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Title:
Low LDL-C levels are associated with risk of mortality in a Chinese cohort study
Authors:
Lu, Jie-Ming; Wu, Meng-Yin; Yang, Zong-Ming; Zhu, Yao; Li, Die; Yu, Zhe-Bin; Shen, Peng; Tang, Meng-Ling; Jin, Ming-Juan; Lin, Hong-Bo; Shui, Li-Ming; Chen, Kun; Wang, Jian-Bing
Abstract:
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been considered as a risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, limited studies can be available to evaluate the association of LDL-C with risk of mortality in the general population. This study aimed to examine the association of LDL-C level with risk of mortality using a propensity-score weighting method in a Chinese population, based on the health examination data. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study with 65,517 participants aged 40 years or older in Ningbo city, Zhejiang. LDL-C levels were categorized as five groups according to the Chinese dyslipidemia guidelines in adults. To minimize potential biases resulting from a complex array of covariates, we implemented a generalized boosted model to generate propensity-score weights on covariates. Then, we used Cox proportional hazard regression models with all-cause and cause-specific mortality as the dependent variables to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: During the 439,186.5 person years of follow-up, 2403 deaths occurred. Compared with the median LDL-C group (100-130 mg/dL), subjects with extremely low LDL-C levels (group 1) had a higher risk of deaths from all-cause (HR = 2.53, 95% CI:1.80-3.53), CVD (HR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.28-2.61), ischemic stroke (HR = 2.29, 95% CI:1.32-3.94), hemorrhagic stroke (HR = 3.49, 95% CI: 1.57-7.85), and cancer (HR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.04-4.31) while the corresponding HRs in LDL-C group 2 were relatively lower than that in group 1. CONCLUSIONS: Low LDL-C levels were associated with an increased risk of all-cause, CVD, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and cancer mortality in the Chinese population.
Published:
May 14, 2021
Title:
Molecular Evolution of Ecological Specialisation: Genomic Insights from the Diversification of Murine Rodents
Authors:
Roycroft, Emily; Achmadi, Anang; Callahan, Colin M.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Good, Jeffrey M.; Moussalli, Adnan; Rowe, Kevin C.
Abstract:
Adaptive radiations are characterised by the diversification and ecological differentiation of species, and replicated cases of this process provide natural experiments for understanding the repeatability and pace of molecular evolution. During adaptive radiation, genes related to ecological specialisation may be subject to recurrent positive directional selection. However, it is not clear to what extent patterns of lineage-specific ecological specialisation (including phenotypic convergence) are correlated with shared signatures of molecular evolution. To test this, we sequenced whole exomes from a phylogenetically dispersed sample of 38 murine rodent species, a group characterised by multiple, nested adaptive radiations comprising extensive ecological and phenotypic diversity. We found that genes associated with immunity, reproduction, diet, digestion and taste have been subject to pervasive positive selection during the diversification of murine rodents. We also found a significant correlation between genome-wide positive selection and dietary specialisation, with a higher proportion of positively selected codon sites in derived dietary forms (i.e. carnivores and herbivores) than in ancestral forms (i.e. omnivores). Despite striking convergent evolution of skull morphology and dentition in two distantly related worm-eating specialists, we did not detect more genes with shared signatures of positive or relaxed selection than in a non-convergent species comparison. While a small number of the genes we detected can be incidentally linked to craniofacial morphology or diet, protein-coding regions are unlikely to be the primary genetic basis of this complex convergent phenotype. Our results suggest a link between positive selection and derived ecological phenotypes, and highlight specific genes and general functional categories that may have played an integral role in the extensive and rapid diversification of murine rodents.
Published:
May 14, 2021
Title:
Neuroprotective effect of both synbiotics and ketogenic diet in a pentylenetetrazol-induced acute seizure murine model
Authors:
Eor, Ju Young; Son, Yoon Ji; Kim, Jae-Young; Kang, Hoon-Chul; Youn, Song Ee; Kim, Ji Hun; Kim, Sae Hun
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to maximize the efficacy of both ketogenic diet (KD) and other treatments to protect brain from acute seizure. METHODS: L. fermentum MSK 408 strain, galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and L. fermentum MSK 408 with GOS were administered with two different diets for 8 weeks. To reveal the relationships among gut microbiota, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and brain related action against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling, qPCR, NGS, and GC-MS analyses were used. RESULTS: KD administration significantly reduced PTZ-induced seizure through reducing cell damage in the specific part of the brain; this effect was not interrupted by co-administration of synbiotics. Additionally, the synbiotic-treated normal diet (ND) group showed reduced seizure-related scores. SCFA concentrations of both KDs and ND with synbiotics (NDS) were dramatically reduced compared to those with NDs. Interestingly, NDS group showed independently different SCFAs ratios compared to both ND and KD group, possibly related to a reduction in seizure symptoms compared with that by KD groups. The gut microbiota modulation by KD suggested that the gut microbiota aids the host in generating energy, thus increase the usage of SCFAs such as butyrate and acetate. SIGNIFICANCE: The results suggest that KD could reduce PTZ-induced seizures through modulating various factors such as the neuroendocrine system, brain protection, gut microbiota, fecal SCFAs, and gene expression in the gut and brain. Additionally, synbiotic treatment with KD could be a better method to reduce the side effects of KD without interrupting its anti-seizure effect. However, ND with synbiotics seizure reducing effect requires further analysis.
Published:
May 13, 2021
Title:
The Potential Health Benefits of the Ketogenic Diet: A Narrative Review
Authors:
Dowis, Kathryn; Banga, Simran
Abstract:
Considering the lack of a comprehensive, multi-faceted overview of the ketogenic diet (KD) in relation to health issues, we compiled the evidence related to the use of the ketogenic diet in relation to its impact on the microbiome, the epigenome, diabetes, weight loss, cardiovascular health, and cancer. The KD diet could potentially increase genetic diversity of the microbiome and increase the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes. The epigenome might be positively affected by the KD since it creates a signaling molecule known as β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). KD has helped patients with diabetes reduce their HbA1c and reduce the need for insulin. There is evidence to suggest that a KD can help with weight loss, visceral adiposity, and appetite control. The evidence also suggests that eating a high-fat diet improves lipid profiles by lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL), increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lowering triglycerides (TG). Due to the Warburg effect, the KD is used as an adjuvant treatment to starve cancer cells, making them more vulnerable to chemotherapy and radiation. The potential positive impacts of a KD on each of these areas warrant further analysis, improved studies, and well-designed randomized controlled trials to further illuminate the therapeutic possibilities provided by this dietary intervention.
Published:
May 13, 2021
Title:
Adjustment for body mass index changes inverse associations of HDL-cholesterol with blood pressure and hypertension to positive associations
Authors:
Yang, Guang; Qian, Tingting; Sun, Hui; Xu, Qun; Hou, Xujuan; Hu, Wenqi; Zhang, Guang; Drummond, Grant R.; Sobey, Christopher G.; Witting, Paul K.; Denton, Kate M.; Charchar, Fadi J.; Golledge, Jonathan; Wang, Yutang
Abstract:
The associations between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and blood pressure (BP) or hypertension are inconsistent in previous studies. This study aimed to assess these associations in a large cohort of Chinese adults and across different age groups. This cross-sectional association study included 22,081 Chinese adults. Associations of HDL-C with BP and hypertension were analyzed using linear or logistic regression, with or without adjustment for confounding factors. HDL-C was inversely associated with BP and hypertension. These associations were still apparent after adjustment for age, sex, fasting plasma glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Sub-analyses revealed: (1) in the whole cohort and females alone, HDL-C was inversely associated with BP and hypertension in young and middle-aged but not older participants; (2) in males alone, HDL-C was not associated with systolic BP or hypertension. However, HDL-C was either inversely, or not, or positively associated with BP in young, middle-aged, and older males, respectively. After further adjustment for body mass index (BMI), the negative associations of HDL-C with BP and hypertension in the whole cohort became positive ones, and the positive associations only presented in males. These findings suggest that further adjustment for BMI changes inverse associations of HDL-cholesterol with BP and hypertension to positive associations in a cohort of Chinese adults.
