top of page
Published Science
Click Search to Filter.
Total Entries: 10690
Title:
Multiple Determinants of Whole and Regional Brain Volume among Terrestrial Carnivorans
Authors:
Swanson, Eli M.; Holekamp, Kay E.; Lundrigan, Barbara L.; Arsznov, Bradley M.; Sakai, Sharleen T.
Abstract:
Mammalian brain volumes vary considerably, even after controlling for body size. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this variation, most research in mammals on the evolution of encephalization has focused on primates, leaving the ...
Published:
2012
Title:
Mushrooms and cardiovascular disease
Authors:
Choi, Eunmi; Ham, Onju; Lee, Se Yeon; Song, Byeong Wook; Cha, Min Ji; Lee, Chang Youn; Park, Jun Hee; Lee, Jiyun; Song, Heesang; Hwang, Ki Chul
Abstract:
Many edible mushrooms have been used by ancient cultures to increase human longevity, as well as for good foods, while being devoid of undesirable side effects. Presently, mushrooms are appreciated and consumed primarily for their nutritional properties; however they are also increasingly used in medicine. Therefore, the food industry is especially interested in cultivated and wild mushrooms. The nutritional value of mushrooms is attributed to high levels of protein, fiber, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals and low fat levels. As cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in our society, mushrooms are currently investigated for their therapeutic properties. In in vitro and in vivo investigations, mushrooms were shown to reduce risk factors of cardiovascular disease such as high total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and oxidative and inflammatory damage. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of mushroom effects on cardiovascular disease, and discuss the therapeutic applications of mushrooms for heart disease. © 2012 by New Century Health Publishers, LLC.
Published:
2012
Title:
Neuronal autophagy and neurodegenerative diseases
Authors:
Son, Jin H.; Shim, Jung Hee; Kim, Kyung Hee; Ha, Ji Young; Han, Ji Young
Abstract:
Autophagy is a dynamic cellular pathway involved in the turnover of proteins, protein complexes, and organelles through lysosomal degradation. The integrity of postmitotic neurons is heavily dependent on high basal autophagy compared to non-neuronal cells as misfolded proteins and damaged organelles cannot be diluted through cell division. Moreover, neurons contain the specialized structures for intercellular communication, such as axons, dendrites and synapses, which require the reciprocal transport of proteins, organelles and autophagosomes over significant distances from the soma. Defects in autophagy affect the intercellular communication and subsequently, contributing to neurodegeneration. The presence of abnormal autophagic activity is frequently observed in selective neuronal populations afflicted in common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These observations have provoked controversy regarding whether the increase in autophagosomes observed in the degenerating neurons play a protective role or instead contribute to pathogenic neuronal cell death. It is still unknown what factors may determine whether active autophagy is beneficial or pathogenic during neurodegeneration. In this review, we consider both the normal and pathophysiological roles of neuronal autophagy and its potential therapeutic implications for common neurodegenerative diseases. © 2012 by the The Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Published:
2012
Title:
Neutrophil function: from mechanisms to disease
Authors:
Amulic, Borko; Cazalet, Christel; Hayes, Garret L.; Metzler, Kathleen D.; Zychlinsky, Arturo
Abstract:
Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in circulation, and patients with congenital neutrophil deficiencies suffer from severe infections that are often fatal, underscoring the importance of these cells in immune defense. In spite of neutrophils' relevance in immunity, research on these cells has been hampered by their experimentally intractable nature. Here, we present a survey of basic neutrophil biology, with an emphasis on examples that highlight the function of neutrophils not only as professional killers, but also as instructors of the immune system in the context of infection and inflammatory disease. We focus on emerging issues in the field of neutrophil biology, address questions in this area that remain unanswered, and critically examine the experimental basis for common assumptions found in neutrophil literature.
Published:
2012
Title:
Nonmedication, alternative, and complementary treatments for migraine
Authors:
Mauskop, Alexander
Abstract:
Published:
2012
Title:
Nutrition Classes and Clinics
Authors:
Ruis, A. R.
Abstract:
Published:
2012
Title:
Nutrition and Acne: Therapeutic Potential of Ketogenic Diets
Authors:
Paoli, A.; Paoli, A.; Grimaldi, K.; Toniolo, L.; Canato, M.; Bianco, A.; Fratter, A.
Abstract:
The influence of nutrition on skin health is a growing research area but the findings of various studies on the effect of diet on the development of acne have often been contradictory. The general opinion among researchers has oscillated between two different, opposing positions: that diet either is or is not a key factor for acne development. This review examines the evidence supporting an influence of various dietary components on the development of acne particularly focusing on the role played by carbohydrates. The physiological and biochemical effects of the ketogenic diet are examined from this perspective and mechanisms will be proposed via which this type of diet could have a role in the treatment of acne.
