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Title:
In Brief: Mitophagy: mechanisms and role in human disease
Authors:
Springer, Maya Z.; Macleod, Kay F.
Abstract:
Mitophagy is a selective form of macro-autophagy in which mitochondria are specifically targeted for autophagic degradation. Mitophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis by eliminating dysfunctional mitochondria and reducing mitochondrial mass as an adaptive response to stress. Cells execute mitophagy through several non-redundant mechanisms, including the PINK1/Parkin partnership, which modulates turnover of depolarized mitochondria, and stress-induced BNIP3, NIX, and FUNDC1 molecular adaptors, which interact directly with LC3 to promote mitophagy. These pathways are deregulated in human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, muscle atrophy, ageing, and inflammation, reflecting the importance of mitophagy as a cellular housekeeping function. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published:
2016-11
Title:
Increased oxidative stress in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors:
Sezen, Hatice; Kandemir, Hasan; Savik, Emin; Basmacı Kandemir, Sultan; Kilicaslan, Fethiye; Bilinc, Hasan; Aksoy, Nurten
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate oxidative stress in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), paraxonase-1 (PON-1) and arylesterase (ARE) activity were measured in 76 children (44 boys, 32 girls) diagnosed with ADHD according to the DSM-IV and 78 healthy children (46 boys, 32 girls). RESULTS: Age and sex were similar between the groups (P > 0.05). TOS and the oxidative stress index (OSI) were higher in the patient group than the control group (P < 0.001). PON-1 (P = 0.002), ARE (P = 0.010) activity and TAS (P
Published:
2016-11
Title:
Ketogenic diet guidelines for infants with refractory epilepsy
Authors:
van der Louw, Elles; van den Hurk, Dorine; Neal, Elizabeth; Leiendecker, Bärbel; Fitzsimmon, Georgiana; Dority, Laura; Thompson, Lindsey; Marchió, Maddelena; Dudzińska, Magdalena; Dressler, Anastasia; Klepper, Joerg; Auvin, Stéphane; Cross, J. Helen
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: The ketogenic diet (KD) is an established, effective non-pharmacologic treatment for drug resistant childhood epilepsy. For a long time, the KD was not recommended for use in infancy (under the age of 2 years) because this is such a crucial period in development and the perceived high risk of nutritional inadequacies. Indeed, infants are a vulnerable population with specific nutritional requirements. But current research shows that the KD is highly effective and well tolerated in infants with epilepsy. Seizure freedom is often achieved and maintained in this specific patient group. There is a need for standardised protocols and management recommendations for clinical use. METHOD: In April 2015, a project group of 5 experts was established in order to create a consensus statement regarding the clinical management of the KD in infants. The manuscript was reviewed and amended by a larger group of 10 international experts in the KD field. Consensus was reached with regard to guidance on how the diet should be administered and in whom. RESULTS: The resulting recommendations include patient selection, pre-KD counseling and evaluation, specific nutritional requirements, preferred initiation, monitoring of adverse effects at initiation and follow-up, evaluation and KD discontinuation. CONCLUSION: This paper highlights recommendations based on best evidence, combined with expert opinions and gives directions for future research.
Published:
2016-11
Title:
Misreport of energy intake assessed with food records and 24-h recalls compared with total energy expenditure estimated with DLW
Authors:
Lopes, T. S.; Luiz, R. R.; Hoffman, D. J.; Ferriolli, E.; Pfrimer, K.; Moura, A. S.; Sichieri, R.; Pereira, R. A.
Abstract:
The accuracy of dietary assessment methods has rarely been validated using precise techniques. The objective of this work was to evaluate the validity of energy intake (EI) estimated with food records (FRs) and 24-h recalls (24hRs) against total energy expenditure (EE) estimated by the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. In addition, the magnitude of EI under-reporting was assessed along with its associated characteristics.
Published:
2016-11
Title:
Modified Atkins diet induces subacute selective ragged‐red‐fiber lysis in mitochondrial myopathy patients
Authors:
Ahola, Sofia; Auranen, Mari; Isohanni, Pirjo; Niemisalo, Satu; Urho, Niina; Buzkova, Jana; Velagapudi, Vidya; Lundbom, Nina; Hakkarainen, Antti; Muurinen, Tiina; Piirilä, Päivi; Pietiläinen, Kirsi H; Suomalainen, Anu
Abstract:
© 2016 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licenseMitochondrial myopathy (MM) with progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) is a common manifestation of mitochondrial disease in adulthood, for which there is no curative therapy. In mice with MM, ketogenic diet significantly delayed progression of the disease. We asked in this pilot study what effects high-fat, low-carbohydrate “modified Atkins” diet (mAD) had for PEO/MM patients and control subjects and followed up the effects by clinical, morphological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. All of our five patients, irrespective of genotype, showed a subacute response after 1.5–2 weeks of diet, with progressive muscle pain and leakage of muscle enzymes, leading to premature discontinuation of the diet. Analysis of muscle ultrastructure revealed selective fiber damage, especially in the ragged-red-fibers (RRFs), a MM hallmark. Two years of follow-up showed improvement of muscle strength, suggesting activation of muscle regeneration. Our results indicate that (i) nutrition can modify mitochondrial disease progression, (ii) dietary counseling should be part of MM care, (iii) short mAD is a tool to induce targeted RRF lysis, and (iv) mAD, a common weight-loss method, may induce muscle damage in a population subgroup.
Published:
2016-11
Title:
Reduction of AFM1 in milk; natural or chemical: A review
Authors:
Naeimipour, Fatemeh; Ayobi, Saman
Abstract:
Introduction: Quality and safety of food is of paramount importance. Contaminated animal feed leads to the transfer of diseases to humans through the consumption of animal products, such as milk and meat. . Among Microorganisms, fungal toxins, especially aflatoxin B-1 is at the top of consideration. AFM1 is a metabolite produced by the conversion and hydroxylation of AFB1. Both these toxins could cause acute and chronic mycotoxicosis mainly through the ingestion of contaminated milk. Therefore, control and mitigation of these toxins is considered crucial. Conclusion: Despite cost-effective efforts, prevention of aflatoxin contamination in food is a highly expensive and challenging process. Considering the high resistance of these toxins, especially AFM1 in milk and dairy products, could not be eliminated completely even by the most efficient agricultural monitoring methods before and after harvest. Several studies have investigated the approaches used for milk detoxification, expressing the benefits of reducing AFM1 in this regard. By determining the strengths and limitations of available procedures (e.g., preventative strategies, use of probiotics and antibodies, chemisorptions, and additives), we could select the most effective approach or a combination of methods to properly eliminate or reduce AFM1 in milk and its byproducts.