Published:
May 11, 2021
Title:
Has the Carbohydrate-Insulin Model of Obesity Failed?
Authors:
Ludwig, Dr David
Abstract:
The journal Science has published a short opinion essay on the “failure” of the Carbohydrate-Insulin Model of obesity (CIM) to explain the results of half a dozen experimental tests. This brings to…
Published:
May 10, 2021
Title:
Lipoproteins and fatty acids in chronic kidney disease: molecular and metabolic alterations
Authors:
Noels, Heidi; Lehrke, Michael; Vanholder, Raymond; Jankowski, Joachim
Abstract:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) induces modifications in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and homeostasis. These modifications can promote, modulate and/or accelerate CKD and secondary cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities - involving triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, LDL and/or HDL - not only involve changes in concentration but also changes in molecular structure, including protein composition, incorporation of small molecules and post-translational modifications. These alterations modify the function of lipoproteins and can trigger pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic processes, as well as oxidative stress. Serum fatty acid levels are also often altered in patients with CKD and lead to changes in fatty acid metabolism - a key process in intracellular energy production - that induce mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular damage. These fatty acid changes might not only have a negative impact on the heart, but also contribute to the progression of kidney damage. The presence of these lipoprotein alterations within a biological environment characterized by increased inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as the competing risk of non-atherosclerotic cardiovascular death as kidney function declines, has important therapeutic implications. Additional research is needed to clarify the pathophysiological link between lipid and lipoprotein modifications, and kidney dysfunction, as well as the genesis and/or progression of CVD in patients with kidney disease.
Published:
May 10, 2021
Title:
Maternal high fructose diet induced early onset retinopathy via the suppression of synaptic plasticity mediated by the mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors:
Huang, Hsiu-Mei; Wu, Chih-Wei; Chen, I.-Chun; Lee, Yu-Chi; Huang, Yao-Sheng; Hung, Chun-Ying; Wu, Kay Li-Hui
Abstract:
Retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness, and there is currently no cure. Earlier identification of the progression of retinopathy could provide a better chance for intervention. Diet has profound effects on retinal function. A maternal high fructose diet (HFD) triggers diseases in multiple organs. However, whether maternal HFD impairs retinal function in adult offspring is currently unknown. By using the rodent model of maternal HFD during pregnancy and lactation, our data indicated a reduced b-wave of electroretinography (ERG) in HFD female offspring at 3 months of age compared with age-matched offspring of dams fed regular chow (ND). Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses indicated that the distributions and expressions of synaptophysin, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), and phospho(p)-Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase IIa (CaMKIIa) were significantly suppressed in the HFD group. Furthermore, the ATP content and the mitochondrial respiratory protein, Mt CPX 4-2, were decreased. Moreover, the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in the retina of the HFD group were downregulated. Treatment with coenzyme Q10 (Q10), a key mediator of the electron transport chain, effectively reversed these abovementioned dysfunctions. Together, these results suggested that maternal HFD impaired retinal function in adult female offspring. The mechanism underlying early-onset retinopathy may involve the reduction in the capacity of mitochondrial energy production and the suppression of synaptic plasticity. Most importantly, mitochondria could be a feasible target to reprogram maternal HFD-damaged retinal function.
Published:
May 10, 2021
Title:
Neanderthals carb loaded, helping grow their big brains
Authors:
Gibbons, Ann
Abstract:
DNA from mouth bacteria suggest human ancestors ate diets rich in starchy plants by 600,000 years ago
Published:
May 10, 2021
Title:
Vitamin B12 Induces Hepatic Fatty Infiltration through Altered Fatty Acid Metabolism
Authors:
Boachie, Joseph; Adaikalakoteswari, Antonysunil; Gázquez, Antonio; Zammit, Victor; Larqué, Elvira; Saravanan, Ponnusamy
Abstract:
Published:
May 8, 2021
Title:
Fasting: How to Guide
Authors:
Attinà, Alda; Leggeri, Claudia; Paroni, Rita; Pivari, Francesca; Dei Cas, Michele; Mingione, Alessandra; Dri, Maria; Marchetti, Marco; Di Renzo, Laura
Abstract:
Fasting potentials are the most interesting topics in the Nutritional Era. Fasting consists of the catabolism of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates to maintain blood glucose levels in a normal range. The action mechanisms of fasting were firstly understood in minor organisms and later in humans. Nutritional interventions of caloric restriction could attenuate age-associated epigenetic alterations and could have a protective effect against cellular alterations, promoting longevity and health span. While most fasting studies point out the weight and fat mass decreases, it is important to define specific guidelines for fasting and non-fasting days to enhance adherence, minimize the dropout rates of the interventions, and maximize body composition improvement. Although the panorama of evidence on fasting and caloric restriction is wide, there is a lack of a safe fasting protocol to guide physicians in its prescription. The main goal is to identify a how to use guide, a major posology of fasting, inserted within a huge dietetic personalized strategy leading to an optimal and healthy nutritional status.
Published:
May 7, 2021
Title:
Increasing prevalence of fasting hyperglycemia in adolescents aged 10-18 years and their relationship with metabolic indicators : The Korea National health and Nutrition Examination Study (KNHANES) 2007-2018
Authors:
Yoo, Seung Eun; Lee, Ji Hyen; Lee, Jung Won; Park, Hye Sook; Lee, Hye Ah; Kim, Hae Soon
Abstract:
Purpose: Pediatric diabetes is a common health burden in worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fasting hyperglycemia in Korean teenagers aged 10-18 years and to evaluate its association with metabolic indicators. Methods: To assess the risk of diabetes in domestic children and adolescents, the prevalence of fasting hyperglycemia was calculated, and a trend was evaluated using multi-year Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data and multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between hyperglycemia and metabolic factor. Results: The prevalence of fasting hyperglycemia, defined as an impaired fasting glucose(fasting glucose level > 100 mg/dL and
Published:
May 7, 2021
Title:
Long-term fasting improves lipoprotein-associated atherogenic risk in humans
Authors:
Grundler, Franziska; Plonné, Dietmar; Mesnage, Robin; Müller, Diethard; Sirtori, Cesare R.; Ruscica, Massimiliano; Wilhelmi de Toledo, Françoise
Abstract:
PURPOSE: Dyslipidemia is a major health concern associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Long-term fasting (LF) has been shown to improve plasma lipid profile. We performed an in-depth investigation of lipoprotein composition. METHODS: This observational study included 40 volunteers (50% men, aged 32-65 years), who underwent a medically supervised fast of 14 days (250 kcal/day). Changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels, as well as in lipoprotein subclasses and particles, were measured by ultracentrifugation and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at baseline, and after 7 and 14 fasting days. RESULTS: The largest changes were found after 14 fasting days. There were significant reductions in triglycerides (TG, - 0.35 ± 0.1 mmol/L), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG (- 0.46 ± 0.08 mmol/L), VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C, - 0.16 ± 0.03 mmol/L) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C (- 0.72 ± 0.14 mmol/L). Analysis of LDL subclasses showed a significant decrease in LDL1-C (- 0.16 ± 0.05 mmol/L), LDL2-C (- 0.30 ± 0.06 mmol/L) and LDL3-C (- 0.27 ± 0.05 mmol/L). NMR spectroscopy showed a significant reduction in large VLDL particles (- 5.18 ± 1.26 nmol/L), as well as large (- 244.13 ± 39.45 nmol/L) and small LDL particles (- 38.45 ± 44.04 nmol/L). A significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C (- 0.16 ± 0.04 mmol/L) was observed. By contrast, the concentration in large HDL particles was significantly raised. Apolipoprotein A1 decreased significantly whereas apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein(a), fibrinogen and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were unchanged. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that LF improves lipoprotein levels and lipoprotein subclasses and ameliorates the lipoprotein-associated atherogenic risk profile, suggesting a reduction in the cardiovascular risk linked to dyslipidemia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Study registration number: DRKS-ID: DRKS00010111 Date of registration: 03/06/2016 "retrospectively registered".
