Bell, Jimmy D.; Withers, Dominic J.
Abstract:
Dietary protein enhances satiety and promotes weight loss, but the mechanisms by which appetite is affected remain unclear. We investigated the role of gut hormones, key regulators of ingestive behavior, in mediating the satiating effects of different macronutrients. In normal-weight and obese human subjects, high-protein intake induced the greatest release of the anorectic hormone peptide YY (PYY) and the most pronounced satiety. Long-term augmentation of dietary protein in mice increased plasma PYY levels, decreased food intake, and reduced adiposity. To directly determine the role of PYY in mediating the satiating effects of protein, we generated Pyy null mice, which were selectively resistant to the satiating and weight-reducing effects of protein and developed marked obesity that was reversed by exogenous PYY treatment. Our findings suggest that modulating the release of endogenous satiety factors, such as PYY, through alteration of specific diet constituents could provide a rational therapy for obesity. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Published:
2006
Title:
D-β-hydroxybutyrate protects dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells in a rotenone model of Parkinson's disease
Authors:
Imamura, Keiko; Takeshima, Takao; Kashiwaya, Yoshihiro; Nakaso, Kazuhiro; Nakashima, Kenji
Abstract:
It has been postulated that the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, provides models of PD both in vivo and in vitro. We investigated the neuroprotective effect of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (bHB), a ketone body, against rotenone toxicity by using SH-SY5Y dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells. SH-SY5Y cells, differentiated by all-trans-retinoic acid, were exposed to rotenone at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1,000 nM. We evaluated cellular oxidation reduction by the alamarBlue assay, viability by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, and survival/death ratio by live/dead assays. Exposure to rotenone for 48 hr oxidized cells and decreased their viability and survival rate in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment of cells with 8 mM bHB provided significant protection to SH-SY5Y cells. Whereas rotenone caused the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, released cytochrome c into the cytosol, and reduced cytochrome c content in mitochondria, addition of bHB blocked this toxic effect. bHB also attenuated the rotenone-induced activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Administration of 0-10 mM 3-nitropropionic acid, a complex II inhibitor, also decreased the reducing power of SH-SY5Y cells measured by alamarBlue assay. Pretreatment with 8 mM bHB attenuated the decrease of alamarBlue fluorescence. These data demonstrated that bHB had a neuroprotective effect that supported the mitochondrial respiration system by reversing the inhibition of complex I or II. Ketone bodies, the alternative energy source in the mammalian brain, appear to have therapeutic potential in PD.
Published:
2006
Title:
Dauan 4 and the emergence of ethnographically-known social arrangements across Torres Strait during the last 600-800 years
Authors:
McNiven, I.
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Delirium in Older Persons
Authors:
Inouye, Sharon K
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Dietary treatment of diabetes mellitus in the pre-insulin era (1914-1922)
Authors:
Westman, Eric C.; Yancy, William S.; Humphreys, Margaret
Abstract:
Before the discovery of insulin, one of the most common dietary treatments of diabetes mellitus was a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. A review of Frederick M. Allen's case histories shows that a 70% fat, 8% carbohydrate diet could eliminate glycosuria among hospitalized patients. A reconsideration of the role of the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet for the treatment of diabetes mellitus is in order.
