Published Science

These datasets feature 1980-1990 intercensal estimates of population and components of change.

These datasets feature 2000-2010 intercensal estimates of population by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin.

Background: General practitioners (GPs) are commonly asked about popular diets. The Palaeolithic diet is both highly popular and controversial.

Objective: This article reviews the published literature to establish the evidence for and against the Palaeolithic diet.

Discussion: The Palaeolithic diet remains controversial because of exaggerated claims for it by wellness bloggers and celebrity chefs, and the contentious evolutionary discordance hypothesis on which it is based. However, a number of underpowered trials have suggested there may be some benefit to the Palaeolithic diet, especially in weight loss and the correction of metabolic dysfunction. Further research is warranted to test these early findings. GPs should caution patients who are on the Palaeolithic diet about adequate calcium intake, especially those at higher risk of osteoporosis.

Background We have shown previously that low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) can be oxidized in the lysosomes of macrophages, that this oxidation can be inhibited by cysteamine, an antioxidant that accumulates in lysosomes, and that this drug decreases atherosclerosis in LDL receptor–deficient mice fed a high‐fat diet. We have now performed a regression study with cysteamine, which is of more relevance to the treatment of human disease. Methods and Results LDL receptor–deficient mice were fed a high‐fat diet to induce atherosclerotic lesions. They were then reared on chow diet and drinking water containing cysteamine or plain drinking water. Aortic atherosclerosis was assessed, and samples of liver and skeletal muscle were analyzed. There was no regression of atherosclerosis in the control mice, but cysteamine caused regression of between 32% and 56% compared with the control group, depending on the site of the lesions. Cysteamine substantially increased markers of lesion stability, decreased ceroid, and greatly decreased oxidized phospholipids in the lesions. The liver lipid levels and expression of cluster of differentiation 68, acetyl–coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2, cytochromes P450 (CYP)27, and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were decreased by cysteamine. Skeletal muscle function and oxidative fibers were increased by cysteamine. There were no changes in the plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, or triacylglycerol concentrations attributable to cysteamine. Conclusions Inhibiting the lysosomal oxidation of LDL in atherosclerotic lesions by antioxidants targeted at lysosomes causes the regression of atherosclerosis and improves liver and muscle characteristics in mice and might be a promising novel therapy for atherosclerosis in patients.

Daidzein | C15H10O4 | CID 5281708 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.

A new study of dozens of wild fish species commonly consumed in the Peruvian Amazon says that people there could suffer major nutritional shortages if ongoing losses in fish biodiversity continue. Furthermore, the increasing use of aquaculture and other substitutes may not compensate.

[b]Background[/b] Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in development of atherosclerosis in diabetes and uremic diseases. However, there is currently little information available on the effects of lifestyle modification on circulating AGEs in subjects without these diseases. [b]Material and Method[/b] Serum levels of Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), pentosidine, derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs), adipokines, and renal function were determined in forty-seven middle-aged females. Among them, seventeen participated in a 12-week lifestyle modification (LM) program and twelve age-matched subjects were assigned to a control group. The LM program consisted of an initial educational session and encouragement. [b]Results[/b] At baseline, serum HDL-cholesterol was correlated with CML level (P=0.003), whereas body fat mass (P=0.012) and fat consumption (P=0.007) were correlated with pentosidine levels. After intervention, significant reductions were observed in the LM group in body fat, serum HDL-cholesterol, CML, and pentosidine. Of note, in the LM group, average number of steps in daily walking was significantly correlated with decrease in CML level (P=0.044). Decrease in pentosidine level exhibited significant positive correlations with reduction in body weight (P=0.007) and body fat mass (P=0.038). [b]Conclusions[/b] The present findings suggest lifestyle modification as a promising approach to reducing circulating AGE levels even in healthy middle-aged females with neither overt diabetes nor renal dysfunction.

WHO fact sheet on depression providing key facts and information on types and symptoms, contributing factors, diagnosis and treatment, WHO response.

Many characteristics of modern primates, including our own species, derive from an early ancestor's practice of taking most of its food from the tropical canopy

Diet and food preparation: Rethinking early hominid behavior

As mammals age, immune cells in the brain known as microglia become chronically inflamed. In this state, they produce chemicals known to impair cognitive and motor function. That's one explanation for why memory fades and other brain functions decline during old age. But, according to a new study, there may be a remedy to delay the inevitable: dietary fiber.

