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Title:
Buprenorphine Pharmacology Review: Update on Transmucosal and Long-acting Formulations
Authors:
Coe, Marion A.; Lofwall, Michelle R.; Walsh, Sharon L.
Abstract:
Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder. As a high-affinity, partial agonist for the mu-opioid receptor, buprenorphine suppresses opioid withdrawal and craving, reduces illicit opioid use, and blocks exogenous opioid effects including respiratory depression. Other pharmacologic benefits of buprenorphine are its superior safety profile compared with full opioid agonists and its long half-life that allows daily or less-than-daily dosing. New and innovative buprenorphine formulations, with pharmacokinetic profiles that differ from the original tablet formulation, continue to be developed. These include higher bioavailability transmucosal tablets and films and also 6-month implantable and monthly injectable products. This growing array of available formulations allows more choices for patients and increased opportunity for clinicians to individualize treatment; thus, it is important for buprenorphine prescribers to understand these differences.
Published:
2019
Title:
By Reverence, Not Fear: Prestige, Religion, and Autonomic Regulation in the Evolution of Cooperation
Authors:
Lenfesty, Hillary L.; Morgan, Thomas J. H.
Abstract:
Recent evolutionary theories of the emergence of religions emphasize their function as mechanisms for increasing prosociality. They argue that this is necessary because third-parties (i.e., centralized authorities) are often unable to monitor behavior and mete out punishment in large groups. Moreover, they assert that deities operate most effectively when they are feared, as fear of supernatural punishment functions to inhibit anti-social behavior. Nonetheless, while fear of punishment may inhibit anti-social behavior, it is unlikely to motivate other prosocial behaviors. This is because human physiology has evolved separate neurological systems with differential behavioral correlates either for 1) processing fear and responding to threats or 2) facilitating communication in social interactions which are deemed safe. Almost all vertebrates possess autonomic pathways for processing threats and fear, which result in “fight”, “flight” or “freeze” responses and so likely mediate interactions in dominance hierarchies. Mammals, however, possess an additional, phylogenetically newer, pathway dedicated to suppressing such defensive responses in the service of promoting social affiliation or engagement. Here, we argue that this mammalian physiology supports an alternative hierarchical system unique to humans: prestige. In contrast to dominance, which involves aversion, fear and shame, prestige hierarchies are characterized by eye-contact and physical proximity, as well as emotions like awe and respect. Prestige also directs the flow of cultural information between individuals and has been argued to have evolved in order to help individuals acquire high quality information. Here, we argue that not only does the mammalian autonomic pathway support prestige hierarchies, but that coupled with prestige biased social learning, it opens up a means for prestigious figures, including deities, to support the spread of prosocial behaviors. Thus, contrary to theories that emphasizes religious fear as a motivating factor in the evolution of prosocial religions, we suggest that reverence – which includes awe and respect for, deference to, admiration of, and a desire to please a deity or supernatural agent – is likely just as important. In support of this, we identify historical cases of growth in religious groups that appear to be defined by prestige dynamics, and not fear of supernatural punishment.
Published:
2019
Title:
Cafeteria Diet Consumption during Lactation in Rats, Rather than Obesity Per Se, alters miR-222, miR-200a, and miR-26a Levels in Milk
Authors:
Pomar, Catalina A.; Castro, Heriberto; Picó, Catalina; Serra, Francisca; Palou, Andreu; Sánchez, Juana
Abstract:
SCOPE: The aim of the present study is to investigate in nursing rats the impact of cafeteria-diet feeding during lactation (cafeteria dams) on specific miRNA levels in breast milk and to discern them from the effects of maternal adiposity per se (postcafeteria dams). METHODS AND RESULTS: Milk samples are collected from control, cafeteria, and postcafeteria dams at three time points of lactation (days 5, 10, and 15) and levels of selected miRNAs (miR-222, miR-203, miR-200a, miR-103, miR-27a, and miR-26a) were determined. Levels in milk of miR-222 rise while miR-103 and miR-27 fall throughout lactation. Moreover, at day 15 of lactation, cafeteria dams present higher miR-222 and lower miR-200a and miR-26a levels in milk than controls. No differences are found in postcafeteria dams compared with controls. At weaning, the offspring of cafeteria dams, but not the offspring of postcafeteria dams, displays lower expression levels of Cdkn1c (a validated target gene of miR-222) in liver than controls. CONCLUSION: Cafeteria diet intake in nursing rats, rather than obesity per se, leads to alterations in specific miRNA levels, which, through the milk supply, may alter expression of target genes and potentially affect offspring phenotype.
Published:
2019
Title:
Cholesterol enrichment in liver mitochondria impairs oxidative phosphorylation and disrupts the assembly of respiratory supercomplexes
Authors:
Solsona-Vilarrasa, Estel; Fucho, Raquel; Torres, Sandra; Nuñez, Susana; Nuño-Lámbarri, Natalia; Enrich, Carlos; García-Ruiz, Carmen; Fernández-Checa, José C.
Abstract:
Mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation is a hallmark of alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and impairs the function of specific solute carriers through changes in membrane physical properties. However, its impact on mitochondrial respiration and organization of respiratory supercomplexes has not been determined so far. Here we fed mice a cholesterol-enriched diet (HC) supplemented with sodium cholate to examine the effect of cholesterol in mitochondrial function. HC feeding increased liver cholesterol content, which downregulated Srebp2 and Hmgcr expression, while sodium cholate administration decreased Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 mRNA levels, suggesting the downregulation of bile acid synthesis through the classical pathway. HC-fed mice exhibited increased expression of Stard1 and Mln64 and enhanced mitochondrial free cholesterol levels (2-3 fold), leading to decreased membrane fluidity. Mitochondria from HC-fed mice displayed increased cholesterol loading in both outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. Cholesterol loading decreased complex I and complex II-driven state 3 respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential. Decreased respiratory and uncoupling control ratio from complex I was also observed after in situ enrichment of mouse liver mitochondria with cholesterol or enantiomer cholesterol, the mirror image of natural cholesterol. Moreover, in vivo cholesterol loading decreased the level of complex III2 and the assembly of respiratory supercomplexes I1+III2+IV and I1+III2. Moreover, HC feeding caused oxidative stress and mitochondrial GSH (mGSH) depletion, which translated in hepatic steatosis and liver injury, effects that were rescued by replenishing mGSH with GSH ethyl ester. Overall, mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation disrupts mitochondrial functional performance and the organization of respiratory supercomplexes assembly, which can contribute to oxidative stress and liver injury.
Published:
2019
Title:
Chronic Mild Gut Inflammation Accelerates Brain Neuropathology and Motor Dysfunction in α-Synuclein Mutant Mice
Authors:
Kishimoto, Yuki; Zhu, Wandi; Hosoda, Waki; Sen, Jyoti M.; Mattson, Mark P.