Published:
2016-11
Title:
Resilience in Aging Mice
Authors:
Kirkland, James L.; Stout, Michael B.; Sierra, Felipe
Abstract:
Recently discovered interventions that target fundamental aging mechanisms have been shown to increase life span in mice and other species, and in some cases, these same manipulations have been shown to enhance health span and alleviate multiple age-related diseases and conditions. Aging is generally associated with decreases in resilience, the capacity to respond to or recover from clinically relevant stresses such as surgery, infections, or vascular events. We hypothesize that the age-related increase in susceptibility to those diseases and conditions is driven by or associated with the decrease in resilience. Thus, a test for resilience at middle age or even earlier could represent a surrogate approach to test the hypothesis that an intervention delays the process of aging itself. For this, animal models to test resilience accurately and predictably are needed. In addition, interventions that increase resilience might lead to treatments aimed at enhancing recovery following acute illnesses, or preventing poor outcomes from medical interventions in older, prefrail subjects. At a meeting of basic researchers and clinicians engaged in research on mechanisms of aging and care of the elderly, the merits and drawbacks of investigating effects of interventions on resilience in mice were considered. Available and potential stressors for assessing physiological resilience as well as the notion of developing a limited battery of such stressors and how to rank them were discussed. Relevant ranking parameters included value in assessing general health (as opposed to focusing on a single physiological system), ease of use, cost, reproducibility, clinical relevance, and feasibility of being repeated in the same animal longitudinally. During the discussions it became clear that, while this is an important area, very little is known or established. Much more research is needed in the near future to develop appropriate tests of resilience in animal models within an aging context. The preliminary set of tests ranked by the participants is discussed here, recognizing that this is a first attempt.
Published:
2016-11
Title:
Urinary concentrations of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in residents of a vegetarian community
Authors:
Berman, T.; Göen, T.; Novack, L.; Beacher, L.; Grinshpan, L.; Segev, D.; Tordjman, K.
Abstract:
Few population studies have measured urinary levels of pesticides in individuals with vegan, vegetarian, or organic diets. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether a vegan/vegetarian diet was associated with increased exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, and to evaluate the impact of organic consumption on pesticide exposure in vegans and vegetarians. In the current pilot study conducted in 2013-2014, we collected spot urine samples and detailed 24h recall dietary data in 42 adult residents of Amirim, a vegetarian community in Northern Israel. We measured urinary levels of non-specific organophosphate pesticide metabolites (dialkylphosphates, (DAPs)) and specific metabolites of the current-use pesticides chlorpyrifos (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy)), propoxur (-isopropoxyphenol (IPPX)), and carbaryl (1-naphthol). Six DAP metabolites were detected in between 67 and 100% of urine samples, with highest geometric mean concentrations for dimethylphosphate (19.2μg/g). Creatinine-adjusted median concentrations of total DAPs and of TCPy were significantly higher in Amirim residents compared to the general Jewish population in Israel (0.29μmol/g compared to 0.16, p<0.05 for DAPs and 4.32μg/g compared to 2.34μg/g, p<0.05 for TCPy). Within Amirim residents, we observed a positive association between vegetable intake and urinary TCPy levels (rho=0.47, p25% of the produce they consume is organic (0.065μmol/L compared to 0.22, p
Published:
2016-11
Title:
VLDL Triglyceride Kinetics in Lean, Overweight, and Obese Men and Women
Authors:
Mittendorfer, Bettina; Yoshino, Mihoko; Patterson, Bruce W.; Klein, Samuel
Abstract:
Fat-free mass, intra-hepatic triglyceride content and fatty acid rate of appearance in plasma were identified as statistically independent predictors (with a sex by race interaction) of VLDL-TG secretion rate.
Published:
2016-11
Title:
A Comprehensive Review of the Literature Supporting Recommendations From the Canadian Diabetes Association for the Use of a Plant-Based Diet for Management of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors:
Rinaldi, Sylvia; Campbell, Emily E.; Fournier, John; O'Connor, Colleen; Madill, Janet
Abstract:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is considered one of the fastest growing diseases in Canada, representing a serious public health concern. Thus, clinicians have begun targeting modifiable risk factors to manage type 2 diabetes, including dietary patterns such as a plant-based diets (PBDs). The Canadian Diabetes Association has included PBDs among the recommended dietary patterns to be used in medical nutrition therapy for persons with type 2 diabetes. To support knowledge translation, this review summarizes the current literature relating to PBDs and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, its clinical applications and its acceptability in the management of type 2 diabetes as well as its application in community settings. This comprehensive review seeks to close the literature gap by providing background and rationale to support the use of PBDs as medical nutrition therapy. Within this review is support from large observational studies, which have shown that PBDs were associated with lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes. As well, intervention studies have shown that PBDs were just as effective, if not more effective, than other diabetes diets in improving body weight, cardiovascular risk factors, insulin sensitivity, glycated hemoglobin levels, oxidative stress markers and renovascular markers. Furthermore, patient acceptability was comparable to other diabetes diets, and PBDs reduced the need for diabetes medications. Diabetes education centres in Canada could improve patients' perceptions of PBDs by developing PBD-focused education and support as well as providing individualized counselling sessions addressing barriers to change. The development of more standardized and user-friendly PBD practice guidelines could overcome the disparity in recommendations and, thereby, increase how frequently practitioners recommend PBDs. Based on current published research, PBDs lend support in the management of type 2 diabetes.
Published:
2016-10
Title:
Doctors, chefs or hominin animals? Non-edible plants and Neanderthals
Authors:
Hardy, Karen; Buckley, Stephen; Huffman, Michael
Abstract:
In 2013, Hardy et al. offered a broad behavioural context for the hypothesis that the ingestion of non-nutritional plants (yarrow and camomile) by Neanderthals was for the purpose of self-medication. Chemical traces of these plants had been detected in samples of dental calculus from Neanderthals at the site of El Sidrón, Spain, along with traces of bitumen and wood smoke, as well as starch granules that showed evidence of roasting (Hardy et al. 2012). Subsequently, the presence of traces of resin and a piece of non-edible conifer wood were also identified from these samples (Radini et al. 2016). Although not rejecting our interpretation for the presence of these two non-edible plants as evidence of medicinal plant use, two recent articles offer alternative scenarios for why and how those plants may have reached the mouth and, eventually, the dental calculus of the individual concerned. Buck and Stringer (2014) suggest that the plants were not deliberately ingested, and that the traces of yarrow and camomile were in fact embedded in the chyme, or stomach contents, of herbivore prey. Krief et al. (2015) propose two hypotheses: first, they suggest that the plants could have been used to flavour meat; second, while not ruling out the possibility that they could be medicinal, they argue on a technical point that the plants were not self-administered but were provided by a caregiver. Here, we examine these suggestions and consider their probability and feasibility as alternatives to our original proposal of self-medication.