Published:
May 7, 2021
Title:
Differences in Glucose Readings Between Right Arm and Left Arm Using a Continuous Glucose Monitor
Authors:
Kawakatsu, Sonoko; Liu, Xiaohan; Tran, Brandon; Tran, Brittany P.; Manzanero, Lucy; Shih, Eric; Shek, Allen; Lim, Jeremy J.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are used for evaluating real-time glucose levels to optimize diabetes management. There is limited information, however, on whether readings differ when a device is placed on the right versus the left arm. This study evaluated the mean difference in glucose levels between the right and left arm and the effect of unilateral arm exercise on this difference. The effect of an intermittent fasting diet on body fat percentage was also evaluated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In a prospective trial, 46 adult volunteers self-selected into the intermittent fasting (IF; N = 23) or free-living (FL; N = 23) diet group and were randomized into a unilateral arm exercise group. Volunteers had CGM sensors placed simultaneously on both arms for 12-14 days. RESULTS: The mean glucose level in the right arm was significantly higher than the left arm by 3.7 mg/dL (P < .001), and this result was unaffected by diet or arm exercise. Glucose levels were in euglycemic range for 75.2% of the time in the right arm and 67.5% in the left arm (P
Published:
May 6, 2021
Title:
Ketogenic diet-mediated steroid metabolism reprogramming improves the immune microenvironment and myelin growth in spinal cord injury rats according to gene and co-expression network analyses
Authors:
Zeng, Hong; Lu, Yao; Huang, Meng-Jie; Yang, Yan-Yan; Xing, Hua-Yi; Liu, Xiao-Xie; Zhou, Mou-Wang
Abstract:
The ketogenic diet has been widely used in the treatment of various nervous system and metabolic-related diseases. Our previous research found that a ketogenic diet exerts a protective effect and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. However, the mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, different dietary feeding methods were used, and myelin expression and gene level changes were detected among different groups. We established 15 RNA-seq cDNA libraries from among 4 different groups. First, KEGG pathway enrichment of upregulated differentially expressed genes and gene set enrichment analysis of the ketogenic diet and normal diet groups indicated that a ketogenic diet significantly improved the steroid anabolic pathway in rats with spinal cord injury. Through cluster analysis, protein-protein interaction analysis and visualization of iPath metabolic pathways, it was determined that Sqle, Sc5d, Cyp51, Dhcr24, Msmo1, Hsd17b7, and Fdft1 expression changed significantly. Second, through weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that rats fed a ketogenic diet showed a significant reduction in the expression of genes involved in immune-related pathways, including those associated with immunity and infectious diseases. A ketogenic diet may improve the immune microenvironment and myelin growth in rats with spinal cord injury through reprogramming of steroid metabolism.
Published:
May 6, 2021
Title:
Role of ketones, ketogenic diets and intermittent fasting in ICU
Authors:
Gunst, Jan; Casaer, Michael P.; Langouche, Lies; Van den Berghe, Greet
Abstract:
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the clinical evidence for beneficial effects of ketones, ketogenic diets and intermittent fasting in critical illness, and to review potential mechanisms behind such effects. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent evidence demonstrates that activation of a metabolic fasting response may be beneficial to recover from critical insults. Potential protective mechanisms are, among others, activation of ketogenesis and of damage removal by autophagy. Novel feeding strategies, including ketone supplements, ketogenic diets and intermittent fasting regimens, can activate these pathways - at least partially - in critically ill patients. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studying these novel feeding strategies as compared with standard care, are scarce and have not shown consistent benefit. Yet, all RCTs were small and underpowered for clinical endpoints. Moreover, in intermittent fasting studies, the duration of the fasting interval may have been too short to develop a sustained metabolic fasting response. SUMMARY: These findings open perspectives for the further development of fasting-mimicking diets. Ultimately, clinical benefit should be confirmed by RCTs that are adequately powered for clinically relevant, patient-centered endpoints.
Published:
May 6, 2021
Title:
Fatty acid oxidation is required for embryonic stem cell survival during metabolic stress
Authors:
Yan, Hualong; Malik, Navdeep; Kim, Young-Im; He, Yunlong; Li, Mangmang; Dubois, Wendy; Liu, Huaitian; Peat, Tyler J.; Nguyen, Joe T.; Tseng, Yu-Chou; Ayaz, Gamze; Alzamzami, Waseem; Chan, King; Andresson, Thorkell; Tessarollo, Lino; Mock, Beverly A.; Lee, Maxwell P.; Huang, Jing
Abstract:
Metabolic regulation is critical for the maintenance of pluripotency and the survival of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The transcription factor Tfcp2l1 has emerged as a key factor for the naïve pluripotency of ESCs. Here, we report an unexpected role of Tfcp2l1 in metabolic regulation in ESCs-promoting the survival of ESCs through regulating fatty acid oxidation (FAO) under metabolic stress. Tfcp2l1 directly activates many metabolic genes in ESCs. Deletion of Tfcp2l1 leads to an FAO defect associated with upregulation of glucose uptake, the TCA cycle, and glutamine catabolism. Mechanistically, Tfcp2l1 activates FAO by inducing Cpt1a, a rate-limiting enzyme transporting free fatty acids into the mitochondria. ESCs with defective FAO are sensitive to cell death induced by glycolysis inhibition and glutamine deprivation. Moreover, the Tfcp2l1-Cpt1a-FAO axis promotes the survival of quiescent ESCs and diapause-like blastocysts induced by mTOR inhibition. Thus, our results reveal how ESCs orchestrate pluripotent and metabolic programs to ensure their survival in response to metabolic stress.
Published:
May 5, 2021
Title:
Metabolomic profiles are reflective of hypoxia-induced insulin resistance during exercise in healthy young adult males
Authors:
Margolis, Lee Mitchell; Karl, J. Philip; Wilson, Marques A.; Coleman, Julie L.; Ferrando, Arny A.; Young, Andrew J.; Pasiakos, Stefan M.
Abstract:
Hypoxia-induced insulin resistance appears to suppress exogenous glucose oxidation during metabolically-matched aerobic exercise during acute (<8-h) high-altitude (HA) exposure. However, a better understanding of this metabolic dysregulation is needed to identify interventions to mitigate these effects. The objective of this study was to determine if differences in metabolomic profiles during exercise at sea level (SL) and HA are reflective of hypoxia-induced insulin resistance. Native lowlanders (n=8 males) consumed 145g (1.8g/min) of glucose while performing 80-min of metabolically-matched treadmill exercise at SL (757 mmHg) and HA (460 mmHg) after 5-h exposure. Exogenous glucose oxidation and glucose turnover were determined using indirect calorimetry and dual tracer technique (13C-glucose and [6,6-2H2]-glucose). Metabolite profiles were analyzed in serum as change (Δ), calculated by subtracting postprandial/exercised state SL (ΔSL) and HA (ΔHA) from fasted, rested conditions at SL. Compared to SL, exogenous glucose oxidation, glucose rate of disappearance , and glucose metabolic clearance rate (MCR) were lower (P<0.05) during exercise at HA. 118 metabolites differed between ΔSL and ΔHA (P<0.05, Q<0.10). Differences in metabolites indicated increased glycolysis, TCA cycle, amino acid catabolism, oxidative stress, and fatty acid storage, and decreased fatty acid mobilization for ΔHA. BCAA and oxidative stress metabolites, Δ3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate (r=-0.738) and Δgamma-glutamylalanine (r=-0.810), were inversely associated (P<0.05) with Δexogenous glucose oxidation. Δ3-hydroxyisobutyrate (r=-0.762) and Δ2-hydroxybutyrate/2-hydroxyisobutyrate (r=-0.738) were inversely associated (P
Published:
May 5, 2021
Title:
Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors:
Ahn, Hyejin; Park, Yoo Kyoung
Abstract:
Current evidence demonstrate that sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and bone health are related; however, there has been only a few reviews on the link between SSBs and bone health. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to investigate the association between SSBs consumption and bone health in chidren and adults.