Published:
2012
Title:
Nutrition and the circadian timing system
Authors:
Stenvers, Dirk Jan; Jonkers, Cora F.; Fliers, Eric; Bisschop, Peter H. L. T.; Kalsbeek, Andries
Abstract:
Life on earth has evolved under the daily rhythm of light and dark. Consequently, most creatures experience a daily rhythm in food availability. In this review, we first introduce the mammalian circadian timing system, consisting of a central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and peripheral clocks in various metabolic tissues including liver, pancreas, and intestine. We describe how peripheral clocks are synchronized by the SCN and metabolic signals. Second, we review the influence of the circadian timing system on food intake behavior, activity of the gastrointestinal system, and several aspects of glucose and lipid metabolism. Third, the circadian control of digestion and metabolism may have important implications for several aspects of food intake in humans. Therefore, we review the human literature on health aspects of meal timing, meal frequency, and breakfast consumption, and we describe the potential implications of the clock system for the timing of enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition. Finally, we explore the connection between type 2 diabetes and the circadian timing system. Although the past decade has provided exciting knowledge about the reciprocal relation between biological clocks and feeding/energy metabolism, future research is necessary to further elucidate this fascinating relationship in order to improve human health.
Published:
2012
Title:
ORAL HYGIENE HABITS AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING TERTIARY CARE DENTAL UNIT
Authors:
Rizvi, K.; Amanat, N.; Nazir, Rozina
Abstract:
The aim of the study was to find out the oral hygiene habits of students, professionals and domestic staff at Bahria University Karachi Campus and to compare the association between the oral hygiene practices, oral health status, gender, age, educational status and occupation of the study group. Oral mucosal examination was carried out in 872 walk in patients. Oral hygiene Habits were determined by asking type of tooth cleaning devices used for cleaning teeth, frequency of tooth brushing and timings of tooth brushing. Caries were detected by the criteria given in ‘WHO Oral Health Survey 1981.’ Out of 872 patients in out patient department of Bahria Dental Hospital, there were 551 males (63%) and 321 females (37%) with average age of 26years. 833(95.5%) used tooth brush, 799(91.6%) participants brushed once daily or occasionally. Mean DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth) of the study group was 1.36. Those who were not cleaning their teeth at all had DMFT 1.87. DMFT increased with increasing age, with p-value of 0.00 which is statistically significant.
Published:
2012
Title:
Phenotypic prediction based on metabolomic data for growing pigs from three main european breeds
Authors:
Rohart, F.; Paris, A.; Laurent, B.; Canlet, C.; Molina, J.; Mercat, M.J.; Tribout, T.; Muller, N.; Iannuccelli, N.; Villa-Vialaneix, N.; Liaubet, L.; Milan, D.; San Cristobal, M.
Abstract:
Predicting phenotypes is a statistical and biotechnical challenge, both in medicine (predicting an illness) and animal breeding (predicting the carcass economical value on a young living animal). High-throughput fine phenotyping is possible using metabolomics, which describes the global metabolic status of an individual, and is the closest to the terminal phenotype. The purpose of this work was to quantify the prediction power of metabolomic profiles for commonly used production phenotypes from a single blood sample from growing pigs. Several statistical approaches were investigated and compared on the basis of cross validation: raw data vs. signal preprocessing (wavelet transformation), with a single-feature selection method. The best results in terms of prediction accuracy were obtained when data were preprocessed using wavelet transformations on the Daubechies basis. The phenotypes related to meat quality were not well predicted because the blood sample was taken some time before slaughter, and slaughter is known to have a strong influence on these traits. By contrast, phenotypes of potential economic interest (e.g., lean meat percentage and ADFI) were well predicted (R2 = 0.7; P < 0.0001) using metabolomic data. © 2012 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.
Published:
2012
Title:
Plant defense against herbivores: chemical aspects
Authors:
Mithöfer, Axel; Boland, Wilhelm
Abstract:
Plants have evolved a plethora of different chemical defenses covering nearly all classes of (secondary) metabolites that represent a major barrier to herbivory: Some are constitutive; others are induced after attack. Many compounds act directly on the herbivore, whereas others act indirectly via the attraction of organisms from other trophic levels that, in turn, protect the plant. An enormous diversity of plant (bio)chemicals are toxic, repellent, or antinutritive for herbivores of all types. Examples include cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, alkaloids, and terpenoids; others are macromolecules and comprise latex or proteinase inhibitors. Their modes of action include membrane disruption, inhibition of nutrient and ion transport, inhibition of signal transduction processes, inhibition of metabolism, or disruption of the hormonal control of physiological processes. Recognizing the herbivore challenge and precise timing of plant activities as well as the adaptive modulation of the plants' metabolism is important so that metabolites and energy may be efficiently allocated to defensive activities.