Abstract:
Emerging findings suggest that Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology (α-synuclein accumulation) and neuronal dysfunction may occur first in peripheral neurons of the autonomic nervous system including the enteric branches of the vagus nerve. The risk of PD increases greatly in people over the age of 65, a period of life in which chronic inflammation is common in many organ systems including the gut. Here we report that chronic mild focal intestinal inflammation accelerates the age of disease onset in α-synuclein mutant PD mice. Wild-type and PD mice treated with 0.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in their drinking water for 12 weeks beginning at 3 months of age exhibited histological and biochemical features of mild gut inflammation. The age of onset of motor dysfunction, evaluated using a rotarod test, gait analysis, and grip strength measurements, was significantly earlier in DSS-treated PD mice compared to control PD mice. Levels of the dopaminergic neuron marker tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum and numbers of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra were reduced in PD mice with gut inflammation. Levels of total and phosphorylated α-synuclein were elevated in enteric and brain neurons in DSS-treated PD mice, suggesting that mild gut inflammation accelerates α-synuclein pathology. Markers of inflammation in the colon and brain, but not in the blood, were elevated in DSS-treated PD mice, consistent with retrograde transneuronal propagation of α-synuclein pathology and neuroinflammation from the gut to the brain. Our findings suggest that interventions that reduce gut inflammation may prove beneficial in the prevention and treatment of PD.
Published:
2019
Title:
Clinical Guideline Unprocessed Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption : Dietary Guideline Recommendations From the NutriRECS Consortium
Authors:
Johnston, Bradley C; Zeraatkar, Dena; Han, Mi Ah; Vernooij, Robin W M; Valli, Claudia; Dib, Regina El; Marshall, Catherine; Stover, Patrick J; Fairweather-taitt, Susan; Wo, Grzegorz
Abstract:
Published:
2019
Title:
Combined Markers to Assess Meat Intake—Human Metabolomic Studies of Discovery and Validation
Authors:
Cuparencu, C.; Rinnan, Å.; Dragsted, L.O.
Abstract:
Scope: Biomarkers of red meat may clarify the relationship between meat intake and health. This paper explores the discovery of biomarkers of intake for three types of meat with varying heme iron content. Candidate biomarkers for red and general meat are further evaluated based on defined validation criteria. Methods and results: In a randomized cross-over meal study, healthy volunteers consume a randomized sequence of four test meals: chicken, pork, beef, and a control made of egg white and pea. Fasting and postprandial urine samples are collected to cover 48 h and profiled by untargeted LC-ESI-qTOF-MS metabolomics. The profiles following the meal challenges are explored by univariate and multivariate analyses. Nine red, four white, and eight general meat biomarkers are selected as putative biomarkers, originating from collagen degradation, flavour compounds, and amino acid metabolism. Heme-related metabolites are masked by the chlorophyll content of the control meal. The candidate biomarkers are confirmed in an independent meal study and validated for plausibility, robustness, time-response, and prediction performance. Combinations of biomarkers are more efficient than single markers in predicting meat intake. Conclusion: New combinations of partially validated biomarkers are proposed to assess terrestrial meat intake and thus help disentangle the effects of meat consumption on human health. © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Published:
2019
Title:
Coping, Mood, Quality of Life, and Outcomes in Recipients of Left Ventricular Assist Devices: A Cluster Analysis
Authors:
Modica, Maddalena; Minotti, Anna; De Maria, Renata; Scaglione, Anna; Bordoni, Bruno; Cipriani, Manlio; Russo, Claudio; Racca, Vittorio; Ferratini, Maurizio
Abstract:
Objective: Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly used for temporary circulatory support until transplant or as destination therapy for patients with end-stage heart failure. Understanding patients' attitudes and resources is crucial to support them. Methods: Sixty-one LVAD recipients (55 [10] years, 10% women, 15% destination therapy) participating in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) postimplant underwent assessment of coping styles (Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences), quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire), and mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Results: Cluster analysis identified two homogeneous groups: C1 (n = 18) patients had higher anxiety (9.6 [5.0] versus 4.0 [2.7], p < .001), depression (10 [3.0] versus 4 [2.7], p < .001), and avoidant coping (29 [5.2] versus 21.2 [3.8], p < .001) scores and worse quality of life (Short-Form 36 of the Medical Outcomes Study Physical Component Scale 31 [5.3] versus 35.6 [6.9], p < .001; Mental Component Scale 34.3 [6.8] versus 50.3 [8], p < .001; MLHFQ physical 26 [7.2] versus 13.9 [8.2], p < .001; emotional 17.7 [3.4] versus 3.86 [3.2], p
Published:
2019
Title:
Cytostatic cancer therapy modulates monocyte-macrophage cell functions: how it impacts on treatment outcomes
Authors:
Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; Patysheva, M.*; Stakheyeva, M.; Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; Larionova, I.; Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; Fedorov, A.; Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634009, Russia; Kzhyshkowska, J.; Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 1-3, Mannheim 68167, Germany; Cherdyntseva, N.; Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634009, Russia
Abstract:
Published:
2019
Title:
Dietary Early Glycation Products Promote the Growth of Prostate Tumors More than Advanced Glycation End-Products through Modulation of Macrophage Polarization
Authors:
Chen, Yingjia; Guo, Tai L.
Abstract:
Scope Glycation products are ubiquitous in food at high concentrations in the Western diet. The well-controlled glycation resulting in the production of early glycation products (EGPs) has been proposed as a strategy to improve the physicochemical properties of food proteins. However, the health effects of EGPs are unknown. It has been shown that the Western diet (glycation prone) is associated with a higher mortality in prostate cancer (PCa) patients than the prudent diet; therefore, the role of EGPs in prostate tumorigenesis is investigated. Methods and results C57BL/6 male mice are treated with the vehicle (water), non-reacted samples, EGPs, and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) by gavage. EGPs (600 mg kg−1 body weight per day) promoted the growth of subcutaneously transplanted TRAMP-C2 PCa cells the most among these groups. Significantly, increases in the circulation monocytes and tumor-associated M2 macrophages are observed in EGP-treated mice, and the M2/M1 ratio is also increased in the EGP group when compared to that of water and AGEs. In the human PCa cell and macrophage co-cultures, EGPs increase the spheroid size, and importantly, macrophages are also polarized toward M2. Conclusions EGPs induce the proliferation of PCa cells either directly or by assisting PCa cells to polarize macrophages toward M2.