Published:
2006
Title:
Educational Strategies to Promote Clinical Diagnostic Reasoning
Authors:
Bowen, Judith L
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Effectiveness of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors:
Schneider, Lon S; Hsiao, John K; Ryan, J Michael; Lieberman, Jeffrey A
Abstract:
Background Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic drugs are widely used to treat psychosis, aggression, and agitation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, but their benefits are uncertain and concerns about safety have emerged. We assessed the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in outpatients with Alzheimer’s disease. Methods In this 42-site, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 421 outpatients with Alzheimer’s disease and psychosis, aggression, or agitation were randomly assigned to receive olanzapine (mean dose, 5.5 mg per day), quetiapine (mean dose, 56.5 mg per day), risperidone (mean dose, 1.0 mg per day), or placebo. Doses were adjusted as needed, and patients were followed for up to 36 weeks. The main outcomes were the time from initial treatment to the discontinuation of treatment for any reason and the number of patients with at least minimal improvement on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) scale at 12 weeks. Results There were no significant differences among treatments with regard to the time to the discontinuation of treatment for any reason: olanzapine (median, 8.1 weeks), quetiapine (median, 5.3 weeks), risperidone (median, 7.4 weeks), and placebo (median, 8.0 weeks) (P=0.52). The median time to the discontinuation of treatment due to a lack of efficacy favored olanzapine (22.1 weeks) and risperidone (26.7 weeks) as compared with quetiapine (9.1 weeks) and placebo (9.0 weeks) (P = 0.002). The time to the discontinuation of treatment due to adverse events or intolerability favored placebo. Overall, 24% of patients who received olanzapine, 16% of patients who received quetiapine, 18% of patients who received risperidone, and 5% of patients who received placebo discontinued their assigned treatment owing to intolerability (P = 0.009). No significant differences were noted among the groups with regard to improvement on the CGIC scale. Improvement was observed in 32% of patients assigned to olanzapine, 26% of patients assigned to quetiapine, 29% of patients assigned to risperidone, and 21% of patients assigned to placebo (P = 0.22). From the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (L.S.S., K.S.D.); the Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ (P.N.T.); Quintiles, Research Triangle Park, NC (S.M.D.); the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD ( J.K.H.); the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (M.S.I., J.M.R.); the School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (B.D.L.); the Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins Bayview, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (C.G.L.); the School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (T.S.S.); Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.L.S.); the School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.W.); and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York ( J.A.L.). Address reprint requests to Dr. Schneider at the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1510 San Pablo St., HCC 600, Los Angeles, CA 90033, or at lschneid@usc.edu. *Members of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness–Alzheimer’s Disease (CATIE-AD) Study Group are listed in the Appendix. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1525-38. Copyright © 2006 Massachusetts Medical Society. Conclusions Adverse effects offset advantages in the efficacy of atypical antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of psychosis, aggression, or agitation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00015548.)
Published:
2006
Title:
Effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and manipulated dietary cation-anion difference on the tenderness of beef from cull native Korean cows
Authors:
Cho, Y.M.; Choi, H.; Hwang, I.H.; Kim, Y.K.; Myung, K.H.
Abstract:
In this study, we characterized the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (25-OH D3) and manipulated dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on the performance, urine pH, serum constituents, carcass traits, tissue residual vitamin D and its metabolites, beef tenderness, and mRNA and protein concentrations of Ca-dependent proteinases in LM using 24 cull native Korean cows. The cows were divided into 3 groups of 8: control, 25-OH D3 supplemented (25-OH D3), and manipulated DCAD plus 25-OH D3 supplemented (DCAD+25-OH D3). Cows receiving 25-OH D3 or DCAD+25-OH D3 were dosed with 125 mg of 25-OH D3 6 d before slaughter. The manipulated DCAD (-10 mEq/100 g of DM) diet was fed from 20 to 6 d (14 d) before slaughter. The DCAD+25-OH D 3 treatment decreased urine pH and increased serum Ca concentrations. Although the vitamin D concentrations in LM, liver, and kidney were not affected by 25-OH D3 or DCAD+25-OH D3, muscle tissue 25-OH D3 concentrations were increased by both regimens. Serum 25-OH D3 concentrations were increased by 25-OH D3 supplementation, and the increase was even greater for DCAD+25-OH D3. The same pattern was observed for serum 1,25-(OH)2 D3. However, the LM concentration of 1,25-(OH)2 D3 was less for DCAD+25-OH D3 than for control. Although Ca concentrations of LM increased numerically in response to 25-OH D3 supplementation, no statistical differences in Warner-Bratzler shear force or sensory traits of LM were detected. The LM of cows receiving 25-OH D3 with or without manipulated DCAD had greater concentrations of μ-calpain and m-calpain mRNA, whereas the reverse was observed for calpastatin mRNA. Expression of μ-calpain protein was increased relative to control by DCAD+25-OH D 3. The amount of 25-OH D3 and manipulated DCAD administered to cull native Korean cows was insufficient to improve tenderness of beef by increasing muscle Ca concentration. However, DCAD+25-OH D3 induced greater expressions of μ-calpain protein as well as mRNA. ©2006 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.