Published:
2012
Title:
Post-Genome Biology of Primates
Authors:
Abstract:
In 2001, first reports of the human draft genome were published. Since then, genomes of many other organisms have been sequenced, including several primate species: the chimpanzee, rhesus macaque, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, baboon, marmoset, tarsier, galago, lemur, and more recently Neanderthals. In a new era of "post-genome biology", scientists now have the vast amount of information revealed by genome research to confront one of the most challenging, fundamental questions in primatology and anthropology: What makes us human? This volume comprises a collection of articles on a variety of topics relevant to primate genomes, including evolution, human origins, genome structure, chromosome genomics, and bioinformatics. The book covers the cutting-edge research in molecular primatology and provides great insights into the functional diversity of primates. This valuable collection will benefit researchers and students, including primatologists, anthropologists, molecular biologists, evolutionary biologists, and animal behaviorists.
Published:
2012
Title:
Present status and perspectives on the use of alkylresorcinols as biomarkers of wholegrain wheat and rye intake
Authors:
Ross, Alastair B.
Abstract:
Alkylresorcinols (ARs) were first proposed as potential biomarkers of wholegrain wheat and rye intake a decade ago. Since then there has been a considerable body of research which suggests that ARs do meet most criteria of a biomarker of these foods. Results from human studies on plasma AR and their plasma and urinary metabolites strongly indicate that these compounds are responsive to whole grain wheat and rye intake and are correlated with various measures of AR consumption. This review briefly summarises work on the bioactivities of AR and focuses on aspects related to their use as biomarkers of whole grain wheat and rye intake. Evidence suggests that they thus far broadly fulfil the criteria to act as biomarkers of these cereals. However, there are still gaps in the knowledge on factors relating to the wide interindividual variation, and application to different epidemiological cohorts. Overall, ARs are highly promising biomarkers of whole grain wheat and rye intake and add to our increasing understanding of whole grains and health.
Published:
2012
Title:
Preservation of metabolic flexibility in skeletal muscle by a combined use of n-3 PUFA and rosiglitazone in dietary obese mice
Authors:
Horakova, Olga; Medrikova, Dasa; van Schothorst, Evert M.; Bunschoten, Annelies; Flachs, Pavel; Kus, Vladimir; Kuda, Ondrej; Bardova, Kristina; Janovska, Petra; Hensler, Michal; Rossmeisl, Martin; Wang-Sattler, Rui; Prehn, Cornelia; Adamski, Jerzy; Illig, Thomas; Keijer, Jaap; Kopecky, Jan
Abstract:
Insulin resistance, the key defect in type 2 diabetes (T2D), is associated with a low capacity to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability, i.e., metabolic inflexibility. This, in turn, contributes to a further damage of insulin signaling. Effectiveness of T2D treatment depends in large part on the improvement of insulin sensitivity and metabolic adaptability of the muscle, the main site of whole-body glucose utilization. We have shown previously in mice fed an obesogenic high-fat diet that a combined use of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), anti-diabetic drugs, preserved metabolic health and synergistically improved muscle insulin sensitivity. We investigated here whether n-3 LC-PUFA could elicit additive beneficial effects on metabolic flexibility when combined with a TZD drug rosiglitazone. Adult male C57BL/6N mice were fed an obesogenic corn oil-based high-fat diet (cHF) for 8 weeks, or randomly assigned to various interventions: cHF with n-3 LC-PUFA concentrate replacing 15% of dietary lipids (cHF+F), cHF with 10 mg rosiglitazone/kg diet (cHF+ROSI), cHF+F+ROSI, or chow-fed. Indirect calorimetry demonstrated superior preservation of metabolic flexibility to carbohydrates in response to the combined intervention. Metabolomic and gene expression analyses in the muscle suggested distinct and complementary effects of the interventions, with n-3 LC-PUFA supporting complete oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria and the combination with n-3 LC-PUFA and rosiglitazone augmenting insulin sensitivity by the modulation of branched-chain amino acid metabolism. These beneficial metabolic effects were associated with the activation of the switch between glycolytic and oxidative muscle fibers, especially in the cHF+F+ROSI mice. Our results further support the idea that the combined use of n-3 LC-PUFA and TZDs could improve the efficacy of the therapy of obese and diabetic patients.