Published:
May 5, 2021
Title:
Undiagnosed Diabetes and Prediabetes in Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndromes-An Alarming Public Health Issue
Authors:
Drobek, Natalia; Sowa, Paweł; Jankowski, Piotr; Haberka, Maciej; Gąsior, Zbigniew; Kosior, Dariusz; Czarnecka, Danuta; Pająk, Andrzej; Szostak-Janiak, Karolina; Krzykwa, Agnieszka; Setny, Małgorzata; Kozieł, Paweł; Paniczko, Marlena; Jamiołkowski, Jacek; Kowalska, Irina; Kamiński, Karol
Abstract:
Dysglycemia is a public health challenge for the coming decades, especially in patients with chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). We want to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) and prediabetes, as well as identify factors associated with the development of dysglycaemia in patients with CCS. In total, 1233 study participants (mean age 69 ± 9 years), who, between 6 and 18 months earlier were hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome or elective revascularization, were examined (71.4% men). The diagnosis of DM, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) have been made according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Based on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, DM has been newly diagnosed in 28 (5.1%, mean age 69.9 ± 8.4 years) patients, 75% were male (n = 21). Prediabetes has been observed in 395 (72.3%) cases. IFG was found in 234 (42.9%) subjects, 161 (29.5%) individuals had IGT. According to multinomial logistic regression, body mass index (BMI) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) should be considered when assessing risk of development of dysglycaemia after discharge from the hospital. Among people with previously diagnosed DM, a significantly higher percentage were willing to change their lifestyles after the index event compared to other patients. Patients with chronic coronary syndromes suffer a very high frequency of dysglycaemia. Most patients with chronic coronary syndromes, especially those with high BMI or low HDL-C, should be considered for screening for dysglycemia using OGTT within the first year after hospitalization. A higher percentage of patients who were aware of their diabetic status changed their lifestyles, which added the benefit of timely diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
Published:
May 5, 2021
Title:
Ketogenic diet impairs Mycobacterium ulcerans growth and toxin production, enhancing hosts’ response to the infection in an experimental mouse model
Authors:
Foulon, Mélanie; Robbe-Saule, Marie; Esnault, Lucille; Malloci, Marine; Mery, Anthony; Saint-André, Jean-Paul; Kempf, Marie; Homedan, Chadi; Marion, Estelle; Marsollier, Laurent
Abstract:
Ketogenic diets have been used to treat diverse conditions, and there is growing evidence of their benefits for tissue repair and in inflammatory disease treatment. However, their role in infectious diseases has been little studied. Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) is a chronic infectious disease characterized by large skin ulcerations caused by mycolactone, the major virulence factor of the bacillus. Here, we investigated the impact of ketogenic diet on this cutaneous disease in an experimental mouse model. This diet prevented ulceration, by modulating bacterial growth and host inflammatory response. β-hydroxybutyrate, the major ketone body produced during ketogenic diet and diffusing in tissues, impeded M. ulcerans growth and mycolactone production in vitro underlying its potential key role in infection. These results pave the way for the development of new patient management strategies involving shorter courses of treatment and improving wound healing, in line with the major objectives of the World Health Organization.
Published:
May 4, 2021
Title:
Mitochondria ensure immune surveillance by retro-communication with the nucleus
Authors:
Rigon, Manuel; Townley, Amelia R.; Campanella, Michelangelo
Abstract:
Mitochondria cover several functions within the cell, including an influence on the transcription of nuclear genes. Recent work by Tigano et al. (2021) in Nature has identified a pathway of mitochondrial retrograde communication in which the nucleus senses aberrations in the mtDNA to drive the innate immune response.
Published:
May 4, 2021
Title:
Too much of a good thing: Excess exercise can harm mitochondria
Authors:
Pataky, Mark W.; Nair, K. Sreekumaran
Abstract:
Health benefits of aerobic exercise are indisputable and are closely related to the maintenance of mitochondrial energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Flockhart et al. (2021) demonstrate, however, that a high volume of high-intensity aerobic exercise adversely affects mitochondrial function and may cause impaired glucose tolerance.
Published:
May 4, 2021
Title:
Fasting Hormones Synergistically Induce Amino Acid Catabolism Genes to Promote Gluconeogenesis
Authors:
Korenfeld, Noga; Finkel, Maya; Buchshtab, Nufar; Bar-Shimon, Meirav; Charni-Natan, Meital; Goldstein, Ido
Abstract:
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gluconeogenesis from amino acids (AAs) maintains glucose homeostasis during fasting. Although glucagon is known to regulate AA catabolism, the contribution of other hormones to it and the scope of transcriptional regulation dictating AA catabolism are unknown. We explored the role of the fasting hormones glucagon and glucocorticoids in transcriptional regulation of AA catabolism genes and AA-dependent gluconeogenesis. METHODS: We tested the RNA expression of AA catabolism genes and glucose production in primary mouse hepatocytes treated with fasting hormones (glucagon, corticosterone) and feeding hormones (insulin, fibroblast growth factor 19). We analyzed genomic data of chromatin accessibility and chromatin immunoprecipitation in mice and primary mouse hepatocytes. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation in livers of fasted mice to show binding of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). RESULTS: Fasting induced the expression of 31 genes with various roles in AA catabolism. Of them, 15 were synergistically induced by co-treatment of glucagon and corticosterone. Synergistic gene expression relied on the activity of both CREB and GR and was abolished by treatment with either insulin or fibroblast growth factor 19. Enhancers adjacent to synergistically induced genes became more accessible and were bound by CREB and GR on fasting. Akin to the gene expression pattern, gluconeogenesis from AAs was synergistically induced by glucagon and corticosterone in a CREB- and GR-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Transcriptional regulation of AA catabolism genes during fasting is widespread and is driven by glucagon (via CREB) and corticosterone (via GR). Glucose production in hepatocytes is also synergistically augmented, showing that glucagon alone is insufficient in fully activating gluconeogenesis.
Published:
May 3, 2021
Title:
Ketogenic diet treatment in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma in children: Retrospective analysis of feasibility, safety, and survival data
Authors:
Perez, Alexandre; van der Louw, Elles; Nathan, Janak; El-Ayadi, Moatasem; Golay, Hadrien; Korff, Christian; Ansari, Marc; Catsman-Berrevoets, Coriene; von Bueren, Andre O.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is one of the most devastating diseases among children with cancer, thus novel strategies are urgently needed. AIMS: We retrospectively evaluated DIPG patients exposed to the carbohydrate restricted ketogenic diet (KD) with regard of feasibility, safety, and overall survival (OS). METHODS AND RESULTS: Searches of MEDLINE and Embase identified five hits meeting the search criteria (diagnosis of DIPG and exposure to KD). One additional case was identified by contact with experts. Individual patient data were extracted from publications or obtained from investigators. The inclusion criteria for analysis of the data were defined as DIPG patients who were exposed to the KD for ≥3 months. Feasibility, as described in the literature, was the number of patients able to follow the KD for 3 months out of all DIPG patients identified. OS was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Five DIPG patients (males, n = 3; median age 4.4 years; range, 2.5-15 years) meeting the inclusion criteria were identified. Analysis of the available data suggested that the KD is generally relatively well tolerated. Only mild gastro-intestinal complaints, one borderline hypoglycemia (2.4 mmol/L) and one hyperketosis (max 7.2 mmol/L) were observed. Five out of six DIPG patients identified adhered for ≥3 months (median KD duration, 6.5 months; range, 0.25-2 years) to the diet. The median OS was 18.7 months. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence that it may be feasible for pediatric DIPG patients to adhere for at least 3 months to KD. In particular cases, diet modifications were done. The clinical outcome and OS appear not to be impacted in a negative way. KD might be proposed as adjuvant therapy when large prospective studies have shown feasibility and safety. Future studies might ideally assess the impact of KD on clinical outcome, quality of life, and efficacy.
Published:
May 3, 2021
Title:
Adapting fasting plasma glucose threshold for GDM diagnosis according to the population distribution – An approach to the Danish paradox
Authors:
Jensen, Richard Christian; Jensen, Dorte Møller; Gibbons, Kristen S.; Glintborg, Dorte; Jensen, Tina Kold; McIntyre, H. David; Andersen, Marianne
Abstract:
Abstract
Aims
To examine third trimester fasting venous plasma glucose (FVPG) according to the distribution of a Danish population of pregnant women and identify potential local FVPG thresholds for GDM diagnosis related to risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Methods
In the observational Odense Child Cohort (OCC) study, 1516 women had FVPG measured at 27–28 weeks' gestation and were considered normal by Danish criteria and remained untreated. Maternal FVPG from OCC were standardized according to the local FVPG mean and standard deviation calibrated to data from the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. Associations between maternal FVPG and clinical and anthropometric outcomes were analysed. Potential FVPG cut points were identified.