Published:
2016-10
Title:
Effects of ketosis in mitochondrial myopathy: potential benefits of a mitotoxic diet
Authors:
Pitceathly, Robert Ds; Viscomi, Carlo
Abstract:
The field of mitochondrial medicine is rapidly transitioning from preclinical observation to clinical application. Translation of promising data obtained in mouse models is not always straight‐forward, however. Building on their own work showing that a ketogenic diet induces mitochondrial biogenesis and delays the onset of disease in the Deletor mouse, Ahola et al administered modified Atkins diet (mAD) to five patients with mitochondrial myopathy caused by mitochondrial DNA deletions (Ahola et al , [2016][1]). Surprisingly, mAD did not induce mitochondrial biogenesis in patients, but rather triggered the progressive damage of muscle cells, particularly those with impaired respiratory chain activity (the ragged‐red fibres). The subsequent extensive characterisation of the metabolic and molecular profile changes observed in patients and healthy controls provides a significant advance towards understanding the feasibility of dietary modification as a treatment strategy for mitochondrial diseases. [1]: #ref-1
Published:
2016-10
Title:
Effects on Health Outcomes of a Mediterranean Diet With No Restriction on Fat Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. [Review]
Authors:
Bloomfield, Hanna E.; Koeller, Eva; Greer, Nancy; MacDonald, Roderick; Kane, Robert; Wilt, Timothy J.
Abstract:
Primary Funding Source: Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Quality Enhancement Research Initiative. (PROSPERO: CRD42015020262).
Published:
2016-10
Title:
Excessive intimal hyperplasia in human coronary arteries before intimal lipid depositions is the initiation of coronary atherosclerosis and constitutes a therapeutic target
Authors:
Subbotin, Vladimir M.
Abstract:
The consensus hypothesis on coronary atherosclerosis suggests high LDL-C levels as the major cause and pursues it as the therapeutic target, explicitly assuming: (i) tunica intima of human coronaries consists of only one cell layer - endothelium, situated on a thin layer of scarcely cellular matrix; and (ii) subendothelial lipoprotein retention initiates the disease. Facts showed: (i) normal tunica intima invariably consists of multiple cellular layers; and (ii) initial lipid depositions occurred in the deepest layers of tunica intima. This review suggests that coronary atherosclerosis starts with pathological intimal expansion, resulting in intimal hypoxia and neovascularization from adventitial vasa vasorum, facilitating lipoprotein extraction by previously avascular deep intimal tissues. Until the hypothesis incorporates real knowledge, our efforts will probably be off-target.
Published:
2016-10
Title:
Impact of a western diet on the ovarian and serum metabolome
Authors:
Dhungana, Suraj; Carlson, James E.; Pathmasiri, Wimal; McRitchie, Susan; Davis, Matt; Sumner, Susan; Appt, Susan E.
Abstract:
Objective: The objective of this investigation was to determine differences in the profiles of endogenous metabolites (metabolomics) among ovaries and serum derived from Old World nonhuman primates fed prudent or Western diets.Design: A retrospective, observational study was done using archived ovarian tissue and serum from midlife cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasicularis). Targeted and broad spectrum metabolomics analysis was used to compare ovarian tissue and serum from monkeys that had been exposed to a prudent diet or a Western diet. Monkeys in the prudent diet group (n=13) were research naïve and had been exposed only to a commercial monkey chow diet (low in cholesterol and saturated fats, high in complex carbohydrates). Western diet monkeys (n=8) had consumed a diet that was high in cholesterol, saturated animal fats and soluble carbohydrates for 2 years prior to ovarian tissue and serum collection.Outcome Measures: Metabolomic analyses were done on extracts of homogenized ovary tissue samples, and extracts of serum. Targeted analysis was conducted using the Biocrates p180 kit and broad spectrum analysis was conducted using UPLC-TOF-MS, resulting in the detection of 3500 compound ions.Results: Using metabolomics methods, which capture thousands of signals for metabolites, 64 metabolites were identified in serum and 47 metabolites were identified in ovarian tissue that differed by diet. Quantitative targeted analysis revealed 13 amino acids, 6 acrylcarnitines, and 2 biogenic amines that were significantly (p
Published:
2016-10
Title:
Ketogenic diet for epilepsy treatment
Authors:
Sampaio, Letícia Pereira de Brito
Abstract:
The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and adequate-protein diet is an established, effective nonpharmacologic treatment option for intractable childhood epilepsy. The KD was developed in 1921 and even though it has been increasingly used worldwide in the past decade, many neurologists are not familiar with this therapeutic approach. In the past few years, alternative and more flexible KD variants have been developed to make the treatment easier and more palatable while reducing side effects and making it available to larger group of refractory epilepsy patients. This review summarizes the history of the KD and the principles and efficacy of the classic ketogenic diet, medium-chain triglyceride(s) (MCT) ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and low glycemic index treatment.