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a growing health issue globally, which, until recently, was considered to be both chronic and progressive. Although having lifestyle and dietary changes as core components, treatments have focused on optimising glycaemic control using pharmaceutical agents. With data from bariatric surgery and, more recently, total diet replacement (TDR) studies that have set out to achieve remission, remission of T2DM has emerged as a treatment goal. A group of specialist dietitians and medical practitioners was convened, supported by the British Dietetic Association and Diabetes UK, to discuss dietary approaches to T2DM and consequently undertook a review of the available clinical trial and practice audit data regarding dietary approaches to remission of T2DM. Current available evidence suggests that a range of dietary approaches, including low energy diets (mostly using TDR) and low carbohydrate diets, can be used to support the achievement of euglycaemia and potentially remission. The most significant predictor of remission is weight loss and, although euglycaemia may occur on a low carbohydrate diet without weight loss, which does not meet some definitions of remission, it may rather constitute a ‘state of mitigation’ of T2DM. This technical point may not be considered as important for people living with T2DM, aside from that it may only last as long as the carbohydrate restriction is maintained. The possibility of actively treating T2DM along with the possibility of achieving remission should be discussed by healthcare professionals with people living with T2DM, along with a range of different dietary approaches that can help to achieve this.

Background: Several epidemiological studies have investigated the association between dietary fat intake and cardiovascular disease. However, dietary recommendations based on systematic review and meta-analysis might be more credible. Methods and results: Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane library were searched up to July 1st 2018 for cohort studies reporting associations of dietary fat intake and risk of CVDs. By comparing the highest vs. the lowest categories of fat or fatty acids intake, we found that higher dietary trans fatty acids (TFA) intake was associated with increased risk of CVDs [RR:1.14(1.08-1.21)]. However, no association was observed between total fat, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and risk of CVDs. Subgroup analysis found a cardio-protective effect of PUFA in the studies that has been followed up more than 10 years [0.95(0.91-0.99), I 2 = 62.4%]. Dose-response analysis suggested that the risk of CVDs increased 16% [1.16 (1.07-1.25), P linearity = 0.033] for an increment of 2% energy/day of TFA intake. Conclusions: This current meta-analysis of cohort studies suggested that total fat, SFA, MUFA, and PUFA intake were not associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, we found that higher TFA intake is associated with greater risk of CVDs in a dose-response fashion. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis found a cardio-protective effect of PUFA in studies followed up for more than 10 years.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are considered to be related to the pathogenesis of some inflammatory diseases. AGEs were reported to stimulate the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), which causes inflammatory reactions. However, recently, toll-like receptors (TLRs), in addition to RAGE, have been reported to be related to AGE-mediated cellular responses, and it remains unclear which receptor is responsible for AGE recognition. To reveal the role of pattern-recognition receptors, including TLRs and/or RAGE, in AGE-mediated cellular responses, we generated macrophage-like RAW264.7 knockout (KO) cells lacking these receptors by genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and assessed AGE-stimulated changes in these cells. Comparison of the established clones suggested that RAGE partially affects the expression of TLRs. In the KO clone lacking TLR4 and TLR2, AGE-stimulated TNFα expression and phosphorylation of IκBα, p38, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were significantly attenuated, suggesting that AGE-mediated responses are largely dependent on TLRs. On the other hand, on comparison of the AGE-stimulated responses between the KO clone lacking TLR4 and TLR2, and the clone lacking TLR4, TLR2, and RAGE, RAGE played little role in AGE-stimulated TNFα transcription and ERK phosphorylation. Taken together, this study suggested that AGE-stimulated inflammatory responses occur mainly through TLRs rather than RAGE. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

People who ate least amount of this protein slightly more likely to develop type 2 disease, study suggests

The earliest evidence of hominin presence outside of Africa is scarce. Although it is clear that hominins reached Eurasia at the beginning of the Early Pleistocene, equipped with an Oldowan-like tool-kit, the Eurasian Early Pleistocene archaeological

Early hominids, ancestors to modern humans, may have been regular meat-eaters, a new fossil find suggests.