Published:
2012
Title:
Reducing the environmental impact of dietary choice: perspectives from a behavioural and social change approach
Authors:
Joyce, Andrew; Dixon, Sarah; Comfort, Jude; Hallett, Jonathan
Abstract:
Climate change is recognised as a significant public health issue that will impact on food security. One of the major contributors to global warming is the livestock industry, and, relative to plant-based agriculture, meat production has a much higher environmental impact in relation to freshwater use, amount of land required, and waste products generated. Promoting increased consumption of plant-based foods is a recommended strategy to reduce human impact on the environment and is also now recognised as a potential strategy to reduce the high rates of some chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. Currently there is a scant evidence base for policies and programs aiming to increase consumption of plant-based diets and little research on the necessary conditions for that change to occur and the processes involved in such a change. This paper reviews some of the environmental and health consequences of current dietary practices, reviews literature on the determinants of consuming a plant-based diet, and provides recommendations for further research in this area.
Published:
2012
Title:
Reduction in urinary albumin excretion with a moderate low-carbohydrate diet in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12-month intervention
Authors:
Haimoto, Hajime; Sasakabe, Tae; Umegaki, Hiroyuki; Wakai, Kenji
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) is a marker of the early phase of diabetic nephropathy. Although a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) has been shown to effectively improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), its effects on UAE remain unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 124 patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 61.6 ± 9.2 years) with T2DM were instructed to consume a moderate LCD (1734 ± 416 kcal/d; % carbohydrate:fat:protein = 38:37:19) for 12 months. We measured the levels of UAE, hemoglobin A(1c), fasting plasma glucose, fasting serum insulin (IRI), and the serum lipid profiles in the patients and recorded their dosages of antidiabetic drugs during this 12-month period. RESULTS: Of the 124 patients, 68 were normoalbuminuric, 50 were microalbuminuric, and six were macroalbuminuric at baseline. The patients had relatively good compliance with the moderate LCD diet. After 12 months, the mean levels of hemoglobin A(1c), fasting plasma glucose, IRI, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance, and the body mass index of all participants significantly decreased (P = 0.003 for IRI and P < 0.001 for the other parameters). Among the microalbuminuric patients (n = 50), remission to normoalbuminuria was frequently achieved (52%) and the geometric mean UAE significantly decreased by 53% (95% confidence interval: 43, 62) over 12 months (P < 0.001). After patients taking an angiotensin 2 receptor blocker were excluded, the UAE significantly decreased by 41% (n = 26, 95% confidence interval: 25, 54; P
Published:
2012
Title:
Reheated palm oil consumption and risk of atherosclerosis: evidence at ultrastructural level
Authors:
Xian, Tan Kai; Omar, Noor Azzizah; Ying, Low Wen; Hamzah, Aniza; Raj, Santhana; Jaarin, Kamsiah; Othman, Faizah; Hussan, Farida
Abstract:
Background. Palm oil is commonly consumed in Asia. Repeatedly heating the oil is very common during food processing. Aim. This study is aimed to report on the risk of atherosclerosis due to the reheated oil consumption. Material and Methods. Twenty four male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control, fresh-oil, 5 times heated-oil and 10 times heated-oil feeding groups. Heated palm oil was prepared by frying sweet potato at 180°C for 10 minutes. The ground standard rat chows were fortified with the heated oils and fed it to the rats for six months. Results. Tunica intima thickness in aorta was significantly increased in 10 times heated-oil feeding group (P
Published:
2012
Title:
Relation among the plasma triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration ratio, insulin resistance, and associated cardio-metabolic risk factors in men and women
Authors:
Salazar, Martin R.; Carbajal, Horacio A.; Espeche, Walter G.; Leiva Sisnieguez, Carlos E.; Balbín, Eduardo; Dulbecco, Carlos A.; Aizpurúa, Marcelo; Marillet, Alberto G.; Reaven, Gerald M.