Published:
2019
Title:
Dietary Lysozyme Alters Sow's Gut Microbiota, Serum Immunity and Milk Metabolite Profile
Authors:
Zhou, Jian; Xiong, Xia; Yin, Jia; Zou, Lijun; Wang, Kexing; Shao, Yirui; Yin, Yulong
Abstract:
The aim of current study was to determine variations in sow's gut microbiota, serum immunity, and milk metabolite profile mediated by lysozyme supplementation. Twenty-four pregnant sows were assigned to a control group without supplementation and two treatments with 0.5 kg/t and 1.0 kg/t lysozyme provided in formula feed for 21 days (n = 8 per treatment). Microbiota analysis and metagenomic predictions were based on 16s RNA high-throughput sequencing. Milk metabolome was assessed by untargeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Serum biochemical indicators and immunoglobulins were also determined. Gut microbial diversity of sows receiving 1.0 kg/t lysozyme treatment was significantly reduced after the trial. Spirochaetes, Euryarchaeota, and Actinobacteria significantly increased while Firmicutes showed a remarkable reduction in 1.0 kg/t group compared with control. Lysozyme addition rebuilt sow's gut microbiota to beneficial composition identified by reduced richness of Escherichia coli and increased abundance of Lactobacillus amylovorus. Accordingly, microbial metabolic functions including pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, and amino acid related enzymes were significantly up-regulated in 1.0 kg/t group. Microbial metabolic phenotypes like the richness of Gram-positive bacteria and oxidative stress tolerance were also significantly reduced by lysozyme treatment. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity and IgA levels were significantly down-regulated in the 1.0 kg/t group compared with control, but IgM levels showed a significantly increase in 1.0 kg/t group. Milk metabolites such as L-glutamine, creatine, and L-arginine showed significantly dose-dependent changes after treatment. Overall, lysozyme supplementation could effectively improve the composition, metabolic functions, and phenotypes of sow's gut microbiota and it also benefit sows with better serum immunity and milk composition. This research could provide theoretical support for further application of lysozyme in promoting animal gut health and prevent pathogenic infections in livestock production.
Published:
2019
Title:
Dietary Resistant Potato Starch Alters Intestinal Microbial Communities and Their Metabolites, and Markers of Immune Regulation and Barrier Function in Swine
Authors:
Trachsel, Julian; Briggs, Cassidy; Gabler, Nicholas K.; Allen, Heather K.; Loving, Crystal L.
Abstract:
Interactions between diet, the microbiota, and the host set the ecological conditions in the gut and have broad implications for health. Prebiotics are dietary compounds that may shift conditions toward health by promoting the growth of beneficial microbes that produce metabolites capable of modulating host cells. This study's objective was to assess how a dietary prebiotic could impact host tissues via modulation of the intestinal microbiota. Pigs fed a diet amended with 5% resistant potato starch (RPS) exhibited alterations associated with gut health relative to swine fed an unamended control diet (CON). RPS intake increased abundances of anaerobic Clostridia in feces and several tissues, as well as intestinal concentrations of butyrate. Functional gene amplicons suggested bacteria similar to Anaerostipes hadrus were stimulated by RPS intake. The CON treatment exhibited increased abundances of several genera of Proteobacteria (which utilize respiratory metabolisms) in several intestinal locations. RPS intake increased the abundance of regulatory T cells in the cecum, but not periphery, and cecal immune status alterations were indicative of enhanced mucosal defenses. A network analysis of host and microbial changes in the cecum revealed that regulatory T cells positively correlated with butyrate concentration, luminal IgA concentration, expression of IL-6 and DEF1B, and several mucosa-associated bacterial taxa. Thus, the administration of RPS modulated the microbiota and host immune status, altering markers of cecal barrier function and immunological tolerance, and suggesting a reduced niche for bacterial respiration.
Published:
2019
Title:
Dietary polyphenols targeting arterial stiffness: Interplay of contributing mechanisms and gut microbiome-related Metabolism
Authors:
De Bruyne, T.; Steenput, B.; Roth, L.; De Meyer, G.R.Y.; Dos Santos, C.N.; Valentová, K.; Dambrova, M.; Hermans, N.
Abstract:
Increased arterial stiffness is a degenerative vascular process, progressing with age that leads to a reduced capability of arteries to expand and contract in response to pressure changes. This progressive degeneration mainly affects the extracellular matrix of elastic arteries and causes loss of vascular elasticity. Recent studies point to significant interference of dietary polyphenols with mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology and progression of arterial stiffness. This review summarizes data from epidemiological and interventional studies on the effect of polyphenols on vascular stiffness as an illustration of current research and addresses possible etiological factors targeted by polyphenols, including pathways of vascular functionality, oxidative status, inflammation, glycation, and autophagy. Effects can either be inflicted directly by the dietary polyphenols or indirectly by metabolites originated from the host or microbial metabolic processes. The composition of the gut microbiome, therefore, determines the resulting metabolome and, as a consequence, the observed activity. On the other hand, polyphenols also influence the intestinal microbial composition, and therefore the metabolites available for interaction with relevant targets. As such, targeting the gut microbiome is another potential treatment option for arterial stiffness. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Published:
2019
Title:
Do other variables add value to assessment of the risk of colorectal disease using faecal immunochemical tests for haemoglobin?
Authors:
Digby, J.; Steele, R.J.C.; Strachan, J.A.; Mowat, C.; Anderson, A.S.; McCann, R.; Law, L.; Fraser, C.G.
Abstract:
Background: Faecal immunochemical tests for haemoglobin have been recommended to assist in assessment of patients presenting in primary care with lower bowel symptoms. The aim was to assess if, and which, additional variables might enhance this use of faecal immunochemical tests. Methods: Faecal immunochemical test analysis has been a NHS Tayside investigation since December 2015. During the first year, 993 patients attending colonoscopy were invited to complete a detailed questionnaire on demographic background, symptoms, smoking status, alcohol use, dietary fibre, red and processed meat intake, physical activity, sitting time, dietary supplement use, family history of colorectal cancer, adenoma, inflammatory bowel disease and diabetes. Significant bowel disease was classified as colorectal cancer, advanced adenoma or inflammatory bowel disease. Results: A total of 470 (47.3%) invitees agreed to complete the questionnaire and 408 (41.1%) did. Unadjusted odds ratios for the presence of significant bowel disease compared with undetectable faecal haemoglobin increased with increasing faecal haemoglobin and for faecal haemoglobin 10–49, 50–199, 200–399 and ⩾400 μg Hb/g faeces were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.16–5.63), 2.47 (0.55–1.03), 6.30 (1.08–36.65) and 18.90 (4.22–84.62), respectively. Rectal bleeding and family history of polyps were the only other variables with statistically significant (P
Published:
2019
Title:
Dose-dependent detoxication of the airborne pollutant benzene in a randomized trial of broccoli sprout beverage in Qidong, China
Authors:
Chen, Jian-Guo; Johnson, Jamie; Egner, Patricia; Ng, Derek; Zhu, Jian; Wang, Jin-Bing; Xue, Xue-Feng; Sun, Yan; Zhang, Yong-Hui; Lu, Ling-Ling; Chen, Yong-Sheng; Wu, Yan; Zhu, Yuan-Rong; Carmella, Steven; Hecht, Stephen; Jacobson, Lisa; Muñoz, Alvaro; Kensler, Kevin; Rule, Ana; Fahey, Jed; Kensler, Thomas; Groopman, John
Abstract:
Published:
2019
Title:
Earliest known Oldowan artifacts at >2.58 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Ethiopia, highlight early technological diversity
Authors:
Braun, David R.; Aldeias, Vera; Archer, Will; Arrowsmith, J. Ramon; Baraki, Niguss; Campisano, Christopher J.; Deino, Alan L.; DiMaggio, Erin N.; Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume; Engda, Blade; Feary, David A.; Garello, Dominique I.; Kerfelew, Zenash; McPherron, Shannon P.; Patterson, David B.; Reeves, Jonathan S.; Thompson, Jessica C.; Reed, Kaye E.