Published:
2006
Title:
Effects of a randomized controlled trial of transcendental meditation on components of the metabolic syndrome in subjects with coronary heart disease
Authors:
Paul-Labrador, Maura; Polk, Donna; Dwyer, James H.; Velasquez, Ivan; Nidich, Sanford; Rainforth, Maxwell; Schneider, Robert; Merz, C. Noel Bairey
Abstract:
Background: The metabolic syndrome is thought to be a contributor to coronary heart disease (CHD), and components of the syndrome have been identified as possible therapeutic targets. Previous data implicate neurohumoral activation related to psychosocial stress as a contributor to the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of transcendental meditation (TM) on components of the metabolic syndrome and CHD. Methods: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 16 weeks of TM or active control treatment (health education), matched for frequency and time, at an academic medical center in a total of 103 subjects with stable CHD. Main outcome measures included blood pressure, lipoprotein profile, and insulin resistance determined by homeostasis model assessment (calculated as follows: [(fasting plasma glucose level [in milligrams per deciliter] X fasting plasma insulin level [in microunits per milliliter]) X 0.0552]/22.5); endothelial function measured by brachial artery reactivity testing; and cardiac autonomic system activity measured by heart rate variability. Results: The TM group had beneficial changes (measured as mean ± SD)in adjusted systolic blood pressure (-3.4 ± 2.0 vs 2.8 ± 2.1 mm Hg; P = .04), insulin resistance (-0.75 ± 2.04 vs 0.52 ± 2.84; P = .01), and heart rate variability (0.10 ± 0.17 vs -0.50 ± 0.17 high-frequency power; P = .07) compared with the health education group, respectively. There was no effect of brachial artery reactivity testing. Conclusions: Use of TM for 16 weeks in CHD patients improved blood pressure and insulin resistance components of the metabolic syndrome as well as cardiac autonomic nervous system tone compared with a control group receiving health education. These results suggest that TM may modulate the physiological response to stress and improve CHD risk factors, which may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of CHD. ©2006 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Published:
2006
Title:
Embracing Your Demons: an Overview of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Authors:
Harris, Russell
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease
Authors:
Pedersen, B. K.; Saltin, B.
Abstract:
Considerable knowledge has accumulated in recent decades concerning the significance of physical activity in the treatment of a number of diseases, including diseases that do not primarily manifest as disorders of the locomotive apparatus. In this review we present the evidence for prescribing exercise therapy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related disorders (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity), heart and pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, intermittent claudication), muscle, bone and joint diseases (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome) and cancer, depression, asthma and type 1 diabetes. For each disease, we review the effect of exercise therapy on disease pathogenesis, on symptoms specific to the diagnosis, on physical fitness or strength and on quality of life. The possible mechanisms of action are briefly examined and the principles for prescribing exercise therapy are discussed, focusing on the type and amount of exercise and possible contraindications. Copyright © Blackwell Munksgaard 2006.
Published:
2006
Title:
Fatty acid composition of nuts - Implications for cardiovascular health
Authors:
Ros, E.; Mataix, J.
Abstract:
It is well established that, due to their high content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), the intake of meat and meat products is strongly associated with elevated blood cholesterol concentrations and an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, the intake of foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids, such as those contained in most vegetable fats and oils and oily fish, is associated with improved lipid profiles, a lower potency of intermediate biomarkers of atherosclerosis and lesser incidence of cardiovascular diseases. There are persuasive evidences that dietary substitution of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for SFA lowers blood cholesterol and may have beneficial effects on inflammation, thrombosis, and vascular reactivity. MUFA may have an advantage over PUFA because enrichment of lipoprotein lipids with MUFA increases their resistance to oxidation. Marine n-3 PUFA have a number of anti-atherosclerotic effects, including anti-arrhythmic properties and, at relatively high doses, reduce serum triglycerides. These effects appear to be shared in part by vegetable n-3 PUFA. Nuts are natural foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids; most nuts contain substantial amounts of MUFA, while walnuts are especially rich in both n-6 and n-3 PUFA. Healthy fats in nuts contribute to the beneficial effects of frequent nut intake observed in epidemiological studies (prevention of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and sudden death) and in short-term feeding trials (cholesterol lowering, LDL resistance to oxidation, and improved endothelial function). © The Authors 2006.