Results
Unadjusted areas under the ROC curve for FVPG to discriminate for large for gestational age (LGA) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were 0.61 (95% CI 0.56, 0.67) and 0.57 (95% CI 0.52, 0.63), respectively. The Youden FVPG cut point for LGA was 5.5 mmol/L and 5.0 mmol/L for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Conclusions
This study identified a potential locally appropriate third trimester FVPG cut point between 5.5 and 5.7 mmol/L based on LGA risk in pregnancy. This cut point should be validated prospectively in other Danish cohorts.
Published:
May 1, 2021
Title:
Adiposity, inflammation, and working memory: Evidence for a vicious cycle
Authors:
Shields, Grant S.; Deer, LillyBelle K.; Hastings, Paul D.; Hostinar, Camelia E.
Abstract:
Overweight and obesity constitute the fifth leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide. One pathway through which excess weight contributes to poor health outcomes is via inflammatory activity and changes in cognitive processes. Prior theory has proposed a vicious cycle whereby obesity potentiates inflammatory activity, which alters cognitive processes such as working memory, which in turn leads to a reduced ability to self-regulate and therefore manage weight. However, to date no longitudinal studies have examined this potential dynamic. In the current study, we addressed this gap by assessing the relations among fat mass, C-reactive protein (CRP), and working memory across time in a large sample of 8536 children followed through adolescence in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the United Kingdom. Adiposity was quantified via dual emission x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at ages 9 and 15.5 years old, and inflammatory activity was indexed via circulating serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels assessed with a high-sensitivity assay at those same ages. Working memory was assessed between these two time points, at age 10, permitting examination of the temporal relations between working memory, adiposity, and inflammatory activity. As hypothesized, we found that fat mass predicted later poor working memory, and this association was statistically mediated by CRP. Further, we found that poor working memory predicted greater subsequent fat mass and CRP, and the link between working memory and subsequent CRP was partially mediated by fat mass. These results thus could be taken to suggest the existence of a vicious cycle of mutually amplifying adiposity, inflammatory activity, and poor working memory over time.
Published:
May 1, 2021
Title:
Combining Bayesian age models and genetics to investigate population dynamics and extinction of the last mammoths in northern Siberia
Authors:
Dehasque, Marianne; Pečnerová, Patrícia; Muller, Héloïse; Tikhonov, Alexei; Nikolskiy, Pavel; Tsigankova, Valeriya I.; Danilov, Gleb K.; Díez-del-Molino, David; Vartanyan, Sergey; Dalén, Love; Lister, Adrian M.
Abstract:
To understand the causes and implications of an extinction event, detailed information is necessary. However, this can be challenging when working with poorly resolved paleontological data sets. One approach to increase the data resolution is by combining different methods. In this study, we used both radiocarbon and genetic data to reconstruct the population history and extinction dynamics of the woolly mammoth in northern Siberia. We generated 88 new radiocarbon dates and combined these with previously published dates from 626 specimens to construct Bayesian age models. These models show that mammoths disappeared on the eastern Siberian mainland before the onset of the Younger Dryas (12.9–11.7 ky cal BP). Mammoths did however persist in the northernmost parts of central and western Siberia until the early Holocene. Further genetic results of 131 high quality mitogenomes, including 22 new mitogenomes generated in this study, support the hypothesis that mammoths from, or closely related to, a central and/or west- Siberian population recolonized Wrangel Island over the now submerged northern Siberian plains. As mammoths became trapped on the island due to rising sea levels, they lived another ca. 6000 years on Wrangel Island before eventually going extinct ca. 4000 years ago.
Published:
May 1, 2021
Title:
ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer
Authors:
Muscaritoli, Maurizio; Arends, Jann; Bachmann, Patrick; Baracos, Vickie; Barthelemy, Nicole; Bertz, Hartmut; Bozzetti, Federico; Hütterer, Elisabeth; Isenring, Elizabeth; Kaasa, Stein; Krznaric, Zeljko; Laird, Barry; Larsson, Maria; Laviano, Alessandro; Mühlebach, Stefan; Oldervoll, Line; Ravasco, Paula; Solheim, Tora S.; Strasser, Florian; Schueren, Marian de van der; Preiser, Jean-Charles; Bischoff, Stephan C.
Abstract:
Published:
May 1, 2021
Title:
Heterogeneity in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake among different muscle groups in healthy lean people and people with obesity
Authors:
Koh, Han-Chow E.; van Vliet, Stephan; Meyer, Gretchen A.; Laforest, Richard; Gropler, Robert J.; Klein, Samuel; Mittendorfer, Bettina
Abstract:
It has been proposed that muscle fibre type composition and perfusion are key determinants of insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake, and alterations in muscle fibre type composition and perfusion contribute to muscle, and consequently whole-body, insulin resistance in people with obesity. The goal of the study was to evaluate the relationships among muscle fibre type composition, perfusion and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake rates in healthy, lean people and people with obesity.
Published:
May 1, 2021
Title:
Stable isotope evidence of human diet in Mediterranean context during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors:
Drucker, Dorothée G.; Naito, Yuichi I.; Coromina, Neus; Rufí, Isaac; Soler, Narcís; Soler, Joaquim
Abstract:
The Final Gravettian in Europe overlapped with the cold and dry climatic event of Heinrich 2 (ca. 27–23.5 kyr cal BP), which caused the contraction of human distribution over refuge regions in the southern peninsulas of Europe. Here, we consider the human subsistence in the northeast Iberian Peninsula, where an extensive range of small to large prey was available. Four human remains from the Serinyà caves were investigated using the stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur of bulk collagen (δ13Ccoll, δ15Ncoll, δ34Scoll) and of phenylalanine and glutamine amino acids (δ15NPhe, δ15NGlu). Direct AMS dating of the human and animal remains from the Final Gravettian levels of Mollet III, Reclau Viver, and Arbreda at Serinyà confirmed their chronological position from 27.5 to 22.6 kyr cal BP and the occurrence of four different human individuals. The δ13Ccoll and δ15Ncoll values showed a large contribution of terrestrial prey to the dietary protein of the individuals. The δ34Scoll values were consistent with a subsistence based on the local continental resources, without detectable contribution of marine resource. The δ15NPhe and δ15NGlu values confirm that freshwater resources were not a substantial component of the diet of the considered individuals. Contrast in the isotopic amounts in bulk collagen could be interpreted as the result of different proportions of terrestrial prey in human diet at Serinyà. Altogether, the isotopic investigation reveals the importance of terrestrial over aquatic resources in the subsistence of the studied Final Gravettian individuals from the Serinyà caves in northeastern Iberia during the Last Glacial Maximum. It would be consistent with a scenario of a productive enough terrestrial ecosystem to sustain hunter-gatherer subsistence in this refuge region.
Published:
May 1, 2021
Title:
Stable isotope evidence of human diet in Mediterranean context during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors:
Drucker, Dorothée G.; Naito, Yuichi I.; Coromina, Neus; Rufí, Isaac; Soler, Narcís; Soler, Joaquim
Abstract:
The Final Gravettian in Europe overlapped with the cold and dry climatic event of Heinrich 2 (ca. 27–23.5 kyr cal BP), which caused the contraction of human distribution over refuge regions in the southern peninsulas of Europe. Here, we consider the human subsistence in the northeast Iberian Peninsula, where an extensive range of small to large prey was available. Four human remains from the Serinyà caves were investigated using the stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur of bulk collagen (δ13Ccoll, δ15Ncoll, δ34Scoll) and of phenylalanine and glutamine amino acids (δ15NPhe, δ15NGlu). Direct AMS dating of the human and animal remains from the Final Gravettian levels of Mollet III, Reclau Viver, and Arbreda at Serinyà confirmed their chronological position from 27.5 to 22.6 kyr cal BP and the occurrence of four different human individuals. The δ13Ccoll and δ15Ncoll values showed a large contribution of terrestrial prey to the dietary protein of the individuals. The δ34Scoll values were consistent with a subsistence based on the local continental resources, without detectable contribution of marine resource. The δ15NPhe and δ15NGlu values confirm that freshwater resources were not a substantial component of the diet of the considered individuals. Contrast in the isotopic amounts in bulk collagen could be interpreted as the result of different proportions of terrestrial prey in human diet at Serinyà. Altogether, the isotopic investigation reveals the importance of terrestrial over aquatic resources in the subsistence of the studied Final Gravettian individuals from the Serinyà caves in northeastern Iberia during the Last Glacial Maximum. It would be consistent with a scenario of a productive enough terrestrial ecosystem to sustain hunter-gatherer subsistence in this refuge region.