Abstract:
The manufacture of flaked stone artifacts represents a major milestone in the technology of the human lineage. Although the earliest production of primitive stone tools, predating the genus Homo and emphasizing percussive activities, has been reported at 3.3 million years ago (Ma) from Lomekwi, Kenya, the systematic production of sharp-edged stone tools is unknown before the 2.58-2.55 Ma Oldowan assemblages from Gona, Ethiopia. The organized production of Oldowan stone artifacts is part of a suite of characteristics that is often associated with the adaptive grade shift linked to the genus Homo Recent discoveries from Ledi-Geraru (LG), Ethiopia, place the first occurrence of Homo ∼250 thousand years earlier than the Oldowan at Gona. Here, we describe a substantial assemblage of systematically flaked stone tools excavated in situ from a stratigraphically constrained context [Bokol Dora 1, (BD 1) hereafter] at LG bracketed between 2.61 and 2.58 Ma. Although perhaps more primitive in some respects, quantitative analysis suggests the BD 1 assemblage fits more closely with the variability previously described for the Oldowan than with the earlier Lomekwian or with stone tools produced by modern nonhuman primates. These differences suggest that hominin technology is distinctly different from generalized tool use that may be a shared feature of much of the primate lineage. The BD 1 assemblage, near the origin of our genus, provides a link between behavioral adaptations-in the form of flaked stone artifacts-and the biological evolution of our ancestors.
Published:
2019
Title:
Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves 24-Hour Glucose Levels and Affects Markers of the Circadian Clock, Aging, and Autophagy in Humans
Authors:
Jamshed, Humaira; Beyl, Robbie A; Della Manna, Deborah L; Yang, Eddy S; Ravussin, Eric; Peterson, Courtney M
Abstract:
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a form of intermittent fasting that involves having a longer daily fasting period. Preliminary studies report that TRF improves cardiometabolic health in rodents and humans. Here, we performed the first study to determine how TRF affects gene expression, circulating hormones, and diurnal patterns in cardiometabolic risk factors in humans. Eleven overweight adults participated in a 4-day randomized crossover study where they ate between 8 am and 2 pm (early TRF (eTRF)) and between 8 am and 8 pm (control schedule). Participants underwent continuous glucose monitoring, and blood was drawn to assess cardiometabolic risk factors, hormones, and gene expression in whole blood cells. Relative to the control schedule, eTRF decreased mean 24-hour glucose levels by 4 ± 1 mg/dl (p = 0.0003) and glycemic excursions by 12 ± 3 mg/dl (p = 0.001). In the morning before breakfast, eTRF increased ketones, cholesterol, and the expression of the stress response and aging gene SIRT1 and the autophagy gene LC3A (all p \textless 0.04), while in the evening, it tended to increase brain-derived neurotropic factor (BNDF; p = 0.10) and also increased the expression of MTOR (p = 0.007), a major nutrient-sensing protein that regulates cell growth. eTRF also altered the diurnal patterns in cortisol and the expression of several circadian clock genes (p \textless 0.05). eTRF improves 24-hour glucose levels, alters lipid metabolism and circadian clock gene expression, and may also increase autophagy and have anti-aging effects in humans.
Published:
2019
Title:
Effect of Lower Versus Higher Red Meat Intake on Cardiometabolic and Cancer Outcomes A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials
Authors:
Zeraatkar, Dena; Johnston, Bradley C; Bartoszko, Jessica; Cheung, Kevin; Bala, Malgorzata M; Valli, Claudia; Sit, Deagan; Milio, Kirolos; Sadeghirad, Behnam; Alonso-coello, Pablo; Guyatt, Gordon H; Dib, Regina El
Abstract:
Published:
2019
Title:
Effect of breakfast on weight and energy intake: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors:
Sievert, Katherine; Hussain, Sultana Monira; Page, Matthew J.; Wang, Yuanyuan; Hughes, Harrison J.; Malek, Mary; Cicuttini, Flavia M.
Abstract:
Objective To examine the effect of regular breakfast consumption on weight change and energy intake in people living in high income countries.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sources PubMed, Ovid Medline, and CINAHL were searched for randomised controlled trials published between January 1990 and January 2018 investigating the effect of breakfast on weight or energy intake. ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform search portal were also searched in October 2018 to identify any registered yet unpublished or ongoing trials.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Randomised controlled trials from high income countries in adults comparing breakfast consumption with no breakfast consumption that included a measure of body weight or energy intake. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Random effects meta-analyses of the effect of breakfast consumption on weight and daily energy intake were performed.Results Of 13 included trials, seven examined the effect of eating breakfast on weight change, and 10 examined the effect on energy intake. Meta-analysis of the results found a small difference in weight favouring participants who skipped breakfast (mean difference 0.44 kg, 95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.82), but there was some inconsistency across trial results (I2=43%). Participants assigned to breakfast had a higher total daily energy intake than those assigned to skip breakfast (mean difference 259.79 kcal/day, 78.87 to 440.71; 1 kcal=4.18 kJ), despite substantial inconsistency across trial results (I2=80%). All of the included trials were at high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain and had only short term follow-ups (mean period seven weeks for weight, two weeks for energy intake). As the quality of the included studies was mostly low, the findings should be interpreted with caution.Conclusion This study suggests that the addition of breakfast might not be a good strategy for weight loss, regardless of established breakfast habit. Caution is needed when recommending breakfast for weight loss in adults, as it could have the opposite effect. Further randomised controlled trials of high quality are needed to examine the role of breakfast eating in the approach to weight management.Study registration PROSPERO registration number CRD42017057687.