Published:
2016-10
Title:
Low advanced glycation end product diet improves the lipid and inflammatory profiles of prediabetic subjects
Authors:
Di Pino, Antonino; Currenti, Walter; Urbano, Francesca; Mantegna, Concetta; Purrazzo, Giacomo; Piro, Salvatore; Purrello, Francesco; Rabuazzo, Agata Maria
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Prediabetes is associated with risk for cardiovascular disease, and the first step in its management emphasizes lifestyle and diet modifications; however, modern diets are high in advanced glycation end products (dAGEs), derived from processing methods that exert a pivotal role in promoting atherosclerotic risk. OBJECTIVE: We studied the effect of low vs standard dAGE diets (L-dAGEs vs S-dAGEs) on lipid profile, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk in prediabetic subjects. METHODS: A 24-week randomized dietary intervention was conducted on 62 prediabetic subjects. We evaluated lipid profile, endogenous secretory receptors for AGEs, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, arterial stiffness, and intima-media thickness. RESULTS: After 24 weeks, patients with L-dAGEs showed a significant reduction of total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and low-density lipoprotein compared with controls (5.26 ± 1.09 vs 5.53 ± 0.87 mmol/L, P < .05; 0.77 ± 0.25 vs 1.16 ± 0.13 mmol/L, P < .05; and 3.53 ± 0.93 vs 3.68 ± 0.7 mmol/L, P < .05); with respect to baseline, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were significantly reduced in the L-dAGEs group (0.21 [0.11-0.69] vs 0.12 [0.08-0.48] mg/dL, P < .05) but not in the S-dAGEs group. Endogenous secretory receptor for AGEs was similar in both the groups at baseline and at the 24-week follow-up. With respect to baseline, L-dAGE patients showed a significative reduction of intima-media thickness (0.77 [0.73-0.81] vs 0.73 [0.70-0.75] mm, P
Published:
2016-10
Title:
Low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets have sex-specific effects on bone health in rats
Authors:
Zengin, Ayse; Kropp, Benedikt; Chevalier, Yan; Junnila, Riia; Sustarsic, Elahu; Herbach, Nadja; Fanelli, Flaminia; Mezzullo, Marco; Milz, Stefan; Bidlingmaier, Martin; Bielohuby, Maximilian
Abstract:
PURPOSE: Studies in humans suggest that consumption of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets (LC-HF) could be detrimental for growth and bone health. In young male rats, LC-HF diets negatively affect bone health by impairing the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis (GH/IGF axis), while the effects in female rats remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether sex-specific effects of LC-HF diets on bone health exist. METHODS: Twelve-week-old male and female Wistar rats were isoenergetically pair-fed either a control diet (CD), "Atkins-style" protein-matched diet (LC-HF-1), or ketogenic low-protein diet (LC-HF-2) for 4 weeks. In females, microcomputed tomography and histomorphometry analyses were performed on the distal femur. Sex hormones were analysed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and endocrine parameters including GH and IGF-I were measured by immunoassay. RESULTS: Trabecular bone volume, serum IGF-I and the bone formation marker P1NP were lower in male rats fed both LC-HF diets versus CD. LC-HF diets did not impair bone health in female rats, with no change in trabecular or cortical bone volume nor in serum markers of bone turnover between CD versus both LC-HF diet groups. Pituitary GH secretion was lower in female rats fed LC-HF diet, with no difference in circulating IGF-I. Circulating sex hormone concentrations remained unchanged in male and female rats fed LC-HF diets. CONCLUSION: A 4-week consumption of LC-HF diets has sex-specific effects on bone health-with no effects in adult female rats yet negative effects in adult male rats. This response seems to be driven by a sex-specific effect of LC-HF diets on the GH/IGF system.
Published:
2016-10
Title:
Obesity but not high-fat diet impairs lymphatic function
Authors:
García Nores, G D; Cuzzone, D A; Albano, N J; Hespe, G E; Kataru, R P; Torrisi, J S; Gardenier, J C; Savetsky, I L; Aschen, S Z; Nitti, M D; Mehrara, B J
Abstract:
Background/Objectives: High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity has significant negative effects on lymphatic function, but it remains unclear whether this is a direct effect of HFD or secondary to adipose tissue deposition. Methods: We compared the effects of HFD on obesity-prone and obesity-resistant mice and analyzed lymphatic function in vivo and in vitro. Results: Only obesity-prone mice had impaired lymphatic function, increased perilymphatic inflammation and accumulation of lipid droplets surrounding their lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). LECs isolated from obesity-prone mice, in contrast to obesity-resistant animals, had decreased expression of VEGFR-3 and Prox1. Exposure of LECs to a long-chain free fatty acid increased cellular apoptosis and decreased VEGFR-3 expression, while inhibition of intracellular inhibitors of VEGFR-3 signaling pathways increased cellular viability. Conclusions: Collectively, our studies suggest that HFD-induced obesity decreases lymphatic function by increasing perilymphatic inflammation and altering LEC gene expression. Reversal of diminished VEGFR-3 signaling may rescue this phenotype and improve lymphatic function.
Published:
2016-10
Title:
An observational study of sequential protein-sparing, very low-calorie ketogenic diet (Oloproteic diet) and hypocaloric Mediterranean-like diet for the treatment of obesity
Authors:
Castaldo, Giuseppe; Monaco, Luigi; Castaldo, Laura; Galdo, Giovanna; Cereda, Emanuele
Abstract:
The impact of a rehabilitative multi-step dietary program consisting in different diets has been scantily investigated. In an open-label study, 73 obese patients underwent a two-phase weight loss (WL) program: a 3-week protein-sparing, very low-calorie, ketogenic diet (
Published:
2016-09
Title:
Diet Assessment Methods in the Nurses' Health Studies and Contribution to Evidence-Based Nutritional Policies and Guidelines
Authors:
Hu, Frank B.; Satija, Ambika; Rimm, Eric B.; Spiegelman, Donna; Sampson, Laura; Rosner, Bernard; Camargo Jr., Carlos A.; Stampfer, Meir; Willett, Walter C.
Abstract:
Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Studies (NHSs) to diet assessment methods and evidence-based nutritional policies and guidelines. Methods. We performed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS and NHS II between 1976 and 2016. Results. Through periodic assessment of diet by validated dietary questionnaires over 40 years, the NHSs have identified dietary determinants of diseases such as breast and other cancers; obesity; type 2 diabetes; cardiovascular, respiratory, and eye diseases; and neurodegenerative and mental health disorders. Nutritional biomarkers were assessed using blood, urine, and toenail samples. Robust findings, from the NHSs, together with evidence from other large cohorts and randomized dietary intervention trials, have contributed to the evidence base for developing dietary guidelines and nutritional policies to reduce intakes of trans fat, saturated fat, sugar-sweetened beverages, red and processed meats, and refined carbohydrates while promoting higher intake of healthy fats and carbohydrates and overall healthful dietary patterns. Conclusions. The long-term, periodically collected dietary data in the NHSs, with documented reliability and validity, have contributed extensively to our understanding of the dietary determinants of various diseases, informing dietary guidelines and shaping nutritional policy.
Published:
2016-09
Title:
Impact of maternal nutrition on breast-milk composition: a systematic review
Authors:
Bravi, Francesca; Wiens, Frank; Decarli, Adriano; Dal Pont, Alessia; Agostoni, Carlo; Ferraroni, Monica
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: It is widely reported that maternal diet influences the nutritional composition of breast milk. The amount of variability in human milk attributable to diet remains mostly unknown. Most original studies that reported a dietary influence on breast-milk composition did not assess diet directly, did not quantify its association with milk composition, or both. OBJECTIVE: To gather the quantitative evidence on this issue, we carried out a systematic PubMed and Medline search of articles published up to January 2015 and filtered the retrieved articles according to predefined criteria. DESIGN: Only studies that provided quantitative information on both maternal diet and milk data, measured in individual healthy mothers of healthy term infants and based on an original observational or experimental design, were included. Exclusion criteria were a focus on supplements, transfer of toxic metals or other contaminants from diet to milk, or on marginally nourished women. RESULTS: Thirty-six publications-including data on 1977 lactating women-that matched our criteria were identified. Seventeen studies investigated dietary effects on fatty acids in breast milk. The rest included studies that focused on a diverse spectrum of other nutritional properties of breast milk. The largest evidence, in terms of number of articles, for any link between maternal diet and a nutritive property of breast milk came from 3 studies that supported the link between fish consumption and high docosahexaenoic acid in breast milk and 2 studies that reported a positive correlation between dietary vitamin C and milk concentrations of this vitamin. CONCLUSIONS: The available information on this topic is scarce and diversified. Most of the evidence currently used in clinical practice to make recommendations is limited to studies that only reported indirect associations.