Published:
2006
Title:
Five misunderstandings about case-study research
Authors:
Flyvbjerg, Bent
Abstract:
This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies. © 2006 Sage Publications.
Published:
2006
Title:
Flaxseed
Authors:
Abstract:
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) seed provides a nonabsorbable fiber which has been used as a laxative and has also been used topically to treat various skin conditions. Flaxseed oil contains alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is partially converted into the omega-3-fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the body. Flaxseed oil increases the ALA content of breastmilk, but does not increase the DHA content. Maternal intake of preformed DHA, primarily derived from seafood or other marine oils, is required to increase breastmilk DHA content.[1][2] Flaxseed is generally well tolerated in adults, with occasional allergic skin reactions occurring. Very limited data exist on the safety and efficacy of flaxseed oil in nursing mothers or infants. However, supplementation of infant formula with ALA appears to improve the infant's DHA status.[3] Flaxseed used by the nursing mother as a laxative or topical poultice are not expected to adversely affect the breastfed infant. Flaxseed oil can be used during lactation, but is not effective in counteracting a low maternal DHA intake, as in vegetarian or vegan diets. Heating breastmilk to 63.5 degrees C reduces the concentration of linolenic acid by about 22%. Freezing milk at -20 degrees C and thawing more than once decreases linolenic acid concentration by an average of 63%.[4] Dietary supplements do not require extensive pre-marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Manufacturers are responsible to ensure the safety, but do not need to prove the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements before they are marketed. Dietary supplements may contain multiple ingredients, and differences are often found between labeled and actual ingredients or their amounts. A manufacturer may contract with an independent organization to verify the quality of a product or its ingredients, but that does not certify the safety or effectiveness of a product. Because of the above issues, clinical testing results on one product may not be applicable to other products. More detailed information about dietary supplements is available elsewhere on the LactMed Web site.
Published:
2006
Title:
Food and conflict in Europe in the age of the two world wars
Authors:
Trentmann, Frank; Just, Flemming
Abstract:
This volume examines conflicts over food and their implications for European societies in the first half of the Twentieth century. Food shortages and famines, fears of deprivation, and food regulations and controls were a shared European experience in this period. Conflicts over food, however, developed differently in different regions, under different regimes, and within different social groups. These developments had stark consequences for social solidarity and physical survival. Ranging across Europe, from Scandinavia and Britain to Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union, this volume explores the political, economic and cultural dynamics that shaped conflicts over food and their legacies.
Published:
2006
Title:
Food in early modern England: phases, fads, fashions 1500-1760
Authors:
Thirsk, Joan
Abstract:
What did ordinary people eat and drink five hundred years ago? How much did they talk about food? Did their eating habits change much? Our knowledge is mostly superficial on such commonplace routines, but this book digs deep and finds surprising answers to these questions. We learn that food fads and fashions resembled those of our own day. Commercial, scientific and intellectual movements were closely entwined with changing attitudes and dealings about food. In short, food holds a mirror to a lively world of cultural change stretching from the Renaissance to the industrial Revolution. This book also strongly challenges the assumption that ordinary folk ate dull and monotonous meals, and explores changes in the English diet and the specific differences between each generation.
Published:
2006
Title:
Food in medieval England: diet and nutrition
Authors:
Woolgar, C. M; Waldron, T; Serjeantson, D
Abstract:
This book draws on the latest research across different disciplines to present the most up-to-date picture of English diet from the early Saxon period up to c.1540. It draws on a wide range of sources, from the historical records of medieval farms, abbeys, and households both great and small, to animal bones, human remains, and plants from archaeological sites. - ;Food and diet are central to understanding daily life in the middle ages. In the last two decades, the potential for the study of diet in medieval England has changed markedly: historians have addressed sources in new ways; material.
Published:
2006
Title:
Fuel metabolism in starvation
Authors:
Cahill, George F.