Published:
2019
Title:
Effect of two different sublingual dosages of vitamin B12 on cobalamin nutritional status in vegans and vegetarians with a marginal deficiency: A randomized controlled trial
Authors:
Del Bo', Cristian; Riso, Patrizia; Gardana, Claudio; Brusamolino, Antonella; Battezzati, Alberto; Ciappellano, Salvatore
Abstract:
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Vegetarians and vegans are more vulnerable to vitamin B12 deficiency with severe risks of megaloblastic anemia, cognitive decline, neuropathy, and depression. An easy and simple method of supplementation consists of taking one weekly dosage of 2000 μg. However, single large oral doses of vitamin B12 are poorly absorbed. The present research evaluates the ability of two different sublingual dosages of vitamin B12 (350 μg/week vs 2000 μg/week) in improving cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) nutritional status in vegans and vegetarians with a marginal deficiency. METHODS: A 12-week randomized, double-blind, controlled, parallel intervention trial was performed. Forty subjects with marginal vitamin B12 deficiency were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups: test group Ld (low dose, 350 μg/week) and control group Hd (high dose, 2000 μg/week) vitamin B12 supplementation. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 15, 30, 60, and 90 days from the intervention for the determination of vitamin B12, related metabolic markers, and blood cell counts. RESULTS: Two-way analysis of variance showed a significant effect of time (P < 0.0001) and of time × treatment interaction (P = 0.012) on serum concentration of vitamin B12 that increased after 90-day supplementation (Ld and Hd) compared to baseline. Both the supplements increased (P < 0.0001, time effect) the levels of holotranscobalamin, succinic acid, methionine and wellness parameter, while decreased (P
Published:
2019
Title:
Effectiveness of home-based and remotely supervised aerobic exercise in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial
Authors:
van der Kolk, Nicolien M; de Vries, Nienke M; Kessels, Roy P C; Joosten, Hilde; Zwinderman, Aeilko H; Post, Bart; Bloem, Bastiaan R
Abstract:
Published:
2019
Title:
Effects of cardiac rehabilitation with and without meditation on myocardial blood flow using quantitative positron emission tomography : A pilot study
Authors:
Bokhari, Sabahat; Schneider, Robert H; Salerno, John W; Rainforth, Maxwell V; Gaylord-king, Carolyn; Nidich, Sanford I
Abstract:
Published:
2019
Title:
Engagement as co-constructing knowledge: A moral necessity in public health research
Authors:
Pratt, Bridget
Abstract:
Undertaking engagement in public health research is ethically essential. There is a growing emphasis on practicing engagement as the co-construction of knowledge, which goes beyond other common forms of engagement in health research practice: consulting and informing. Taking such an approach means researchers jointly construct knowledge with research users and beneficiaries; all parties design and conduct research together and share decision-making power. This article makes the normative argument that such engagement is necessary to achieve the foundational moral aims of public health research—building relations of equality and addressing the health needs of those considered disadvantaged—which reflect the field's underlying commitment to social justice. It next identifies and discusses three ways in which co-constructing knowledge advances those moral aims: by facilitating self-determination, supporting individuals' right to research, and maximizing social knowledge to address cognitive and epistemic injustice. Objections to the arguments presented in the article are then articulated and defended against.
Published:
2019
Title:
Epidemiology of gastric cancer: global trends, risk factors and prevention
Authors:
Rawla, Prashanth; Barsouk, Adam
Abstract:
Gastric cancer remains one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide, especially among older males. Based on GLOBOCAN 2018 data, stomach cancer is the 5th most common neoplasm and the 3rd most deadly cancer, with an estimated 783,000 deaths in 2018. Gastric cancer incidence and mortality are highly variable by region and highly dependent on diet and Helicobacter pylori infection. While strides in preventing and treating H. pylori infection have decreased the overall incidence of gastric cancer, they have also contributed to an increase in the incidence of cardia gastric cancer, a rare subtype of the neoplasm that has grown 7-fold in the past decades. A better understanding of the etiology and risk factors of the disease can help reach a consensus in approaching H. pylori infection. Dietary modification, smoking cessation, and exercise hold promise in preventing gastric cancer, while genetic testing is enabling earlier diagnosis and thus greater survival.
Published:
2019
Title:
Examining the Effects of Mindful Eating Training on Adherence to a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (the DELISH Study): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors:
Mason, Ashley E.; Saslow, Laura; Moran, Patricia J.; Kim, Sarah; Wali, Priyanka K.; Abousleiman, Hiba; Hartman, Alison; Richler, Robert; Schleicher, Samantha; Hartogensis, Wendy; Epel, Elissa S.; Hecht, Frederick
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Diet patterns have a profound influence on glycemic control for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and craving-related eating is an important obstacle to dietary adherence. A growing body of research suggests that carbohydrate-restricted (CR) diets can improve glycemic control and reduce medication dependence in T2DM. However, limited data speak to the effects of long-term adherence to CR diets. Mindful eating training has been shown to reduce craving-related eating in overweight populations but has yet to be examined as a behavioral support for dietary adherence in T2DM. This trial examines behavioral mechanisms, particularly craving-related eating, through which mindful eating training might improve adherence to CR dietary recommendations in T2DM. This will clarify the importance of focusing on craving-related eating in the optimization of dietary adherence interventions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this trial is to determine whether providing training in mindful eating increases adherence to a CR dietary recommendation in T2DM. METHODS: We are randomizing 60 participants to receive a CR diet with or without mindful eating training (12-week group intervention) and are following participants for 12 weeks after intervention completion. We hypothesize that participants who receive mindful eating training (relative to those who do not) will demonstrate greater adherence to the CR diet. RESULTS: Our primary outcome is change in craving-related eating, as assessed using an ecological momentary assessment mobile phone-based platform. Secondary behavioral pathway outcomes include changes in stress-related eating, impulsivity, glycemic control, weight change, dietary adherence, and resumption of dietary adherence after dietary nonadherence. CONCLUSIONS: This theory-driven trial will shed light on the impact of mindfulness training on mechanisms that may impact dietary adherence in T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03207711; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03207711 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/73pXscwaU). INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/11002.
Published:
2019
Title:
Falling from grace: HPRT is not suitable as an endogenous control for cancer-related studies
Authors:
Townsend, Michelle H.; Felsted, Abigail M.; Ence, Zac E.; Piccolo, Stephen R.; Robison, Richard A.; O'Neill, Kim L.
Abstract:
HPRT is a housekeeping enzyme involved in recycling guanine and inosine in the purine salvage pathway. As a housekeeping gene, HPRT has been widely used as an endogenous control for molecular studies evaluating changes in gene expression. Yet, recent evidence has shown that HPRT exhibits high variability within malignant samples. We designed this study to determine whether this observed upregulation is consistently found, therefore rendering hprt an unsuitable normalization control in cancer. Utilizing protein and RNA-seq expression, we found that malignant and normal patient samples vary significantly both within the same tissue type and across organ sites. Upon staining for HPRT via immunohistochemistry, we found that expression is highly variable in malignant samples (Lung; 89.2-111.8, Breast; 66.7-98.3, Colon; 85.3-129.7, Prostate; 90.8-155.4, Pancreas; 74.1-132.1). Similarly, we observed high variability across cell lines via western blotting (p
Published:
2019
Title:
Fatty Liver Due to Increased de novo Lipogenesis: Alterations in the Hepatic Peroxisomal Proteome
Authors:
Knebel, Birgit; Fahlbusch, Pia; Dille, Matthias; Wahlers, Natalie; Hartwig, Sonja; Jacob, Sylvia; Kettel, Ulrike; Schiller, Martina; Herebian, Diran; Koellmer, Cornelia; Lehr, Stefan; Müller-Wieland, Dirk; Kotzka, Jorg
Abstract:
In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by ectopic lipid accumulation, lipotoxicity is a crucial molecular risk factor. Mechanisms to eliminate lipid overflow can prevent the liver from functional complications. This may involve increased secretion of lipids or metabolic adaptation to ß-oxidation in lipid-degrading organelles such as mitochondria and peroxisomes. In addition to dietary factors, increased plasma fatty acid levels may be due to increased triglyceride synthesis, lipolysis, as well as de novo lipid synthesis (DNL) in the liver. In the present study, we investigated the impact of fatty liver caused by elevated DNL, in a transgenic mouse model with liver-specific overexpression of human sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (alb-SREBP-1c), on hepatic gene expression, on plasma lipids and especially on the proteome of peroxisomes by omics analyses, and we interpreted the results with knowledge-based analyses. In summary, the increased hepatic DNL is accompanied by marginal gene expression changes but massive changes in peroxisomal proteome. Furthermore, plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) as well as lysoPC species were altered. Based on these observations, it can be speculated that the plasticity of organelles and their functionality may be directly affected by lipid overflow.