Published:
2016-09
Title:
Influence of moderate maternal nutrition restriction on the fetal baboon metabolome at 0.5 and 0.9 gestation
Authors:
Hellmuth, C.; Uhl, O.; Kirchberg, F.f.; Harder, U.; Peissner, W.; Koletzko, B.; Nathanielsz, P.w.
Abstract:
Background and Aims: Moderately reduced maternal nutrient availability during pregnancy has adverse effects on the fetuses' growth and metabolism during and after pregnancy. The aim of this study was to explore effects of maternal nutrition restriction (MNR) on key metabolites of the fetal energy metabolism, particularly amino acids (AA), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), acylcarnitines and phospholipids. These effects may reflect mechanisms relating MNR to later adverse outcomes.Methods and Results: Plasma and liver samples of fetal baboons, whose mothers were fed ad libitum (CTR) or MNR (70% of CTR), were collected at 0.5 and 0.9 gestation (G - term 184 days). Metabolites were measured with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. In both, CTR and MNR, fetal metabolic profiles changed markedly between 0.5G and 0.9G. Fetal liver glucose concentrations were strongly increased. Hepatic levels of NEFA, sphingomyelins, and alkyl-linked phospholipids increased while plasma NEFA and acyl-linked phospholipids levels decreased with progression of gestation. At 0.5G, MNR fetal plasma levels of short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines were elevated, but did no longer differ between groups at 0.9G. At 0.9G, plasma levels of methionine and threonine as well as hepatic threonine levels were lower in the MNR group.Conclusion: Small differences in the concentrations of plasma and liver metabolites between MNR and CTR fetuses reflect good adaptation to MNR. Fetal liver metabolic profiles changed markedly between the two gestation stages, reflecting enhanced liver glucose and lipid levels with advancing gestation. Decreased concentrations of AA suggest an up-regulation of gluconeogenesis in MNR.
Published:
2016-09
Title:
Interfaces between mitochondrial dynamics and disease
Authors:
Mishra, Prashant
Abstract:
In the cellular context, mitochondria display a number of dynamic behaviors including fusion, division (or fission), directed transport, and targeted destruction (mitophagy). The relevance of these processes to human diseases has been intensively studied over the last several years, and emphasize the importance of mitochondrial dynamics to the central nervous system. Intriguingly, a common theme is that these behaviors do not function in isolation, but influence one another either directly or indirectly. Here, we review the dynamic properties of mitochondria and summarize their relationships to human diseases.
Published:
2016-09
Title:
Ketogenic Weight Loss: The Lowering of Insulin Levels Is the Sleeping Giant in Patient Care. [Review]
Authors:
Staverosky, Tom
Abstract:
Research conducted by members of the American Society of Bariatric Physicians (recently renamed the Obesity Medicine Association) and others shows remark- able health benefits associated with wellness protocols that limit the intake of carbohydrates and sugars, which results in lower insulin demand and levels. The research demonstrates that the lowering of insulin levels dramatically improves diabetes'-5 and the factors associated with metabolic syndrome,6-8 including cen- tral obesity, high blood pressure, and elevated blood lipids, which, of course, are risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. Other conditions that have shown improvement under the influence of reduced insulin levels include fatty liver disease,9 polycystic ovary syndrome,10 gastroesophageal reflux disease,"12 irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea,13 and other maladies. Significantly, dietary carbohydrate restriction induces ketosis, a state in which the body is forced to burn fat instead of sugar as its primary source of fuel. When in ketosis, patients are able to lose weight safely, effectively, and relatively quickly.
Published:
2016-09
Title:
Long-term effects of weight loss with a very-low carbohydrate, low saturated fat diet on flow mediated dilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial
Authors:
Wycherley, Thomas P.; Thompson, Campbell H.; Buckley, Jonathan D.; Luscombe-Marsh, Natalie D.; Noakes, Manny; Wittert, Gary A.; Brinkworth, Grant D.
Abstract:
Published:
2016-09
Title:
Low-fat, plant-based diet in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial
Authors:
Yadav, Vijayshree; Marracci, Gail; Kim, Edward; Spain, Rebecca; Cameron, Michelle; Overs, Shannon; Riddehough, Andrew; Li, David K. B.; McDougall, John; Lovera, Jesus; Murchison, Charles; Bourdette, Dennis
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: The role that dietary interventions can play in multiple sclerosis (MS) management is of huge interest amongst patients and researchers but data evaluating this is limited. Possible effects of a very-low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on MS related progression and disease activity as measured by brain imaging and MS related symptoms have not been evaluated in a randomized-controlled trial. Despite use of disease modifying therapies (DMT), poor quality of life (QOL) in MS patients can be a significant problem with fatigue being one of the common disabling symptoms. Effective treatment options for fatigue remain limited. Emerging evidence suggests diet and vascular risk factors including obesity and hyperlipidemia may influence MS disease progression and improve QOL. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate adherence, safety and effects of a very-low-fat, plant-based diet (Diet) on brain MRI, clinical [MS relapses and disability, body mass index (BMI)] and metabolic (blood lipids and insulin) outcomes, QOL [Short Form-36 (SF-36)], and fatigue [Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS)], in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). METHODS: This was a randomized-controlled, assessor-blinded, one-year long study with 61 participants assigned to either Diet (N=32) or wait-listed (Control, N=29) group. RESULTS: The mean age (years) [Control-40.9±8.48; Diet-40.8±8.86] and the mean disease duration (years) [Control -5.3±3.86; Diet-5.33±3.63] were comparable between the two groups. There was a slight difference between the two study groups in the baseline mean expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score [Control-2.22±0.90; Diet-2.72±1.05]. Eight subjects withdrew (Diet, N=6; Control, N=2). Adherence to the study diet based on monthly Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was excellent with the diet group showing significant difference in the total fat caloric intake compared to the control group [total fat intake/total calories averaged ~15% (Diet) versus ~40% (Control)]. The two groups showed no differences in brain MRI outcomes, number of MS relapses or disability at 12 months. The diet group showed improvements at six months in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Δ=-11.99mg/dL; p=0.031), total cholesterol (Δ=-13.18mg/dL; p=0.027) and insulin (Δ=-2.82mg/dL; p=0.0067), mean monthly reductions in BMI (Rate=-1.125kg/m2 per month; p
Published:
2016-09
Title:
Short-term beef consumption promotes systemic oxidative stress, TMAO formation and inflammation in rats, and dietary fat content modulates these effects