Abstract:
This article, which is partly biographical and partly scientific, summarizes a life in academic medicine. It relates my progress from benchside to bedside and then to academic and research administration, and concludes with the teaching of human biology to college undergraduates. My experience as an intern (anno 1953) treating a youngster in diabetic ketoacidosis underscored our ignorance of the controls in human fuel metabolism. Circulating free fatty acids were then unknown, insulin could not be measured in biologic fluids, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, which was difficult to measure, was considered by many a metabolic poison. The central role of insulin and the metabolism of free fatty acids, glycerol, glucose, lactate, and pyruvate, combined with indirect calorimetry, needed characterization in a near-steady state, namely prolonged starvation. This is the main topic of this chapter. Due to its use by brain, D-beta-hydroxybutyric acid not only has permitted man to survive prolonged starvation, but also may have therapeutic potential owing to its greater efficiency in providing cellular energy in ischemic states such as stroke, myocardial insufficiency, neonatal stress, genetic mitochondrial problems, and physical fatigue.
Published:
2006
Title:
Fundamentals of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: circuits and pathways
Authors:
Arnsten, Amy F. T.
Abstract:
Neuropsychological and imaging studies have shown that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with alterations in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its connections to striatum and cerebellum. Research in animals, in combination with observations of patients with cortical lesions, has shown that the PFC is critical for the regulation of behavior, attention, and affect using representational knowledge. The PFC is important for sustaining attention over a delay, inhibiting distraction, and dividing attention, while more posterior cortical areas are essential for perception and the allocation of attentional resources. The PFC in the right hemisphere is especially important for behavioral inhibition. Lesions to the PFC produce a profile of distractibility, forgetfulness, impulsivity, poor planning, and locomotor hyperactivity. The PFC is very sensitive to its neurochemical environment, and optimal levels of norepinephrine and dopamine are needed for proper PFC control of behavior and attention. Recent electrophysiologic studies in animals suggest that norepinephrine enhances "signals" through postsynaptic alpha2A-adrenoceptors in PFC, while dopamine decreases "noise" through modest levels of D1-receptor stimulation. Blockade of alpha2-receptors in the monkey PFC re-creates the symptoms of ADHD, resulting in impaired working memory, increased impulsivity, and locomotor hyperactivity. Genetic alterations in catecholamine pathways may contribute to dysregulation of PFC circuits in this disorder. Stimulant medications may have some of their therapeutic effects by increasing endogenous stimulation of alpha2A-adrenoceptors and dopamine D1-receptors in the PFC, optimizing PFC regulation of behavior and attention.
Published:
2006
Title:
Gene-gene, gene-environment & multiple interactions in colorectal cancer
Authors:
Ahmed, F.E.
Abstract:
This review comprehensively evaluates the influence of gene-gene, gene-environment and multiple interactions on the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods of studying these interactions and their limitations have been discussed herein. There is a need to develop biomarkers of exposure and of risk that are sensitive, specific, present in the pathway of the disease, and that have been clinically tested for routine use. The influence of inherited variation (polymorphism) in several genes has been discussed in this review; however, due to study limitations and confounders, it is difficult to conclude which ones are associated with the highest risk (either individually or in combination with environmental factors) to CRC. The majority of the sporadic cancer is believed to be due to modification of mutation risk by other genetic and/or environmental factors. Micronutrient deficiency may explain the association between low consumption of fruit/vegetables and CRC in human studies. Mitochondrial modulation by dietary factors influences the balance between cell renewal and death critical in colon mucosal homeostasis. Both genetic and epigenetic interactions are intricately dependent on each other, and collectively influence the process of colorectal tumorigenesis. The genetic and environmental interactions present a good prospect and a challenge for prevention strategies for CRC because they support the view that this highly prevalent cancer is preventable. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Published:
2006
Title:
Hominin lower second premolar morphology: evolutionary inferences through geometric morphometric analysis
Authors:
Martinón-Torres, M.; Bastir, M.; Bermúdez de Castro, J. M.; Gómez, A.; Sarmiento, S.; Muela, A.; Arsuaga, J. L.