Published:
2019
Title:
Formal comment on "Systematic review of the predictors of statin adherence for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease"
Authors:
Diamond, David M.; de Lorgeril, Michel; Kendrick, Malcolm; Ravnskov, Uffe; Rosch, Paul J.
Abstract:
Statins have been prescribed for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for nearly 3 decades. Throughout this period key opinion leaders in the field have been dismayed by the high rate of non-adherence of patients to follow their statin regimen. Hope et al., [1] have addressed this issue by providing a systematic review of research on predictors of statin adherence for primary prevention of CVD. However, their review does not address the ongoing debate as to whether statin treatment is warranted for primary prevention of CVD, nor does it adequately address concerns regarding adverse effects of statins. We have therefore written a commentary which provides a broader perspective on the benefits versus harms of statin therapy. Our perspective of the literature is that non-adherence to statin treatment for primary prevention of CVD is justified because the meager benefits are more than offset by the extensive harms.
Published:
2019
Title:
GABA and l-theanine mixture decreases sleep latency and improves NREM sleep
Authors:
Kim, Suhyeon; Jo, Kyungae; Hong, Ki Bae; Han, Sung Hee; Suh, Hyung Joo
Abstract:
CONTEXT γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and it is well established that activation of GABAA receptors favours sleep. l-Theanine, a naturally occurring amino acid first discovered in green tea, is a well-known anti-anxiety supplement with proven relaxation benefits. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the potential synergistic sleep enhancement effect of GABA/l-theanine mixture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pentobarbital-induced sleep test was applied to find proper concentration for sleep-promoting effect in ICR mice. Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis was performed to investigate total sleeping time and sleep quality in normal SD rats and caffeine-induced awareness model. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to investigate whether the sleep-promoting mechanism of GABA/l-theanine mixture involved transcriptional processes. RESULTS GABA/l-theanine mixture (100/20 mg/kg) showed a decrease in sleep latency (20.7 and 14.9%) and an increase in sleep duration (87.3 and 26.8%) compared to GABA or theanine alone. GABA/l-theanine mixture led to a significant increase in rapid eye movement (REM) (99.6%) and non-REM (NREM) (20.6%) compared to controls. The use of GABA/l-theanine mixture rather than GABA or l-theanine alone restored to normal levels sleep time and quality in the arousal animal model. The administration of GABA/l-theanine led to increased expression of GABA and the glutamate GluN1 receptor subunit. CONCLUSIONS GABA/l-theanine mixture has a positive synergistic effect on sleep quality and duration as compared to the GABA or l-theanine alone. The increase in GABA receptor and GluN1 expression is attributed to the potential neuromodulatory properties of GABA/l-theanine combination, which seems to affect sleep behaviour.
Published:
2019
Title:
Geophagy among nonhuman primates: A systematic review of current knowledge and suggestions for future directions
Authors:
Pebsworth, Paula A.; Huffman, Michael A.; Lambert, Joanna E.; Young, Sera L.
Abstract:
Objectives Geophagy, the intentional consumption of earth, is widely practiced among humans and other mammals, but its causes are not well understood. Given the growing number of reports of geophagy among nonhuman primates (NHP), we sought to (1) advance and codify our understanding of the patterns and functional and evolutionary significance of geophagy among NHP and (2) provide a research agenda for a more unified approach to its study. Methods We systematically reviewed all available literature on NHP geophagy, extracted available data on taxa, geography, climate, diet, sex, age-class, reproductive status, and the characteristics of the earth. We used these data to evaluate three major hypotheses about geophagy, that it is protective, provides mineral supplementation, and is nonadaptive. Results We identified 287 accounts of geophagy among 136 species, adding 79 new primate species to the list of those considered in prior reviews. Nineteen percent of species were in the suborder Strepsirrhini, while 81% were in the suborder Haplorrhini. There were reports of geophagy from 9 of the 17 families and 39 of the 76 genera currently recognized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Discussion The limited evidence suggests that geophagy is adaptive, and provides protection and mineral supplementation. We specify the behavioral, dietary, and soil data required to more rigorously investigate these hypotheses across representative species of all taxonomic groups, geographical regions, and dietary classification. Given the plausibility of geophagy for maintaining the health of both wild and captive populations, we urge further study and conservation of geophagy sites.
Published:
2019
Title:
Grape seed oil supplementation in lamb diet: effect on meat oxidation stability and muscle fatty acids
Authors:
Sharifi, M.; Bashtani, M.; Naserian, A.A.; Farhangfar, H.; Rasani, M.; Emami, A.
Abstract:
The effect of grape seed oil (GSO) on the animal performance, blood metabolites, meat oxidation stability and muscle fatty acids of lambs was evaluated. Eighteen Baluchi lambs, 196 ± 14 days of age and 39.8 ± 1.7 kg body weight were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: (1) diet without GSO (Control), (2) diet containing 2% GSO (GSO2) and (3) diet containing 4% GSO (GSO4). Results showed that dry matter intake and animal performance were not affected by treatment (p >.05). Addition of 4% GSO to diet increased plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride (p <.01). Inclusion of GSO to the diets increased (p <.001) the proportions of trans-9 C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA), rumenic acid (RA), C18:2 n-6 and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), while decreased (p =.01) the concentration of saturated fatty acid in longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle of lambs. At the same time, dietary GSO increased oxidative stability of LL muscle during the 12 days of storage time (p
Published:
2019
Title:
Gross intestinal morphometry and allometry in primates
Authors:
McGrosky, Amanda; Meloro, Carlo; Navarrete, Ana; Heldstab, Sandra A.; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Isler, Karin; Clauss, Marcus
Abstract:
Although it is generally assumed that among mammals and within mammal groups, those species that rely on diets consisting of greater amounts of plant fiber have larger gastrointestinal tracts (GIT), statistical evidence for this simple claim is largely lacking. We compiled a dataset on the length of the small intestine, caecum, and colon in 42 strepsirrhine, platyrrhine, and catarrhine primate species, using specimens with known body mass (BM). We tested the scaling of intestine length with BM, and whether dietary proxies (percentage of leaves and a diet quality index) were significant covariates in these scaling relationships, using two sets of models: one that did not account for the phylogenetic structure of the data, and one that did. Intestine length mainly scaled geometrically at exponents that included 0.33 in the confidence interval; Strepsirrhini exhibited particularly long caeca, while those of Catarrhini were comparatively short. Diet proxies were only significant for the colon and the total large intestine (but not for the small intestine or the caecum), and only in conventional statistics (but not when accounting for phylogeny), indicating the pattern occurred across but not within clades. Compared to terrestrial Carnivora, primates have similar small intestine lengths, but longer large intestines. The data on intestine lengths presented here corroborate recent results on GIT complexity, suggesting that diet, as currently described, does not exhaustively explain GIT anatomy within primate clades.