Published:
May 1, 2021
Title:
An Intermittent Fasting Mimicking Nutrition Bar Extends Physiologic Ketosis in Time Restricted Eating: A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-Arm Study
Authors:
Huang, Angie W.; Wei, Min; Caputo, Sara; Wilson, Melissa L.; Antoun, Joseph; Hsu, William C.
Abstract:
There has been increasing interest in time-restricted eating to attain intermittent fasting's metabolic benefits. However, a more extended daily fast poses many challenges. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a 200-calorie fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) energy bar formulated to prolong ketogenesis and mitigate fasting-associated side effects. A randomized, controlled study was conducted comparing the impact of consuming an FMD bar vs. continued water fast, after a 15-h overnight fast. Subjects in the FMD group showed a 3-h postprandial beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) level and 4-h postprandial BHB area under the curve (AUC0-4) that were non-inferior to those who continued with the water fast (p = 0.891 and p = 0.377, respectively). The postprandial glucose AUC0-4 in the FMD group was non-inferior to that in the water fast group (p = 0.899). A breakfast group served as a control, which confirmed that the instrument used in home glucose and ketone monitoring functioned as expected. The results indicate that FMD bar consumption does not interfere with the physiological ketogenesis associated with overnight fasting and could be used to facilitate the practice of time-restricted eating or intermittent fasting.
Published:
April 30, 2021
Title:
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for the Treatment of Gliomas: Scoping Review of Clinical Studies, Patient Outcomes, and Toxicity Profiles
Authors:
Pangal, Dhiraj J.; Baertsch, Hans; Kellman, Eliza M.; Cardinal, Tyler; Brunswick, Andrew; Rutkowski, Martin; Strickland, Ben; Chow, Frances; Attenello, Frank; Zada, Gabriel
Abstract:
Introduction Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are highly used among those diagnosed with glioma. Further research is warranted, however, as it remains important to clearly delineate CAM practices that are unproven, disproven, or promising for future research and implementation. Methods A systematic review was conducted to identify all articles that investigated the effect of any CAM therapy on survival of patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent glioma. Results Eighteen papers and 4 abstracts pertaining to the effects of ketogenic diet (4), antioxidants (3), hyperbaric oxygen (4), cannabinoids (2), carbogen and nicotinamide (3), mistletoe extract (2), hypocupremia and penicillamine (1), and overall CAM use (3) on overall and progression-free survival in patients with low- and high-grade glioma were identified (Levels of Evidence I-IV). Ketogenic diets, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and cannabinoids appear to be safe and well tolerated by patients; preliminary studies demonstrate tumor response and increased progression-free survival and overall survival when combined with standard of care therapies. Antioxidant usage exhibit mixed results perhaps associated with glioma grade with greater effect on low-grade gliomas; vitamin D intake was associated with prolonged survival. Conversely, carbogen breathing and hypocupremia were found to have no effect on the survival of patients with glioma, with associated significant toxicity. Most modalities under the CAM umbrella have not been appropriately studied and require further investigation. Conclusions Despite widespread use, Level I or II evidence for CAM for the treatment of glioma is lacking, representing future research directions to optimally counsel and treat glioma patients.
Published:
April 30, 2021
Title:
Dietary potato intake and risks of type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors:
Guo, Fang; Zhang, Qiang; Jiang, Hong; He, Yuan; Li, Ming; Ran, Jinjun; Lin, Jing; Tian, Linwei; Ma, Le
Abstract:
Summary
Background & aims
Evidence regarding associations between potato consumption and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risks is accumulating. This study aims to synthesize the evidence by conducting a meta-analysis of available studies.
Methods
PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were searched (up to August 2020) to retrieve all eligible studies on the associations of interest. The risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were summarized using random- or fixed-effects model based on heterogeneity. Meta-analyses were performed for East and West regions separately. Dose–response relationship was assessed using data from all intake categories in each study.
Results
A total of 19 studies (13 for T2D; 6 for GDM) were identified, including 21,357 T2D cases among 323,475 participants and 1516 GDM cases among 29,288 pregnancies. Meta-analysis detected a significantly positive association with T2D risk for total potato (RR: 1.19 [1.06, 1.34]), baked/boiled/mashed potato (RR: 1.08 [1.00, 1.16]), and French fries/fried potato (RR: 1.33 [1.03, 1.70]) intakes among Western populations. Dose–response meta-analysis demonstrated a significantly increased T2D risk by 10% (95% CI: 1.07, 1.14; P for trend<0.001), 2% (95% CI: 1.00, 1.04; P for trend = 0.02) and 34% (95% CI: 1.24, 1.46; P for trend<0.001) for each 80 g/day (serving) increment in total potato, unfried potato, and fried potato intakes, respectively. As for GDM, summarized estimates also suggested a higher though non-significant GDM risk for total potato (RR: 1.19 [0.89, 1.58]), and French fries/fried potato (RR: 1.03 [0.97, 1.09]) intakes in Western countries. In the dose–response meta-analysis, a significantly increased GDM risk was revealed for each daily serving (80 g) intakes of total potato (RR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.42; P for trend = 0.007) and unfried potato (RR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.48; P for trend = 0.006).
Conclusions
This study suggests that higher potato intake is associated with higher T2D risk among Western populations. The positive relationship presents a significant dose–response manner. Wisely controlled potato consumption may confer potential glucometabolic benefits.
Published:
April 30, 2021
Title:
Position Paper on the Applications of Ketogenic Diets in Patients with Headache: Consensus Statement
Authors:
Lorenzo, Cherubino Di; Ballerini, Giovanna; Barbanti, Piero; Bernardini, Andrea; D'Arrigo, Giacomo; Egeo, Gabriella; Frediani, Fabio; Garbo, Riccardo; Pierangeli, Giulia; Prudenzano, Addolorata Maria Pia; Rebaudengo, Nicoletta; Semeraro, Grazia; Sirianni, Giulio; Valente, Mariarosaria; Coppola, Gianluca; Cervenka, Mackenzie C.; Spera, Giovanni
Abstract:
Headaches are among the most prevalent and disabling disorders and there are several patients’ unmet needs in current pharmacological options, while a growing interest is focusing on nutritional approaches as non-pharmacological treatments. Among these, the most promising seems to be the ketogenic diet (KD). Exactly 100 years ago, KD was used to treat pediatric forms of drug-resistant epilepsy, but progressively applications of this diet also involved adults and other neurological disorders. Evidence of KD effectiveness in migraine comes from 1928, but in the last years different groups of research and clinicians paid attention to this therapeutic option to treat patients with drug resistant migraine and cluster headache, and/or comorbid with metabolic syndrome. Here we describe all the existing evidence on the potential benefits of KDs in headaches, explore in deep all the potential mechanisms of action involved in the efficacy, and synthesize results of working meetings of an Italian panel of experts on this topic. Aim of the working group is the creation of a consensus on indications and clinical practice to treat with KDs patients with headache. The results here we present are the base for further improvement in the knowledge and application of KDs in the treatment of headaches.
Published:
April 30, 2021
Title:
The associations of the Palaeolithic diet alone and in combination with lifestyle factors with type 2 diabetes and hypertension risks in women in the E3N prospective cohort
Authors:
Shah, Sanam; MacDonald, Conor-James; El Fatouhi, Douae; Mahamat-Saleh, Yahya; Mancini, Francesca Romana; Fagherazzi, Guy; Severi, Gianluca; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Laouali, Nasser
Abstract:
Patterns of change from the traditional Palaeolithic lifestyle to the modern lifestyle may partly explain the epidemic proportions of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We investigated to what extent adherence to the Palaeolithic diet (PD) and the Palaeolithic-like lifestyle was associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension risks.