Authors:
Van Hecke, Thomas; Jakobsen, Louise M. A.; Vossen, Els; Gueraud, Francoise; De Vos, Filip; Pierre, Fabrice; Bertram, Hanne C. S.; De Smet, Stefaan
Abstract:
A high consumption of red and/or processed meat is associated with a higher risk to develop several chronic diseases in which oxidative stress, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and/or inflammation are involved. We aimed to elucidate the effect of white (chicken) vs. red (beef) meat consumption in a low vs. high dietary fat context (2 x 2 factorial design) on oxidative stress, TMAO and inflammation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Higher malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were found in gastrointestinal contents (up to 96% higher) and colonic tissues (+8.8%) of rats fed the beef diets (all P < 0.05). The lean beef diet resulted in lower blood glutathione, higher urinary excretion of the major 4-hydroxy-nonenal metabolite, and higher plasma C-reactive protein, compared to the other dietary treatments (all P < 0.05). Rats on the fat beef diet had higher renal MDA (+24.4% compared to all other diets) and heart MDA (+12.9% compared to lean chicken) and lower liver vitamin E (-26.2% compared to lean chicken) (all P < 0.05). Rats on the fat diets had lower plasma vitamin E (-23.8%), lower brain MDA (-6.8%) and higher plasma superoxide dismutase activity (+38.6%), higher blood glutathione (+16.9%) (all P < 0.05) and tendency to higher ventral prostate MDA (+14.5%, P = 0.078) and prostate weight (+18.9%, P = 0.073), compared to rats on the lean diets. Consumption of the beef diets resulted in higher urinary trimethylamine (4.5-fold) and TMAO (3.7-fold) concentrations (P
Published:
2016-09
Title:
The Emerging Role of Mindfulness Meditation as Effective Self-Management Strategy, Part 1: Clinical Implications for Depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Anxiety
Authors:
Khusid, Marina A.; Vythilingam, Meena
Abstract:
ABSTRACTMindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been increasingly utilized in the management of mental health conditions. This first review of a two-part series evaluates the efficacy, mechanism, and safety of mindfulness meditation for mental health conditions frequently seen after return from deployment. Standard databases were searched until August 4, 2015. 52 systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials were included. The Strength of Recommendation (SOR) Taxonomy was used to assess the quality of individual studies and to rate the strength of evidence for each clinical condition. Adjunctive mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective for decreasing symptom severity during current depressive episode, and for reducing relapse rate in recovered patients during maintenance phase of depression management (SOR moderate [SOR B]). Adjunctive mindfulness-based stress reduction is effective for improving symptoms, mental health-related quality of life, and mindfulness in veterans with combat post-...
Published:
2016-09
Title:
Arsenic Species in Chicken Breast: Temporal Variations of Metabolites, Elimination Kinetics, and Residual Concentrations
Authors:
Qingqing Liu; Hanyong Peng; Xiufen Lu; Zuidhof, Martin J.; Xing-Fang Li; Le, X. Chris
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Chicken meat has the highest per capita consumption among all meat types in North America. The practice of feeding 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (Roxarsone, Rox) to chickens lasted for more than 60 years. However, the fate of Rox and arsenic metabolites remaining in chicken are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the elimination of Rox and metabolites from chickens and quantify the remaining arsenic species in chicken meat, providing necessary information for meaningful exposure assessment. METHODS: We have conducted a 35-day feeding experiment involving 1,600 chickens, of which half were control and the other half were fed a Rox-supplemented diet for the first 28 days and then a Rox-free diet for the final 7 days. We quantified the concentrations of individual arsenic species in the breast meat of 229 chickens. RESULTS: Rox, arsenobetaine, arsenite, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, and a new arsenic metabolite, were detected in breast meat from chickens fed Rox. The concentrations of arsenic species, except arsenobetaine, were significantly higher in the Rox-fed than in the control chickens. The half-lives of elimination of these arsenic species were 0.4--1 day. Seven days after termination of Rox feeding, the concentrations of arsenite (3.1 µg/kg), Rox (0.4 µg/kg), and a new arsenic metabolite (0.8 µg/kg) were significantly higher in the Rox-fed chickens than in the control. CONCLUSION: Feeding of Rox to chickens increased the concentrations of five arsenic species in breast meat. Although most arsenic species were excreted rapidly when the feeding of Rox stopped, arsenic species remaining in the Rox-fed chickens were higher than the background levels.
Published:
2016-08
Title:
Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic diet in overweight and obese men
Authors:
Hall, Kevin D; Chen, Kong Y; Guo, Juen; Lam, Yan Y; Leibel, Rudolph L; Mayer, Laurel ES; Reitman, Marc L; Rosenbaum, Michael; Smith, Steven R; Walsh, B Timothy; Ravussin, Eric
Abstract:
Published:
2016-08
Title:
Food intake diet and sperm characteristics in a blue zone: a Loma Linda Study
Authors:
Orzylowska, Eliza M.; Jacobson, John D.; Bareh, Gihan M.; Ko, Edmund Y.; Corselli, Johannah U.; Chan, Philip J.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: The study examined the effect the life-long vegetarian diet on male fertility and focused on vegetarians living in the Loma Linda blue zone, a demographic area known for life longevity. The objective was to compare sperm characteristics of vegetarian with non-vegetarian males. STUDY DESIGN: The cross-sectional observational study was based on semen analyses of 474 males from 2009 to 2013. Patients categorized themselves as either life-long lacto-ovo vegetarians (N=26; vegetable diet with dairy and egg products), vegans (N=5; strictly vegetables with no animal products) or non-vegetarians (N=443; no diet restrictions). Sperm quality was assessed using a computer-aided sperm analyzer and strict morphology and chromatin integrity were manually evaluated. RESULTS: Lacto-ovo vegetarians had lower sperm concentration (50.7±7.4M/mL versus non-vegetarians 69.6±3.2M/mL, mean±S.E.M.). Total motility was lower in the lacto-ovo and vegan groups (33.2±3.8% and 51.8±13.4% respectively) versus non-vegetarians (58.2±1.0%). Vegans had lowest hyperactive motility (0.8±0.7% versus lacto-ovo 5.2±1.2 and non-vegetarians 4.8±0.3%). Sperm strict morphologies were similar for the 3 groups. There were no differences in rapid progression and chromatin integrity. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that the vegetables-based food intake decreased sperm quality. In particular, a reduction in sperm quality in male factor patients would be clinically significant and would require review. Furthermore, inadequate sperm hyperactivation in vegans suggested compromised membrane calcium selective channels. However, the study results are cautiously interpreted and more corroborative studies are needed.