Published:
2019
Title:
Gross intestinal morphometry and allometry in primates
Authors:
McGrosky, Amanda; Meloro, Carlo; Navarrete, Ana; Heldstab, Sandra A.; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Isler, Karin; Clauss, Marcus
Abstract:
Although it is generally assumed that among mammals and within mammal groups, those species that rely on diets consisting of greater amounts of plant fiber have larger gastrointestinal tracts (GIT), statistical evidence for this simple claim is largely lacking. We compiled a dataset on the length of the small intestine, caecum, and colon in 42 strepsirrhine, platyrrhine, and catarrhine primate species, using specimens with known body mass (BM). We tested the scaling of intestine length with BM, and whether dietary proxies (percentage of leaves and a diet quality index) were significant covariates in these scaling relationships, using two sets of models: one that did not account for the phylogenetic structure of the data, and one that did. Intestine length mainly scaled geometrically at exponents that included 0.33 in the confidence interval; Strepsirrhini exhibited particularly long caeca, while those of Catarrhini were comparatively short. Diet proxies were only significant for the colon and the total large intestine (but not for the small intestine or the caecum), and only in conventional statistics (but not when accounting for phylogeny), indicating the pattern occurred across but not within clades. Compared to terrestrial Carnivora, primates have similar small intestine lengths, but longer large intestines. The data on intestine lengths presented here corroborate recent results on GIT complexity, suggesting that diet, as currently described, does not exhaustively explain GIT anatomy within primate clades.
Published:
2019
Title:
Gross intestinal morphometry and allometry in ruminants
Authors:
McGrosky, Amanda; Codron, Daryl; Müller, Dennis W. H.; Navarrete, Ana; Isler, Karin; Hofmann, Reinhold R.; Clauss, Marcus
Abstract:
While some descriptions of ruminants' dietary adaptations suggest that the length of the intestinal tract reflects the proportion of grass or browse in the diet, this assumption has been questioned. We collated data on body mass (BM), as well as small intestine, caecum, colon/rectum, large and total intestine length in 68 ruminant species, and, while accounting for the phylogenetic structure of the dataset, evaluated both allometric scaling and the potential influence of diet, digestive physiology or climate proxies on measures of intestine length. Intestinal length generally scaled to BM at an exponent higher than the 0.33 expected due to geometry. Diet or digestive physiology proxies did not have an influence on any intestinal length measures, though some proxies indicating more arid natural habitats were positively correlated with measures of the large intestine. The relative size of a forestomach compartment, the omasum, was negatively correlated with intestine length. The results indicate that intestine length measures provide little indication of feeding type or digestive physiology, but rather indicate adaptations to aridity. Higher-than-geometry scaling of intestinal length may be related to the necessity of maintaining geometric (or metabolic) scaling of intestinal surface area while keeping gut diameter, and hence the diffusion distances, small. The way in which space trade-offs determine the macroanatomy of different organs in the abdominal cavity, such as the omasum and the intestine, deserves further investigation.
Published:
2019
Title:
Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Authors:
Afshin, Ashkan; Sur, Patrick John; Fay, Kairsten A.; Cornaby, Leslie; Ferrara, Giannina; Salama, Joseph S.; Mullany, Erin C.; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abebe, Zegeye; Afarideh, Mohsen; Aggarwal, Anju; Agrawal, Sutapa; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Alahdab, Fares; Bacha, Umar; Bachman, Victoria F.; Badali, Hamid; Badawi, Alaa; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Bernabe, Eduardo; Biadgilign, Sibhatu Kassa K.; Biryukov, Stan H.; Cahill, Leah E.; Carrero, Juan J.; Cercy, Kelly M.; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dang, Anh Kim; Degefa, Meaza Girma; El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Fanzo, Jessica; e.Sá Farinha, Carla Sofia; Farvid, Maryam S.; Farzadfar, Farshad; Feigin, Valery L.; Fernandes, Joao C.; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Ganji, Morsaleh; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Gillum, Richard F.; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Grosso, Giuseppe; Guessous, Idris; Hamidi, Samer; Hankey, Graeme J.; Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Hay, Simon I.; Hoang, Chi Linh; Horino, Masako; Islami, Farhad; Jackson, Maria D.; James, Spencer L.; Johansson, Lars; Jonas, Jost B.; Kasaeian, Amir; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khalil, Ibrahim A.; Khang, Young Ho; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kumar, G. Anil; Lallukka, Tea; Lopez, Alan D.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lozano, Rafael; Malekzadeh, Reza; März, Winfried; Meier, Toni; Melaku, Yohannes A.; Mendoza, Walter; Mensink, Gert B.M.; Micha, Renata; Miller, Ted R.; Mirarefin, Mojde; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mokdad, Ali H.; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nixon, Molly R.; Ong, Kanyin L.; Pereira, David M.; Poustchi, Hossein; Qorbani, Mostafa; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Razo-García, Christian; Rehm, Colin D.; Rivera, Juan A.; Rodríguez-Ramírez, Sonia; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roth, Gregory A.; Sanabria, Juan; Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G.; Sartorius, Benn; Schmidhuber, Josef; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Shin, Min Jeong; Sorensen, Reed J.D.; Springmann, Marco; Szponar, Lucjan; Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L.; Thrift, Amanda G.; Touvier, Mathilde; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tyrovolas, Stefanos; Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna; Ullah, Irfan; Uthman, Olalekan A.; Vaezghasemi, Masoud; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vos, Theo; Vu, Giang Thu; Vu, Linh Gia; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Werdecker, Andrea; Wijeratne, Tissa; Willett, Walter C.; Wu, Jason H.; Xu, Gelin; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yu, Chuanhua; Murray, Christopher J.L.