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Hyperglycemia stimulates coagulation, whereas hyperinsulinemia impairs fibrinolysis in healthy humans
Authors:
Stegenga, Michiel E.; Van Der Crabben, Saskia N.; Levi, Marcel; De Vos, Alex F.; Tanck, Michael W.; Sauerwein, Hans P.; Van Der Poll, Tom
Abstract:
Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance syndromes are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular and thrombotic complications. A disturbed balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis has been implicated in the pathogenesis hereof. To determine the selective effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on coagulation and fibrinolysis, six healthy humans were studied on four occasions for 6 h: 1) lower insulinemic-euglycemic clamp, 2) lower insulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp, 3) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and 4) hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp. In the hyperglycemic clamps, target levels of plasma glucose were 12 versus 5 mmol/l in the normoglycemic clamps. In the hyperinsulinemic clamps, target plasma insulin levels were 400 versus 100 pmol/l in the lower insulinemic clamps. Hyperglycemia exerted a procoagulant effect irrespective of insulin levels, as reflected by mean twofold rises in thrombin-antithrombin complexes and soluble tissue factor, whereas hyperinsulinemia inhibited fibrinolysis irrespective of glucose levels, as reflected by a decrease in plasminogen activator activity levels due to a mean 2.5-fold rise in plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. The differential effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia suggest that patients with hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance are especially susceptible to thrombotic events by a concurrent insulin-driven impairment of fibrinolysis and a glucose-driven activation of coagulation.
Published:
2006
Title:
Inscribing the plains: Constructed, conceptualised and socialised lanscapes of the Hay Plain, southeastern Australia.
Authors:
Martin, S.
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Kurturniawaiwak (Badu) and the archaeology of villages in the Torres Strait
Authors:
David, B.; Weisler, M. I.
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Lactate: The ultimate cerebral oxidative energy substrate?
Authors:
Schurr, Avital
Abstract:
Research over the past two decades has renewed the interest in lactate, no longer as a useless end product of anaerobic glycolysis in brain (and other tissues), but as an oxidative substrate for energy metabolism. While this topic would be considered blasphemy only three decades ago, much recent evidence indicates that lactate does play a major role in aerobic energy metabolism in the brain, the heart, skeletal muscle, and possibly in any other tissue and organ. Nevertheless, this concept has challenged the old dogma and ignited a fierce debate, especially among neuroscientists, pitting the supporters of glucose as the major oxidative energy substrate against those who support lactate as a possible alternative to glucose under certain conditions. Meanwhile, researchers working on energy metabolism in skeletal muscle have taken great strides toward bridging between these two extreme positions, while avoiding the high decibels of an emotional debate. Employing their findings along with the existing old and new data on cerebral energy metabolism, it is postulated here that lactate is the only major product of cerebral (and other tissues) glycolysis, whether aerobic or anaerobic, neuronal or astrocytic, under rest or during activation. Consequently, this postulate entails that lactate is a major, if not the only, substrate for the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle. If proven true, this hypothesis could provide better understanding of the biochemistry and physiology of (cerebral) energy metabolism, while holding important implications in the field of neuroimaging. Concomitantly, it could satisfy both 'glucoseniks' and 'lactatians' in the ongoing debate. © 2006 ISCBFM All rights reserved.
Published:
2006
Title:
Loss of Endothelial Glycocalyx During Acute Hyperglycemia Coincides With Endothelial Dysfunction and Coagulation Activation In Vivo
Authors:
Nieuwdorp, Max; Haeften, Timon W Van; Gouverneur, Mirella C L G; Mooij, Hans L; Lieshout, Miriam H P Van; Levi, Marcel; Meijers, Joost C M; Holleman, Frits; Hoekstra, Joost B L; Vink, Hans; Kastelein, John J P; Stroes, Erik S G
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Lost in knowledge translation: Time for a map?:
Authors:
Graham, Ian D.; Logan, Jo; Harrison, Margaret B.; Straus, Sharon E.; Tetroe, Jacqueline; Caswell, Wenda; Robinson, Nicole
Abstract:
There is confusion and misunderstanding about the concepts of knowledge translation, knowledge transfer, knowledge exchange, research utilization, implementation, diffusion, and dissemination. We review the terms and definitions used to describe the concept of moving knowledge into action. We also offer a conceptual framework for thinking about the process and integrate the roles of knowledge creation and knowledge application. The implications of knowledge translation for continuing education in the health professions include the need to base continuing education on the best available knowledge, the use of educational and other transfer strategies that are known to be effective, and the value of learning about plannedaction theories to be better able to understand and influence change in practice settings.