Published:
2016-08
Title:
High intake of fatty fish, but not of lean fish, affects serum concentrations of TAG and HDL-cholesterol in healthy, normal-weight adults: a randomised trial
Authors:
Hagen, Ingrid V.; Helland, Anita; Bratlie, Marianne; Brokstad, Karl A.; Rosenlund, Grethe; Sveier, Harald; Mellgren, Gunnar; Gudbrandsen, Oddrun A.
Abstract:
The aim of the present study was to examine whether high intake of lean or fatty fish (cod and farmed salmon, respectively) by healthy, normal-weight adults would affect risk factors of type 2 diabetes and CVD when compared with lean meat (chicken). More knowledge is needed concerning the potential health effects of high fish intake (>300 g/week) in normal-weight adults. In this randomised clinical trial, thirty-eight young, healthy, normal-weight participants consumed 750 g/week of lean or fatty fish or lean meat (as control) for 4 weeks at dinner according to provided recipes to ensure similar ways of preparations and choices of side dishes between the groups. Energy and macronutrient intakes at baseline and end point were similar in all groups, and there were no changes in energy and macronutrient intakes within any of the groups during the course of the study. High intake of fatty fish, but not lean fish, significantly reduced TAG and increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations in fasting serum when compared with lean meat intake. When compared with lean fish intake, fatty fish intake increased serum HDL-cholesterol. No differences were observed between lean fish, fatty fish and lean meat groups regarding fasting and postprandial glucose regulation. These findings suggest that high intake of fatty fish, but not of lean fish, could beneficially affect serum concentrations of TAG and HDL-cholesterol, which are CVD risk factors, in healthy, normal-weight adults, when compared with high intake of lean meat.
Published:
2016-08
Title:
Impairment of lysophospholipid metabolism in obesity: altered plasma profile and desensitization to the modulatory properties of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a randomized controlled trial
Authors:
Del Bas, Josep M.; Caimari, Antoni; Rodriguez-Naranjo, Maria Isabel; Childs, Caroline E.; Paras Chavez, Carolina; West, Annette L.; Miles, Elizabeth A.; Arola, Lluis; Calder, Philip C.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Plasma lysophospholipids have emerged as signaling molecules with important effects on inflammation, insulin resistance, and fatty liver disease, each of which is linked closely to obesity. Dietary n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be able to improve these conditions. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the response of plasma lysophospholipids to obesity, n-3 PUFA consumption, and a high-fat meal challenge to better understand the role of lysophospholipid metabolism in the progression of obesity-related disorders. DESIGN: We determined the concentrations of 8 lysophosphatidylcholines, 11 lysophosphatidylethanolamines, and 7 lysophosphatidylinositols in the plasma of 34 normal-weight and 38 obese subjects randomly assigned to consume corn oil (control) or n-3 PUFA-rich fish oil (3 g/d; n = 15-19/group) for 90 d. Blood samples were collected on the last day of the study under fasting conditions and 6 h after a high-fat meal (1135 kcal, 86 g fat) challenge. The profile of secreted lysophospholipids was studied in HepG2 cells under palmitate-induced steatosis. RESULTS: Obese and normal-weight subjects had different profiles of plasma lysophospholipids. A multivariate combination of the 26 lysophospholipids could discriminate between normal-weight and obese subjects with an accuracy of 98%. The high-fat meal challenge altered the concentration of plasma lysophosphatidylcholines in an oil treatment-dependent manner in normal-weight but not obese subjects, suggesting that obesity impairs the sensitivity of lysophospholipid metabolism to n-3 PUFAs. Noncytotoxic steatosis in HepG2 cells affected the secretion pattern of lysophospholipids, partially resembling the changes observed in the plasma of obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity has a substantial impact on lysophospholipid metabolism, altering the plasma lysophospholipid profile and abolishing its sensitivity to dietary n-3 PUFAs. These effects could contribute to the onset or progression of alterations associated with obesity, such as inflammation, insulin resistance, and fatty liver disease. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN96712688.
Published:
2016-08
Title:
Interaction of Bisphenol A (BPA) and soy phytoestrogens on sexually dimorphic sociosexual behaviors in male and female rats
Authors:
Hicks, Kimani D.; Sullivan, Alana W.; Cao, Jinyan; Sluzas, Emily; Rebuli, Meghan; Patisaul, Heather B.
Abstract:
Concerns have been raised regarding the potential for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) to alter brain development and behavior. Developmental exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous EDC, has been linked to altered sociosexual and mood-related behaviors in various animal models and children but effects are inconsistent across laboratories and animal models creating confusion about potential risk in humans. Exposure to endocrine active diets, such as soy, which is rich in phytoestrogens, may contribute to this variability. Here, we tested the individual and combined effects of low dose oral BPA and soy diet or the individual isoflavone genistein (GEN; administered as the aglycone genistin (GIN)) on rat sociosexual behaviors with the hypothesis that soy would obfuscate any BPA-related effects. Social and activity levels were unchanged by developmental exposure to BPA but soy diet had sex specific effects including suppressed novelty preference, and open field exploration in females. The data presented here reinforce that environmental factors, including anthropogenic chemical exposure and hormone active diets, can shape complex behaviors and even reverse expected sex differences.
Published:
2016-08
Title:
Is it gluten-free? Relationship between self-reported gluten-free diet adherence and knowledge of gluten content of foods
Authors:
Silvester, Jocelyn A.; Weiten, Dayna; Graff, Lesley A.; Walker, John R.; Duerksen, Donald R.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between self-reported adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) and the ability to determine correctly the appropriateness of particular foods in a GFD. METHODS: Persons with celiac disease were recruited through clinics and support groups. Participants completed a questionnaire with items related to GFD information sources, gluten content of 17 common foods (food to avoid, food allowed, and food to question), GFD adherence, and demographic characteristics. Diagnosis was self-reported. RESULTS: The 82 respondents (88% female) had a median of 6 y GFD experience. Most (55%) reported strict adherence, 18% reported intentional gluten consumption and 21% acknowledged rare unintentional gluten consumption. Cookbooks, advocacy groups, and print media were the most commonly used GFD information sources (85-92%). No participant identified correctly the gluten content of all 17 foods; only 30% identified at least 14 foods correctly. The median score on the Gluten-Free Diet Knowledge Scale (GFD-KS) was 11.5 (interquartile ratio, 10-13). One in five incorrect responses put the respondent at risk of consuming gluten. GFD-KS scores did not correlate with self-reported adherence or GFD duration. Patient advocacy group members scored significantly higher on the GFD-KS than non-members (12.3 versus 10.6; P
Published:
2016-08
Title:
Mitophagy plays a central role in mitochondrial ageing
Authors:
Diot, Alan; Morten, Karl; Poulton, Joanna
Abstract:
The mechanisms underlying ageing have been discussed for decades, and advances in molecular and cell biology of the last three decades have accelerated research in this area. Over this period, it has become clear that mitochondrial function, which plays a major role in many cellular pathways from ATP production to nuclear gene expression and epigenetics alterations, declines with age. The emerging concepts suggest novel mechanisms, involving mtDNA quality, mitochondrial dynamics or mitochondrial quality control. In this review, we discuss the impact of mitochondria in the ageing process, the role of mitochondria in reactive oxygen species production, in nuclear gene expression, the accumulation of mtDNA damage and the importance of mitochondrial dynamics and recycling. Declining mitophagy (mitochondrial quality control) may be an important component of human ageing.