Abstract:
Results of recent studies using the ratio of plasma triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration to identify insulin-resistant patients at increased cardiometabolic risk have emphasized that the cut point used for this purpose will vary with race. Because TG and HDL cholesterol concentrations vary with gender, this analysis was initiated to define gender-specific plasma TG/HDL cholesterol concentration ratios that best identified high-risk subjects among women (n = 1,102) and men (n = 464) of primarily European ancestry. Insulin resistance was defined as the 25% of the population with the highest values for fasting plasma insulin concentration and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Using TG/HDL concentration ratios \textgreater2.5 in women and \textgreater3.5 in men identified subgroups of men and women that were comparable in terms of insulin resistance and associated cardiometabolic risk, with significantly higher values for fasting plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, and glucose and TG concentrations and lower HDL cholesterol concentrations than in women and men below these cut points. The sensitivity and specificity of these gender-specific cut points to identify insulin-resistant subjects were about 40% and about 80%, respectively. In conclusion, the plasma TG/HDL cholesterol concentration ratio that identifies patients who are insulin resistant and at significantly greater cardiometabolic risk varies between men and women. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Published:
2012
Title:
Relations between obesity, insulin resistance, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Authors:
Lamendola, Cynthia A.; Ariel, Danit; Feldman, David; Reaven, Gerald M.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Although low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations have been associated with insulin resistance and obesity, the relations between these 3 variables have not been completely resolved.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nOBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare circulating 25(OH)D concentrations in apparently healthy individuals who were matched for degree of obesity or insulin sensitivity.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nDESIGN: This was a case-control study in which 78 apparently healthy individuals were classified as being normal weight (NW) or obese (OB) on the basis of their BMI and as being insulin sensitive (IS) or insulin resistant (IR) on the basis of their steady state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during the insulin suppression test.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRESULTS: Groups did not differ in terms of age, sex distribution, race, or mean (± SD) plasma 25(OH)D concentration. Values for 25(OH)D were 32 ± 10, 30 ± 10, and 28 ± 8 ng/mL in NW-IS, OB-IS, and OB-IR groups, respectively. These concentrations were essentially identical when comparing IR with IS subjects matched for BMI or when comparing OB with NW subjects matched for SSPG. Concentrations of 25(OH)D ≤ 30 ng/mL were somewhat more common in OB subjects than in NW subjects (54% compared with 35%), but SSPG concentrations were not different within either the IR or IS groups when subgroups with 25(OH)D concentrations ≤ 30 or \textgreater 30 ng/mL were compared.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: In 78 individuals, 47% of whom were vitamin D deficient or insufficient (≤ 30 ng/mL), 25(OH)D concentrations did not vary with differences in insulin sensitivity (SSPG concentration) when matched for BMI (OB-IR compared with OB-IS). Similarly, when matched for SSPG concentrations, plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were not different in NW or OB individuals (NW-IS compared with OB-IS).
Published:
2012
Title:
Relatively high-protein or 'low-carb' energy-restricted diets for body weight loss and body weight maintenance?
Authors:
Soenen, Stijn; Bonomi, Alberto G.; Lemmens, Sofie G.T.; Scholte, Jolande; Thijssen, Myriam A.M.A.; Van Berkum, Frank; Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.
Abstract:
Background: 'Low-carb' diets have been suggested to be effective in body weight (BW) management. However, these diets are relatively high in protein as well. Objective: To unravel whether body-weight loss and weight-maintenance depends on the high-protein or the 'low-carb' component of the diet. Design: Body-weight (BW), fat mass (FM), blood- and urine-parameters of 132 participants (age=50± 12 yr; BW=107±20 kg; BMI=37±6 kg/m2; FM=47.5±11.9 kg) were compared after 3 and 12 months between four energy-restricted diets with 33% of energy requirement for the first 3 months, and 67% for the last 9 months: normal-protein normal-carbohydrate (NPNC), normal-protein low-carbohydrate (NPLC); high-protein normal-carbohydrate (HPNC), high-protein low-carbohydrate (HPLC); 24 h N-analyses confirmed daily protein intakes for the normal-protein diets of 0.7±0.1 and for the high-protein diets of 1.1±0.2 g/kg BW (pb0.01). Results: BW and FM decreased over 3 months (pb0.001): HP (-14.1±4 kg; -11.9±1.7 kg) vs. NP (-11.5± 4 kg; -9.3±0.7 kg) (pb0.001); LC (-13.5±4 kg; -11.0±1.2 kg) vs. NC (-12.3±3 kg; -10.3±1.1 kg) (ns). Diet×time interaction showed HPLC (-14.7±5 kg; -11.9±1.6 kg) vs. HPNC (-13.8±3 kg; -11.9±1.8 kg) (ns); NPLC (-12.2±4 kg; -10.0±0.8 kg) vs. NPNC (-10.7±4 kg; -8.6±0.7 kg) (ns); HPLC vs. NPLC (pb0.001); HPNC vs. NPNC (pb0.001). Decreases over 12 months (pb0.001) showed HP (-12.8±4 kg; -9.1± 0.8 kg) vs. NP (-8.9±3 kg; -7.7±0.6 kg) (pb0.001); LC (-10.6±4 kg; -8.3±0.7 kg) vs. NC (11.1±3 kg; 9.3±0.7 kg) (ns). Diet×time interaction showed HPLC (-11.6±5 kg; -8.2±0.7 kg) vs. HPNC (-14.1±4 kg; -10.0±0.9 kg) (ns); NPNC (-8.2±3 kg; -6.7±0.6 kg) vs. NPLC (-9.7±3 kg; -8.5±0.7 kg) (ns); HPLC vs. NPLC (pb0.01); HPNC vs. NPNC (pb0.01). HPNC vs. all other diets reduced diastolic blood pressure more. Relationships between changes in BW, FM, FFM or metabolic parameters and energy percentage of fat in the diet were not statistically significant. Metabolic profile and fat-free-mass were improved following weight-loss. Conclusion: Body-weight loss and weight-maintenance depends on the high-protein, but not on the 'low-carb' component of the diet, while it is unrelated to the concomitant fat-content of the diet. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Published:
2012
Title:
Relevance of protein fermentation to gut health
Authors:
Windey, K.; de Preter, V.; Verbeke, K.