Published:
2006
Title:
Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial
Authors:
Howard, Barbara V.; Van Horn, Linda; Hsia, Judith; Manson, Jo Ann E.; Stefanick, Marcia L.; Wassertheil-Smoller, Sylvia; Kuller, Lewis H.; LaCroix, Andrea Z.; Langer, Robert D.; Lasser, Norman L.; Lewis, Cora E.; Limacher, Marian C.; Margolis, Karen L.; Mysiw, W. Jerry; Ockene, Judith K.; Parker, Linda M.; Perri, Michael G.; Phillips, Lawrence; Prentice, Ross L.; Robbins, John; Rossouw, Jacques E.; Sarto, Gloria E.; Schatz, Irwin J.; Snetselaar, Linda G.; Stevens, Victor J.; Tinker, Lesley F.; Trevisan, Maurizio; Vitolins, Mara Z.; Anderson, Garnet L.; Assaf, Annlouise R.; Bassford, Tamsen; Beresford, Shirley A.A.; Black, Henry R.; Brunner, Robert L.; Brzyski, Robert G.; Caan, Bette; Chlebowski, Rowan T.; Gass, Margery; Granek, Iris; Greenland, Philip; Hays, Jennifer; Heber, David; Heiss, Gerardo; Hendrix, Susan L.; Hubbell, F. Allan; Johnson, Karen C.; Kotchen, Jane Morley
Abstract:
Context $\backslash$n Multiple epidemiologic studies and some trials have linked diet with cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, but long-term intervention data are needed.Objective $\backslash$n To test the hypothesis that a dietary intervention, intended to be low in fat and high in vegetables, fruits, and grains to reduce cancer, would reduce CVD risk.Design, Setting, and Participants $\backslash$n Randomized controlled trial of 48 835 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years, of diverse backgrounds and ethnicities, who participated in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. Women were randomly assigned to an intervention (19 541 [40%]) or comparison group (29 294 [60%]) in a free-living setting. Study enrollment occurred between 1993 and 1998 in 40 US clinical centers; mean follow-up in this analysis was 8.1 years.Intervention $\backslash$n Intensive behavior modification in group and individual sessions designed to reduce total fat intake to 20% of calories and increase intakes of vegetables/fruits to 5 servings/d and grains to at least 6 servings/d. The comparison group received diet-related education materials.Main Outcome Measures $\backslash$n Fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD), fatal and nonfatal stroke, and CVD (composite of CHD and stroke).Results $\backslash$n By year 6, mean fat intake decreased by 8.2% of energy intake in the intervention vs the comparison group, with small decreases in saturated (2.9%), monounsaturated (3.3%), and polyunsaturated (1.5%) fat; increases occurred in intakes of vegetables/fruits (1.1 servings/d) and grains (0.5 serving/d). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, diastolic blood pressure, and factor VIIc levels were significantly reduced by 3.55 mg/dL, 0.31 mm Hg, and 4.29%, respectively; levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin did not significantly differ in the intervention vs comparison groups. The numbers who developed CHD, stroke, and CVD (annualized incidence rates) were 1000 (0.63%), 434 (0.28%), and 1357 (0.86%) in the intervention and 1549 (0.65%), 642 (0.27%), and 2088 (0.88%) in the comparison group. The diet had no significant effects on incidence of CHD (hazard ratio [HR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90-1.06), stroke (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.90-1.15), or CVD (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.92-1.05). Excluding participants with baseline CVD (3.4%), the HRs (95% CIs) for CHD and stroke were 0.94 (0.86-1.02) and 1.02 (0.90-1.17), respectively. Trends toward greater reductions in CHD risk were observed in those with lower intakes of saturated fat or trans fat or higher intakes of vegetables/fruits.Conclusions $\backslash$n Over a mean of 8.1 years, a dietary intervention that reduced total fat intake and increased intakes of vegetables, fruits, and grains did not significantly reduce the risk of CHD, stroke, or CVD in postmenopausal women and achieved only modest effects on CVD risk factors, suggesting that more focused diet and lifestyle interventions may be needed to improve risk factors and reduce CVD risk.Clinical Trials Registration $\backslash$n ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000611
Published:
2006
Title:
Mandibular size and shape variation in the hominins at Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia
Authors:
Skinner, M. M; Gordon, A. D; Collard, N. J
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Mask Cave: Red-slipped pottery and the Australian-Papuan settlement of Zenadh Kes (Torres Strait)
Authors:
McNiven, I.J.; Dickinson, W.R.; David, B.; Weisler, M. I.; von Gnielinski, F.; Carter, M.; Zoppi, U.