Published:
2016-08
Title:
Obesity, diabetes, and length of time in the United States: Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2012
Authors:
Tsujimoto, Tetsuro; Kajio, Hiroshi; Sugiyama, Takehiro
Abstract:
Obesity prevalence remains high in the United States (US), and is rising in most other countries. This is a repeated cross-sectional study using a nationally representative sample of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2012. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were separately performed for adults (n = 37,639) and children/adolescents (n = 28,282) to assess the associations between the length of time in the US, and the prevalences of obesity and diabetes. In foreign-born adults, the prevalences of both obesity and diabetes increased with the length of time in the US, and ≥20 years in the US was associated with significantly higher rates of obesity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22–4.40, P = 0.01) and diabetes (aOR 4.22, 95% CI 1.04–17.08, P = 0.04) compared with <1 year in the US. In children/adolescents, obesity prevalence was significantly higher in those born in the US than those who had been in the US for
Published:
2016-08
Title:
Potatoes and risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review of clinical intervention and observational studies
Authors:
Borch, Daniel; Juul-Hindsgaul, Nicole; Veller, Mette; Astrup, Arne; Jaskolowski, Jörn; Raben, Anne
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Potatoes have been related to increased risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mainly because of their high glycemic index. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the relation between intake of potatoes and risks of obesity, T2D, and CVD in apparently healthy adults. DESIGN: MEDLINE, Embase, the Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for intervention and prospective observational studies that investigated adults without any known illnesses at baseline, recorded intake of potatoes, and measured adiposity (body weight, body mass index, or waist circumference), cases of T2D, cases of cardiovascular events, or risk markers thereof. RESULTS: In total, 13 studies were deemed eligible; 5 studies were related to obesity, 7 studies were related to T2D, and one study was related to CVD. Only observational studies were identified; there were 3 studies with moderate, 9 studies with serious, and one study with critical risk of bias. The association between potatoes (not including french fries) and adiposity was neutral in 2 studies and was positive in 2 studies. French fries were positively associated with adiposity in 3 of 3 studies. For T2D, 2 studies showed a positive association, whereas 5 studies showed no or a negative association with intake of potatoes and T2D. French fries were positively associated with T2D in 3 of 3 studies that distinguished this relation. For CVD, no association was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The identified studies do not provide convincing evidence to suggest an association between intake of potatoes and risks of obesity, T2D, or CVD. French fries may be associated with increased risks of obesity and T2D although confounding may be present. In this systematic review, only observational studies were identified. These findings underline the need for long-term randomized controlled trials. This trial was registered at the PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/) as CRD42015026491.
Published:
2016-08
Title:
Urinary Metabolomic Approach Provides New Insights into Distinct Metabolic Profiles of Glutamine and N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation in Rats
Authors:
Guangmang Liu; Wei Cao; Tingting Fang; Gang Jia; Hua Zhao; Xiaoling Chen; Caimei Wu; Jing Wang
Abstract:
Glutamine and N-carbamylglutamate can enhance growth performance and health in animals, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of glutamine and N-carbamylglutamate supplementation in rat metabolism. Thirty rats were fed a control, glutamine, or N-carbamylglutamate diet for four weeks. Urine samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics, specifically high-resolution ¹H NMR metabolic profiling combined with multivariate data analysis. Glutamine significantly increased the urine levels of acetamide, acetate, citrulline, creatinine, and methymalonate, and decreased the urine levels of ethanol and formate (p < 0.05). Moreover, N-carbamylglutamate significantly increased the urine levels of creatinine, ethanol, indoxyl sulfate, lactate, methymalonate, acetoacetate, m-hydroxyphenylacetate, and sarcosine, and decreased the urine levels of acetamide, acetate, citrulline, creatine, glycine, hippurate, homogentisate, N-acetylglutamate, phenylacetyglycine, acetone, and p-hydroxyphenylacetate (p
Published:
2016-08
Title:
A thorough QT study to evaluate the QTc prolongation potential of two neuropsychiatric drugs, quetiapine and escitalopram, in healthy volunteers:
Authors:
Kim, Anhye; Lim, Kyoung Soo; Lee, Howard; Chung, Hyewon; Yoon, Seo Hyun; Yu, Kyung-Sang; Cho, Joo-Youn; Jang, In-Jin; Chung, Jae-Yong
Abstract:
Published:
2016-07
Title:
Article 25 1 Citation: El-Hattab AW and Scaglia F (2016) Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathies
Authors:
Vatta, Matteo; Bezzina, Connie R; Scaglia, Fernando; El-Hattab, Ayman W
Abstract:
Mitochondria are found in all nucleated human cells and perform various essential functions, including the generation of cellular energy. Mitochondria are under dual genome control. Only a small fraction of their proteins are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whereas more than 99% of them are encoded by nuclear DNA (nDNA). Mutations in mtDNA or mitochondria-related nDNA genes result in mitochondrial dys-function leading to insufficient energy production required to meet the needs for various organs, particularly those with high energy requirements, including the central nervous system, skeletal and cardiac muscles, kidneys, liver, and endocrine system. Because cardiac muscles are one of the high energy demanding tissues, cardiac involvement occurs in mitochondrial diseases with cardiomyopathies being one of the most frequent cardiac manifestations found in these disorders. Cardiomyopathy is estimated to occur in 20-40% of children with mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial cardiomyopathies can vary in severity from asymptomatic status to severe manifestations including heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common type; however, mitochondrial cardiomyopathies might also present as dilated, restrictive, left ventricular non-compaction, and histiocytoid cardiomyopathies. Cardiomyopathies are frequent manifestations of mitochondrial diseases associated with defects in electron transport chain complexes subunits and their assembly factors, mitochondrial transfer RNAs, ribosomal RNAs, ribosomal proteins, translation factors, mtDNA maintenance, and coenzyme Q10 synthesis. Other mitochondrial diseases with cardiomyopathies include Barth syndrome, Sengers syndrome, TMEM70-related mito-chondrial complex V deficiency, and Friedreich ataxia.
Published:
2016-07
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