Abstract:
It is generally accepted that carbohydrate fermentation results in beneficial effects for the host because of the generation of short chain fatty acids, whereas protein fermentation is considered detrimental for the host's health. Protein fermentation mainly occurs in the distal colon, when carbohydrates get depleted and results in the production of potentially toxic metabolites such as ammonia, amines, phenols and sulfides. However, the effectivity of these metabolites has been established mainly in in vitro studies. In addition, some important bowel diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and ulcerative colitis appear most often in the distal colon, which is the primary site of protein fermentation. Finally, epidemiological studies revealed that diets rich in meat are associated with the prevalence of CRC, as is the case in Western society. Importantly, meat intake not only increases fermentation of proteins but also induces increased intake of fat, heme and heterocyclic amines, which may also play a role in the development of CRC. Despite these indications, the relationship between gut health and protein fermentation has not been thoroughly investigated. In this review, the existing evidence about the potential toxicity of protein fermentation from in vitro animal and human studies will be summarized. © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Published:
2012
Title:
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance promotes increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic steatosis in the elderly
Authors:
Flannery, Clare; Dufour, Sylvie; Rabøl, Rasmus; Shulman, Gerald I.; Petersen, Kitt Falk
Abstract:
Aging is closely associated with muscle insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and type 2 diabetes. We examined the hypothesis that muscle insulin resistance in healthy aging promotes increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and hyperlipidemia by altering the distribution pattern of postprandial energy storage. Healthy, normal weight, sedentary elderly subjects pair-matched to young subjects were given two high-carbohydrate meals followed by ¹³C/¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of postprandial changes in muscle and liver glycogen and lipid content, and assessment of DNL using ²H₂O. Net muscle glycogen synthesis was reduced by 45% (P \textless 0.007) in the elderly subjects compared with the young, reflecting severe muscle insulin resistance. Net liver glycogen synthesis was similar between groups (elderly, 143 ± 23 mmol/L vs. young, 138 ± 13 mmol/L; P = NS). Hepatic DNL was more than twofold higher in the elderly than in the young subjects (elderly, 14.5 ± 1.4% vs. young, 6.9 ± 0.7%; P = 0.00015) and was associated with approximately threefold higher postprandial hepatic triglyceride (TG) content (P \textless 0.005) and increased fasting plasma TGs (elderly, 1.19 ± 0.18 mmol/L vs. young, 0.74 ± 0.11 mmol/L; P = 0.02). These results strongly support the hypothesis that muscle insulin resistance in aging promotes hyperlipidemia and NAFLD by altering the pattern of postprandial carbohydrate storage away from muscle glycogen and into hepatic DNL.