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Meals to Come: A History of the Future of Food
Authors:
Belasco, Warren J.
Abstract:
Published:
2006
Title:
Medication Augmentation after the Failure of SSRIs for Depression
Authors:
Trivedi, Madhukar H; Thase, Michael E; Ritz, Louise; Biggs, Melanie M; Rush, A John
Abstract:
Background Although clinicians frequently add a second medication to an initial, ineffective antidepressant drug, no randomized controlled trial has compared the efficacy of this approach. Methods We randomly assigned 565 adult outpatients who had nonpsychotic major depressive disorder without remission despite a mean of 11.9 weeks of citalopram therapy (mean final dose, 55 mg per day) to receive sustained-release bupropion (at a dose of up to 400 mg per day) as augmentation and 286 to receive buspirone (at a dose of up to 60 mg per day) as augmentation. The primary outcome of remission of symptoms was defined as a score of 7 or less on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-17) at the end of this study; scores were obtained over the telephone by raters blinded to treatment assignment. The 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology — Self-Report (QIDS-SR-16) was used to determine the secondary outcomes of remission (defined as a score of less than 6 at the end of this study) and response (a reduction in baseline scores of 50 percent or more). Results The sustained-release bupropion group and the buspirone group had similar rates of HRSD-17 remission (29.7 percent and 30.1 percent, respectively), QIDS-SR-16 remission (39.0 percent and 32.9 percent), and QIDS-SR-16 response (31.8 percent and 26.9 percent). Sustained-release bupropion, however, was associated with a greater reduction (from baseline to the end of this study) in QIDS-SR-16 scores than was buspirone (25.3 percent vs. 17.1 percent, P<0.04), a lower QIDS-SR-16 score at the end of this study (8.0 vs. 9.1, P<0.02), and a lower dropout rate due to intolerance (12.5 percent vs. 20.6 percent, P
Published:
2006
Title:
Metabolic syndrome - A new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation
Authors:
Alberti, K. G.M.M.; Zimmet, P.; Shaw, J.
Abstract:
AIMS: To establish a unified working diagnostic tool for the metabolic syndrome (MetS) that is convenient to use in clinical practice and that can be used world-wide so that data from different countries can be compared. An additional aim was to highlight areas where more research into the MetS is needed.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nPARTICIPANTS: The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) convened a workshop held 12-14 May 2004 in London, UK. The 21 participants included experts in the fields of diabetes, public health, epidemiology, lipidology, genetics, metabolism, nutrition and cardiology. There were participants from each of the five continents as well as from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Cholesterol Education Program-Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III). The workshop was sponsored by an educational grant from AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONSENSUS PROCESS: The consensus statement emerged following detailed discussions at the IDF workshop. After the workshop, a writing group produced a consensus statement which was reviewed and approved by all participants.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: The IDF has produced a new set of criteria for use both epidemiologically and in clinical practice world-wide with the aim of identifying people with the MetS to clarify the nature of the syndrome and to focus therapeutic strategies to reduce the long-term risk of cardiovascular disease. Guidance is included on how to compensate for differences in waist circumference and in regional adipose tissue distribution between different populations. The IDF has also produced recommendations for additional criteria that should be included when studying the MetS for research purposes. Finally, the IDF has identified areas where more studies are currently needed; these include research into the aetiology of the syndrome.
Published:
2006
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