Published:
April 28, 2021
Title:
Breastfeeding Linked to Higher Neurocognitive Testing Scores
Authors:
Articles·, FeaturedNeuroscienceOpen Neuroscience
Abstract:
All mothers are aware that breastfeeding provides certain advantages over bottle feeding for babies. A new study reveals children who were breastfed as infants, even for a short period of time, performed better at cognitive tests at age ten than their bottle fed peers.
Published:
April 27, 2021
Title:
Dietary Patterns Derived from UK Supermarket Transaction Data with Nutrient and Socioeconomic Profiles
Authors:
Clark, Stephen D.; Shute, Becky; Jenneson, Victoria; Rains, Tim; Birkin, Mark; Morris, Michelle A.
Abstract:
Poor diet is a leading cause of death in the United Kingdom (UK) and around the world. Methods to collect quality dietary information at scale for population research are time consuming, expensive and biased. Novel data sources offer potential to overcome these challenges and better understand population dietary patterns. In this research we will use 12 months of supermarket sales transaction data, from 2016, for primary shoppers residing in the Yorkshire and Humber region of the UK (n = 299,260), to identify dietary patterns and profile these according to their nutrient composition and the sociodemographic characteristics of the consumer purchasing with these patterns. Results identified seven dietary purchase patterns that we named: Fruity; Meat alternatives; Carnivores; Hydrators; Afternoon tea; Beer and wine lovers; and Sweet tooth. On average the daily energy intake of loyalty card holders -who may buy as an individual or for a household- is less than the adult reference intake, but this varies according to dietary purchase pattern. In general loyalty card holders meet the recommended salt intake, do not purchase enough carbohydrates, and purchase too much fat and protein, but not enough fibre. The dietary purchase pattern containing the highest amount of fibre (as an indicator of healthiness) is bought by the least deprived customers and the pattern with lowest fibre by the most deprived. In conclusion, supermarket sales data offer significant potential for understanding population dietary patterns.
Published:
April 27, 2021
Title:
How autophagy controls the intestinal epithelial barrier
Authors:
Foerster, Elisabeth G.; Mukherjee, Tapas; Cabral-Fernandes, Liliane; Rocha, Juliana D. B.; Girardin, Stephen E.; Philpott, Dana J.
Abstract:
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that results in lysosome-mediated recycling of organelles and protein aggregates, as well as the destruction of intracellular pathogens. Its role in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelium is of particular interest, as several autophagy-related genes have been associated with intestinal disease. Autophagy and its regulatory mechanisms are involved in both homeostasis and repair of the intestine, supporting intestinal barrier function in response to cellular stress through tight junction regulation and protection from cell death. Furthermore, a clear role has emerged for autophagy not only in secretory cells but also in intestinal stem cells, where it affects their metabolism, as well as their proliferative and regenerative capacity. Here, we review the physiological role of autophagy in the context of intestinal epithelial maintenance and how genetic mutations affecting autophagy contribute to the development of intestinal disease.Abbreviations: AKT1S1: AKT1 substrate 1; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; APC: APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATG: autophagy related; atg16l1[ΔIEC] mice: mice with a specific deletion of Atg16l1 in intestinal epithelial cells; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BECN1: beclin 1; bsk/Jnk: basket; CADPR: cyclic ADP ribose; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CASP3: caspase 3; CD: Crohn disease; CDH1/E-cadherin: cadherin 1; CF: cystic fibrosis; CFTR: CF transmembrane conductance regulator; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CLDN2: claudin 2; CoPEC: colibactin-producing E. coli; CRC: colorectal cancer; CYP1A1: cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1; DC: dendritic cell; DDIT3: DNA damage inducible transcript 3; DEPTOR: DEP domain containing MTOR interacting protein; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; EGF: epidermal growth factor; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; EIF2A: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; EIF2AK3: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EIF2AK4/GCN2: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HSPA5/GRP78: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell; IFN: interferon; IFNG/IFNγ:interferon gamma; IL: interleukin; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; ISC: intestinal stem cell; LGR5: leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; MAP1LC3A/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MAPK/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPK14/p38 MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; MAPKAP1: MAPK associated protein 1; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; miRNA: microRNA; MLKL: mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase; MLST8: MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog; MNV: murine norovirus; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NLRP: NLR family pyrin domain containing; NOD: nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing; NRBF2: nuclear receptor binding factor 2; OPTN: optineurin; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; P: phosphorylation; Patj: PATJ crumbs cell polarity complex component; PE: phosphatidyl-ethanolamine; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; PRR5: proline rich 5; PRR5L: proline rich 5 like; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RER: rough endoplasmic reticulum; RHEB: Ras homolog, MTORC1 binding; RICTOR: RPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2; RIPK1: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPTOR: regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1; RPS6KB1: ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; SH3GLB1: SH3 domain containing GRB2 like, endophilin B1; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TA: transit-amplifying; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TFE3: transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3; TGM2: transglutaminase 2; TJ: tight junction; TJP1/ZO1: tight junction protein 1; TNBS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; TNF/TNFα: tumor necrosis factor; Tor: target of rapamycin; TRAF: TNF receptor associated factor; TRIM11: tripartite motif containing 11; TRP53: transformation related protein 53; TSC: TSC complex subunit; Ub: ubiquitin; UC: ulcerative colitis; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; USO1/p115: USO1 vesicle transport factor; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; WIPI: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting; WNT: WNT family member; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
Published:
April 27, 2021
Title:
People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years
Authors:
Ellis, Erle C.; Gauthier, Nicolas; Goldewijk, Kees Klein; Bird, Rebecca Bliege; Boivin, Nicole; Díaz, Sandra; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Kaplan, Jed O.; Kingston, Naomi; Locke, Harvey; McMichael, Crystal N. H.; Ranco, Darren; Rick, Torben C.; Shaw, M. Rebecca; Stephens, Lucas; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Watson, James E. M.
Abstract:
Archaeological and paleoecological evidence shows that by 10,000 BCE, all human societies employed varying degrees of ecologically transformative land use practices, including burning, hunting, species propagation, domestication, cultivation, and others that have left long-term legacies across the terrestrial biosphere. Yet, a lingering paradigm among natural scientists, conservationists, and policymakers is that human transformation of terrestrial nature is mostly recent and inherently destructive. Here, we use the most up-to-date, spatially explicit global reconstruction of historical human populations and land use to show that this paradigm is likely wrong. Even 12,000 y ago, nearly three quarters of Earth’s land was inhabited and therefore shaped by human societies, including more than 95% of temperate and 90% of tropical woodlands. Lands now characterized as “natural,” “intact,” and “wild” generally exhibit long histories of use, as do protected areas and Indigenous lands, and current global patterns of vertebrate species richness and key biodiversity areas are more strongly associated with past patterns of land use than with present ones in regional landscapes now characterized as natural. The current biodiversity crisis can seldom be explained by the loss of uninhabited wildlands, resulting instead from the appropriation, colonization, and intensifying use of the biodiverse cultural landscapes long shaped and sustained by prior societies. Recognizing this deep cultural connection with biodiversity will therefore be essential to resolve the crisis.