Published:
2012
Title:
Sleep duration, snoring habits, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in an ethnically diverse population
Authors:
Mosca, Matthew; Aggarwal, Brooke
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Lack of sleep has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. Prior research has often been conducted in select populations and has not consistently adjusted for confounders, especially psychosocial factors.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nOBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess the association between sleep habits and established risk factors for CVD and to evaluate potential interactions by race and gender.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS: Participants were part of a CVD screening and educational outreach program in New York City. Free-living men older than 40 years and women older than 50 years (n = 371, mean age = 60 years, 57% women, 60% racial/ethnic minorities) were systematically assessed for CVD risk (including traditional, lifestyle, and psychosocial risk factors) and completed a standardized questionnaire regarding sleep habits (including sleep duration and snoring). Lipids were analyzed by validated finger-stick technology. Stress at work and at home was assessed using a validated screening tool from the INTERHEART study. Associations between participants' sleep habits and CVD risk factors/demographic factors were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRESULTS: The proportion of participants who reported sleeping less than 6 hours per night on average was 28%, and 52% of participants reported snoring. Sleeping less than 6 hours per night was significantly (P \textless .05) associated with female gender, being single, increased stress at home, increased financial stress, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level. Gender modified the association between sleep duration and LDL-C level (P = .04): Sleeping less than 6 hours per night was significantly associated with reduced LDL-C level among women and increased LDL-C level among men. Snoring was significantly associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (\textless40 mg/dL for men/\textless50 mg/dL for women), being married, increased stress at work and at home, less than 30 minutes of exercise per day, less than 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, and being overweight/obese (body mass index ≥25 kg/m). The association between snoring and low HDL-C level remained significant in logistic regression models adjusted for demographic confounders (odds ratio, 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-3.19) but not after adjustment for body mass index greater than 25 kg/m.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Sleeping less than 6 hours per night was associated with several traditional and psychosocial CVD risk factors, and snoring was associated with low HDL-C level, likely mediated through overweight/obesity. These data may have significance for health care providers to identify individuals who may be at increased CVD risk based on sleep habits.
Published:
2012
Title:
Sucrose-sweetened beverages increase fat storage in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat depot: A 6-mo randomized intervention study
Authors:
Maersk, Maria; Belza, Anita; Stødkilde-Jørgensen, Hans; Ringgaard, Steffen; Chabanova, Elizaveta; Thomsen, Henrik; Pedersen, Steen B.; Astrup, Arne; Richelsen, Bjørn
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: The consumption of sucrose-sweetened soft drinks (SSSDs) has been associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disorders in observational and short-term intervention studies. Too few long-term intervention studies in humans have examined the effects of soft drinks. OBJECTIVE: We compared the effects of SSSDs with those of isocaloric milk and a noncaloric soft drink on changes in total fat mass and ectopic fat deposition (in liver and muscle tissue). DESIGN: Overweight subjects (n = 47) were randomly assigned to 4 different test drinks (1 L/d for 6 mo): SSSD (regular cola), isocaloric semiskim milk, aspartame-sweetened diet cola, and water. The amount of intrahepatic fat and intramyocellular fat was measured with (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Other endpoints were fat mass, fat distribution (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging), and metabolic risk factors. RESULTS: The relative changes between baseline and the end of 6-mo intervention were significantly higher in the regular cola group than in the 3 other groups for liver fat (132-143%, sex-adjusted mean; P \textless 0.01), skeletal muscle fat (117-221%; P \textless 0.05), visceral fat (24-31%; P \textless 0.05), blood triglycerides (32%; P \textless 0.01), and total cholesterol (11%; P \textless 0.01). Total fat mass was not significantly different between the 4 beverage groups. Milk and diet cola reduced systolic blood pressure by 10-15% compared with regular cola (P \textless 0.05). Otherwise, diet cola had effects similar to those of water. CONCLUSION: Daily intake of SSSDs for 6 mo increases ectopic fat accumulation and lipids compared with milk, diet cola, and water. Thus, daily intake of SSSDs is likely to enhance the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00777647.
Published:
2012
Title:
Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors
Authors:
Santos, F. L.; Esteves, S. S.; da Costa Pereira, A.; Yancy, W. S.; Nunes, J. P.L.
Abstract:
A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to study the effects of low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors (search performed on PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Scopus databases). A total of 23 reports, corresponding to 17 clinical investigations, were identified as meeting the pre-specified criteria. Meta-analysis carried out on data obtained in 1,141 obese patients, showed the LCD to be associated with significant decreases in body weight (-7.04 kg [95% CI -7.20/-6.88]), body mass index (-2.09 kg m(-2) [95% CI -2.15/-2.04]), abdominal circumference (-5.74 cm [95% CI -6.07/-5.41]), systolic blood pressure (-4.81 mm Hg [95% CI -5.33/-4.29]), diastolic blood pressure (-3.10 mm Hg [95% CI -3.45/-2.74]), plasma triglycerides (-29.71 mg dL(-1) [95% CI -31.99/-27.44]), fasting plasma glucose (-1.05 mg dL(-1) [95% CI -1.67/-0.44]), glycated haemoglobin (-0.21% [95% CI -0.24/-0.18]), plasma insulin (-2.24 micro IU mL(-1) [95% CI -2.65/-1.82]) and plasma C-reactive protein, as well as an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.73 mg dL(-1) [95%CI 1.44/2.01]). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and creatinine did not change significantly, whereas limited data exist concerning plasma uric acid. LCD was shown to have favourable effects on body weight and major cardiovascular risk factors; however the effects on long-term health are unknown.