Abstract:
Background: Suboptimal diet is an important preventable risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs); however, its impact on the burden of NCDs has not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of major foods and nutrients across 195 countries and to quantify the impact of their suboptimal intake on NCD mortality and morbidity. Methods: By use of a comparative risk assessment approach, we estimated the proportion of disease-specific burden attributable to each dietary risk factor (also referred to as population attributable fraction)among adults aged 25 years or older. The main inputs to this analysis included the intake of each dietary factor, the effect size of the dietary factor on disease endpoint, and the level of intake associated with the lowest risk of mortality. Then, by use of disease-specific population attributable fractions, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), we calculated the number of deaths and DALYs attributable to diet for each disease outcome. Findings: In 2017, 11 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]10–12)deaths and 255 million (234–274)DALYs were attributable to dietary risk factors. High intake of sodium (3 million [1–5]deaths and 70 million [34–118]DALYs), low intake of whole grains (3 million [2–4]deaths and 82 million [59–109]DALYs), and low intake of fruits (2 million [1–4]deaths and 65 million [41–92]DALYs)were the leading dietary risk factors for deaths and DALYs globally and in many countries. Dietary data were from mixed sources and were not available for all countries, increasing the statistical uncertainty of our estimates. Interpretation: This study provides a comprehensive picture of the potential impact of suboptimal diet on NCD mortality and morbidity, highlighting the need for improving diet across nations. Our findings will inform implementation of evidence-based dietary interventions and provide a platform for evaluation of their impact on human health annually. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published:
2019
Title:
High-intensity Interval Training Dosage for Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease Cardiac Rehabilitation. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors:
Ballesta García, Ismael; Rubio Arias, Jacobo Ángel; Ramos Campo, Domingo Jesús; Martínez González-Moro, Ignacio; Carrasco Poyatos, María
Abstract:
Introduction and objectives: High-interval intensity training (HIT) has been suggested to improve peak VO2 in cardiac rehabilitation programs. However, the optimal HIT protocol is unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the most effective doses of HIT to optimize peak VO2 in coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF) patients. Methods: A search was conducted in 6 databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, and SportDiscus). Studies using a HIT protocol in CAD or HF patients and measuring peak VO2 were included. The PEDro Scale and Cochrane Collaboration tools were used. Results: Analyses reported significant improvements in peak VO2 after HIT in both diseases (P =.000001), with a higher increase in HF patients (P =.03). Nevertheless, in HF patients, there were no improvements when the intensity recovery was ≤ 40% of peak VO2 (P =.19) and the frequency of training was ≤ 2 d/wk (P =.07). There were significant differences regarding duration in CAD patients, with greater improvements in peak VO2 when the duration was \textless 12 weeks (P =.05). In HF, programs lasting \textless 12 weeks did not significantly improve peak VO2 (P =.1). Conclusions: The HIT is an effective method for improving peak VO2 in HF and CAD, with a significantly greater increase in HF patients. The recovery intervals should be active and be between 40% and 60% of peak VO2 in HF patients. Training frequency should be ≥ 2 d/wk for CAD patients and ≥ 3 d/wk for HF patients. Full English text available from: www.revespcardiol.org/en
Published:
2019
Title:
Hydrogen peroxide mediates pro-inflammatory cell-to-cell signaling: a new therapeutic target for inflammation?
Authors:
Gunawardena, Dhanushka; Raju, Ritesh; Münch, Gerald
Abstract:
Nitric oxide is now universally recognized as an extracellular signaling molecule. Nitric oxide, produced in one cell, diffuses across the extracellular space and acts with targets in an adjoining cell. In this study, we present proof that hydrogen peroxide – like nitric oxide – acts as a true first (intercellular) messenger for a multitude of pro-inflammatory ligands. RAW 264.7 macrophages were activated with three different ligands, lipopolysaccharide, interferon-gamma or advanced glycation end products in the presence of increasing concentrations of (hydrogen peroxide scavenging) catalase. As inflammatory readouts, nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor were determined. We hypothesize that hydrogen peroxide travels between cells propagating the signal, then a certain percentage of the readout should be inhibited by catalase in a concentration-dependent manner. The experiment showed concentration-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α production in response to all three ligands/ligand combinations (interferon-gamma, lipopolysaccharide, and chicken egg albumin-derived advanced glycation end product) in the presence of increasing concentration of catalase. For example, catalase inhibited 100% of nitric oxide and 40% of tumor necrosis factor-α production at its highest concentration. Our results suggest that hydrogen peroxide travels through cell membranes into the extracellular space and enters and activates adjacent cells. Like nitric oxide, we suggest that it is a ubiquitous first messenger, able to transmit cell-to-cell pro-inflammatory signals such as nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α. In a therapeutic setting, our data suggest that compounds acting as hydrogen peroxide scavengers might not even need to enter the cell to act as anti-inflammatory drugs.
Published:
2019
Title:
Hyperinsulinemia: An Early Indicator of Metabolic Dysfunction
Authors:
Thomas, Dylan D; Corkey, Barbara E; Istfan, Nawfal W; Apovian, Caroline M
Abstract:
Hyperinsulinemia is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes. Racial and ethnic minority populations are disproportionately affected by diabetes and obesity-related complications. This mini-review provides an overview of the genetic and environmental factors associated with hyperinsulinemia with a focus on racial and ethnic differences and its metabolic consequences. The data used in this narrative review were collected through research in PubMed and reference review of relevant retrieved articles. Insulin secretion and clearance are regulated processes that influence the development and progression of hyperinsulinemia. Environmental, genetic, and dietary factors are associated with hyperinsulinemia. Certain pharmacotherapies for obesity and bariatric surgery are effective at mitigating hyperinsulinemia and are associated with improved metabolic health. Hyperinsulinemia is associated with many environmental and genetic factors that interact with a wide network of hormones. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the factors affecting insulin secretion and clearance. Further basic and translational work on hyperinsulinemia may allow for earlier and more personalized treatments for obesity and metabolic diseases.
Published:
2019
Title:
Identification of a metabolomic signature associated with feed efficiency in beef cattle 07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences 0702 Animal Production
Authors:
Novais, F.J.; Pires, P.R.L.; Alexandre, P.A.; Dromms, R.A.; Iglesias, A.H.; Ferraz, J.B.S.; Styczynski, M.P.-W.; Fukumasu, H.
Abstract:
Background: Ruminants play a great role in sustainable livestock since they transform pastures, silage, and crop residues into high-quality human food (i.e. milk and beef). Animals with better ability to convert food into animal protein, measured as a trait called feed efficiency (FE), also produce less manure and greenhouse gas per kilogram of produced meat. Thus, the identification of high feed efficiency cattle is important for sustainable nutritional management. Our aim was to evaluate the potential of serum metabolites to identify FE of beef cattle before they enter the feedlot. Results: A total of 3598 and 4210 m/z features was detected in negative and positive ionization modes via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A single feature was different between high and low FE groups. Network analysis (WGCNA) yielded the detection of 19 and 20 network modules of highly correlated features in negative and positive mode respectively, and 1 module of each acquisition mode was associated with RFI (r = 0.55, P
Published:
2019
Title:
Impaired ketogenesis and increased acetyl-CoA oxidation promote hyperglycemia in human fatty liver
Authors:
Fletcher, Justin A.; Deja, Stanisław; Satapati, Santhosh; Fu, Xiaorong; Burgess, Shawn C.; Browning, Jeffrey D.
Abstract:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent, and potentially morbid, disease that affects one-third of the U.S. population. Normal liver safely accommodates lipid excess during fasting or carbohydrate restriction by increasing their oxidation to acetyl-CoA and ketones, yet lipid excess during NAFLD leads to hyperglycemia and, in some, steatohepatitis. To examine potential mechanisms, flux through pathways of hepatic oxidative metabolism and gluconeogenesis were studied using five simultaneous stable isotope tracers in ketotic (24-hour fast) individuals with a wide range of hepatic triglyceride contents (0-52%). Ketogenesis was progressively impaired as hepatic steatosis and glycemia worsened. Conversely, the alternative pathway for acetyl-CoA metabolism, oxidation in the tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle, was upregulated in NAFLD as ketone production diminished and positively correlated with rates of gluconeogenesis and plasma glucose concentrations. Increased respiration and energy generation that occurred in liver when β-oxidation and TCA cycle activity were coupled may explain these findings, inasmuch as oxygen consumption was higher during fatty liver and highly correlated with gluconeogenesis. These findings demonstrate that increased glucose production and hyperglycemia in NAFLD is not a consequence of acetyl-CoA production per se, but how acetyl-CoA is further metabolized in liver.
Published:
2019
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