Scientists found that mice lacking the biological clocks thought to be necessary for a healthy metabolism could still be protected against obesity and metabolic diseases by having their daily access to food restricted to a 10-hour window.

A team of researchers from the Mayo Clinic, the Saint Louis University School of Medicine and the Washington University School of Medicine has found evidence that suggests people eating foods with saturated fats may have fewer symptoms if they develop pancreatitis. In their paper published in the journal Science Advances, the group describes comparing data on patients with pancreatitis and their diets.

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BACKGROUND: Time restricted feeding decreases energy intake without calorie counting and may be a viable option for weight loss. However, the effect of this diet on body weight in obese subjects has never been examined. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of 8-h time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults. DESIGN: Obese subjects (n = 23) participated in an 8-h time restricted feeding intervention (ad libitum feeding between 10:00 to 18:00 h, water fasting between 18:00 to 10:00 h) for 12 weeks. Weight loss and other outcomes were compared to a matched historical control group (n = 23). RESULTS: Body weight and energy intake decreased in the time restricted group (–2.6% ± 0.5; –341 ± 53 kcal/d) relative to controls over 12 weeks (P < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure decreased in the time restricted feeding group (–7 ± 2 mm Hg) versus controls (P 

Aims To investigate the efficacy and safety of a non-calorie-restricted low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) on glycemic control, body composition, and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) instructed to maintain their non-insulin antidiabetic medication and physical activity. Material and methods In an open-label RCT, patients with T2D were randomized 2:1 to either a LCD with a maximum of 20 E% from carbohydrates (n=49) or a control diet with 50-60 E% from carbohydrates (n=22) for 6 months. Examinations at enrollment and after 3 and 6 months included blood sample analyses, anthropometrics, blood pressure, accelerometer-based assessment of physical activity and food diaries. Total fat mass and lean mass were determined by DXA-scan. The mean-difference in change between groups from baseline are reported. Results The LCD group decreased carbohydrate intake to 13.4 E% and increased fat intake to 63.2%, which was -30.5±2.2 E% lower for carbohydrates and 30.6±2.2 E% higher for fat, respectively, compared with the control group (all p<0.001). The LCD reduced HbA1c after 3 months (-8.9±1.7 mmol/mol; p<0.0001), and this was maintained after 6 months (-7.5±1.8 mmol/mol; p<0.0001) compared with the control diet. The LCD also reduced weight (-3.9±1.0 kg), BMI (-1.4±0.4 kg/m2) and waist (-4.9±1.3 cm) compared to control diet (all p

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Burden of Disease Study, a healthy and balanced diet could significantly reduce the incidence and prevalence of the main chronic-degenerative diseases. Scientific studies show that following a varied and balanced diet, characterized by the balanced intake of all nutrients, offers countless benefits. Therefore, a healthy diet combined with an active lifestyle helps prevent and treat many chronic diseases such as obesity and overweight, arterial hypertension, metabolic diseases and some forms of cancer. Obesity is now widely regarded as a global epidemic and, for this reason, there is a need to resort to less invasive interventions, such as nutritional therapy and physical activity, even before resorting to more invasive interventions, such as bariatric surgery. Objectives: Leaving aside pharmacological and surgical interventions, the aim of our study is to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of two types of diets, Mediterranean Diet and Ketogenic Diet, in a cohort of overweight / obese patients and evaluate the effects that these have on anthropometric and metabolic parameters. Methods: The study includes a population of 60 subjects divided into two groups; a first group consisting of 30 subjects followed a Mediterranean diet (MetDiet) while the other group, also composed of 30 subjects, followed a ketogenic diet (KetoDiet). In this study, the mean age was 53 ± 14 years, and 75% of the population was female. All subjects were reviewed after 3 weeks and after 4 months of nutritional therapy. Data were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The differences between the means in the two treatment groups were compared using a Student's t-test for independent samples. All analyzes were conducted using SPSS 25.0 statistical software for Windows. A two-sided p-value

PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites., Pediatrics. 2002 May;109(5):780-3. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Was Ellen White devious and hypocritical in commanding vegetarianism on her church in 1863 while continuing to eat flesh foods for the next thirty years?