Published:
April 27, 2021
Title:
Non-autoimmune diabetes mellitus and the risk of virus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies
Authors:
Lontchi-Yimagou, Eric; Feutseu, Charly; Kenmoe, Sebastien; Djomkam Zune, Alexandra Lindsey; Kinyuy Ekali, Solange Fai; Nguewa, Jean Louis; Choukem, Siméon Pierre; Mbanya, Jean Claude; Gautier, Jean Francois; Sobngwi, Eugene
Abstract:
A significant number of studies invoked diabetes as a risk factor for virus infections, but the issue remains controversial. We aimed to examine whether non-autoimmune diabetes mellitus enhances the risk of virus infections compared with the risk in healthy individuals without non-autoimmune diabetes mellitus. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we assessed case-control and cohort studies on the association between non-autoimmune diabetes and viruses. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science with no language restriction, to identify articles published until February 15, 2021. The main outcome assessment was the risk of virus infection in individuals with non-autoimmune diabetes. We used a random-effects model to pool individual studies and assessed heterogeneity (I2) using the χ2 test on Cochrane’s Q statistic. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42019134142. Out of 3136 articles identified, we included 68 articles (90 studies, as the number of virus and or diabetes phenotype varied between included articles). The summary OR between non-autoimmune diabetes and virus infections risk were, 10.8(95% CI: 10.3–11.4; 1-study) for SARS-CoV-2; 3.6(95%CI: 2.7–4.9, I2 = 91.7%; 43-studies) for HCV; 2.7(95% CI: 1.3–5.4, I2 = 89.9%, 8-studies;) for HHV8; 2.1(95% CI: 1.7–2.5; 1-study) for H1N1 virus; 1.6(95% CI: 1.2–2.13, I2 = 98.3%, 27-studies) for HBV; 1.5(95% CI: 1.1–2.0; 1-study) for HSV1; 3.5(95% CI: 0.6–18.3 , I2 = 83.9%, 5-studies) for CMV; 2.9(95% CI: 1–8.7, 1-study) for TTV; 2.6(95% CI: 0.7–9.1, 1-study) for Parvovirus B19; 0.7(95% CI: 0.3–1.5 , 1-study) for coxsackie B virus; and 0.2(95% CI: 0–6.2; 1-study) for HGV. Our findings suggest that, non-autoimmune diabetes is associated with increased susceptibility to viruses especially SARS-CoV-2, HCV, HHV8, H1N1 virus, HBV and HSV1. Thus, these viruses deserve more attention from diabetes health-care providers, researchers, policy makers, and stakeholders for improved detection, overall proper management, and efficient control of viruses in people with non-autoimmune diabetes.
Published:
April 26, 2021
Title:
The importance of glycemic equipoise in NASH
Authors:
Allen, Alina M.; Neuschwander-Tetri, Brent A.
Abstract:
Insulin resistance is a key pathogenic driver in NAFLD. Approximately one quarter of patients with NAFLD and 44% of those with NASH have type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (1) while an additional substantial proportion of those without DM have impaired fasting glucose.
Published:
April 26, 2021
Title:
Capillary Ketone Concentrations at the Time of Colonoscopy: A Cross-Sectional Study With Implications for SGLT2 Inhibitor–Treated Type 2 Diabetes
Authors:
Hamblin, Peter S.; Wong, Rosemary; Ekinci, Elif I.; Sztal-Mazer, Shoshana; Balachandran, Shananthan; Frydman, Aviva; Hanrahan, Timothy P.; Hu, Raymond; Ket, Shara N.; Moss, Alan; Ng, Mark; Ragunathan, Sashikala; Bach, Leon A.
Abstract:
Published:
April 25, 2021
Title:
Ketogenic diet alleviates colitis by reduction of colonic group 3 innate lymphoid cells through altering gut microbiome
Authors:
Kong, Cheng; Yan, Xuebing; Liu, Yongqiang; Huang, Linsheng; Zhu, Yefei; He, Jide; Gao, Renyuan; Kalady, Matthew F.; Goel, Ajay; Qin, Huanlong; Ma, Yanlei
Abstract:
Accumulating evidence suggests that ketogenic diets (KDs) mediate the rise of circulating ketone bodies and exert a potential anti-inflammatory effect; however, the consequences of this unique diet on colitis remain unknown. We performed a series of systematic studies using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) animal model of inflammatory colitis. Animals were fed with a KD, low-carbohydrate diet (LCD), or normal diet (ND). Germ-free mice were utilized in validation experiments. Colon tissues were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing, RT2 profiler PCR array, histopathology, and immunofluorescence. Serum samples were analyzed by metabolic assay kit. Fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. We observed that KD alleviated colitis by altering the gut microbiota and metabolites in a manner distinct from LCD. Quantitative diet experiments confirmed the unique impact of KD relative to LCD with a reproducible increase in Akkermansia, whereas the opposite was observed for Escherichia/Shigella. After colitis induction, the KD protected intestinal barrier function, and reduced the production of RORγt+CD3− group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) and related inflammatory cytokines (IL-17α, IL-18, IL-22, Ccl4). Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation into germ-free mice revealed that the KD- mediated colitis inhibition and ILC3 regulation were dependent on the modification of gut microbiota. Taken together, our study presents a global view of microbiome-metabolomics changes that occur during KD colitis treatment, and identifies the regulation of gut microbiome and ILC3s as novel targets involving in IBD dietary therapy.
Published:
April 23, 2021
Title:
The effects of professional continuous glucose monitoring as an adjuvant educational tool for improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors:
Rivera-Ávila, Dulce Adelaida; Esquivel-Lu, Alejandro Iván; Salazar-Lozano, Carlos Rafael; Jones, Kyla; Doubova, Svetlana V.
Abstract:
The study objective was to evaluate the effects of professional continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) as an adjuvant educational tool for improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Published:
April 23, 2021
Title:
Antioxidants in Potatoes: A Functional View on One of the Major Food Crops Worldwide
Authors:
Hellmann, Hanjo; Goyer, Aymeric; Navarre, Duroy A.
Abstract:
With a growing world population, accelerating climate changes, and limited arable land, it is critical to focus on plant-based resources for sustainable food production. In addition, plants are a cornucopia for secondary metabolites, of which many have robust antioxidative capacities and are beneficial for human health. Potato is one of the major food crops worldwide, and is recognized by the United Nations as an excellent food source for an increasing world population. Potato tubers are rich in a plethora of antioxidants with an array of health-promoting effects. This review article provides a detailed overview about the biosynthesis, chemical and health-promoting properties of the most abundant antioxidants in potato tubers, including several vitamins, carotenoids and phenylpropanoids. The dietary contribution of diverse commercial and primitive cultivars are detailed and document that potato contributes much more than just complex carbohydrates to the diet. Finally, the review provides insights into the current and future potential of potato-based systems as tools and resources for healthy and sustainable food production.
Published:
April 22, 2021
Title:
Blood n-3 fatty acid levels and total and cause-specific mortality from 17 prospective studies
Authors:
Harris, William S.; Tintle, Nathan L.; Imamura, Fumiaki; Qian, Frank; Korat, Andres V. Ardisson; Marklund, Matti; Djoussé, Luc; Bassett, Julie K.; Carmichael, Pierre-Hugues; Chen, Yun-Yu; Hirakawa, Yoichiro; Küpers, Leanne K.; Laguzzi, Federica; Lankinen, Maria; Murphy, Rachel A.; Samieri, Cécilia; Senn, Mackenzie K.; Shi, Peilin; Virtanen, Jyrki K.; Brouwer, Ingeborg A.; Chien, Kuo-Liong; Eiriksdottir, Gudny; Forouhi, Nita G.; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Giles, Graham G.; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Helmer, Catherine; Hodge, Allison; Jackson, Rebecca; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Laakso, Markku; Lai, Heidi; Laurin, Danielle; Leander, Karin; Lindsay, Joan; Micha, Renata; Mursu, Jaako; Ninomiya, Toshiharu; Post, Wendy; Psaty, Bruce M.; Risérus, Ulf; Robinson, Jennifer G.; Shadyab, Aladdin H.; Snetselaar, Linda; Sala-Vila, Aleix; Sun, Yangbo; Steffen, Lyn M.; Tsai, Michael Y.; Wareham, Nicholas J.; Wood, Alexis C.; Wu, Jason H. Y.; Hu, Frank; Sun, Qi; Siscovick, David S.; Lemaitre, Rozenn N.; Mozaffarian, Dariush
Abstract:
The health effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been controversial. Here we report the results of a de novo pooled analysis conducted with data from 17 prospective cohort studies examining the associations between blood omega-3 fatty acid levels and risk for all-cause mortality. Over a median of 16 years of follow-up, 15,720 deaths occurred among 42,466 individuals. We found that, after multivariable adjustment for relevant risk factors, risk for death from all causes was significantly lower (by 15–18%, at least p
Published:
April 22, 2021
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