Published:
2012
Title:
The Connection Between Sleep Loss, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors:
Silvana Pannain , Guglielmo Beccuti; Cauter, Eve Van
Abstract:
Published:
2012
Title:
The bowel and migraine: update on celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome
Authors:
Cady, Roger K.; Farmer, Kathleen; Dexter, J. Kent; Hall, Jessica
Abstract:
Published:
2012
Title:
The broad spectrum revolution at 40: resource diversity, intensification, and an alternative to optimal foraging explanations
Authors:
Zeder, Melinda A.
Abstract:
Published:
2012
Title:
The effect of dietary walnuts compared to fatty fish on eicosanoids, cytokines, soluble endothelial adhesion molecules and lymphocyte subsets: A randomized, controlled crossover trial
Authors:
Chiang, Y.-L.; Haddad, E.; Rajaram, S.; Shavlik, D.; Sabaté, J.
Abstract:
We tested the hypothesis that walnut consumption can exert effects on markers of inflammation and endothelial activation similar to those produced by fish consumption. In a crossover dietary intervention trial, 25 normal to mildly hyperlipidemic men and women were randomly assigned to one of three isoenergetic diets: a walnut diet incorporating 42.5. g of walnuts per 10.1. mJ 6 times per week (1.8% of energy n-3 fat); a fish diet providing 113. g of fatty fish per 10.1. mJ 2 times per week (0.8% of energy n-3 fat), or a control diet (no nuts or fish, 0.4% of energy n-3 fat) for 4 weeks on each diet. Both the walnut and fish diets inhibited circulating concentrations of prostaglandin E metabolite (PGEM) and 11-dehydro thromboxane B2, but demonstrated no effect on blood interleukin-1Β (IL-1Β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-. α- (TNF-. α-), and C-reactive protein (CRP) or the number of circulating lymphocyte subsets. On the walnut diet the proportion of plasma phospholipid α--linolenic acid (ALA) increased 140% and arachidonic acid (AA) decreased 7% compared to both the control and fish diets. The proportion of plasma phospholipid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased about 200% and 900% respectively on the fish diet relative to either the control or walnut diet. The walnut diet inhibited E-selectin by 12.7% relative to the fish diet, and the fish diet inhibited secretory intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1) by 4.5% relative to the control diet. Both walnuts and fish in commonly consumed amounts may have modest albeit distinct effects on circulating adhesion molecules. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Published:
2012
Title:
The influence of components of diet on the symptoms of ADHD in children
Authors:
Konikowska, Klaudia; Regulska-Ilow, Bozena; Rózańska, Dorota
Abstract:
In most children with ADHD the cause of the disease is not exactly known, and its etiology is multifactorial. The conventional treatment is based on the combination of behavioral and psychological therapy and the pharmacotherapy. The pharmacotherapy has a high effectiveness in ADHD treatment, but it is often associated with undesirable side effects, such as: loss of appetite and weight, growth inhibition, abdominal pain, headaches, sleeping problems and increased blood pressure. In the recent years, much attention was devoted to the issue of an appropriate diet in this disease, especially when the standard pharmacotherapy is not effective. The diet of pregnant and lactating woman, and child may have an impact on the development and deepening of the hyperkinetic syndrome. There is much evidence to indicate that it is linked to nutritional factors. Chronic deficiencies of certain minerals such as zinc, iron, magnesium and iodine and insufficient dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may have a significant impact on the development and deepening of the symptoms of ADHD in children. A crucial role in the diet of pregnant and lactating women, and child plays also polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, mainly DHA, which are necessary for proper development and function of brain. Their chronic deficiency may contribute to increase risk of ADHD in children. The authors of several studies also demonstrated the positive impact of the elimination food products containing synthetic food additives, like artificial food dyes and preservatives on the behavior of children with ADHD. The beneficial effects brought also the elimination of food products, that are rich in salicylates. It was found that the intake of food products with a low glycemic index helps to reduce symptoms in some hyperactive children. Providing an appropriate supply of nutrients and minerals and elimination of certain food products from diet is especially important during intensive growth and development of the child. In this article the issues concerning the role of the diet in treatment of the children with diagnosed ADHD and the importance of deficiency of certain minerals and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy and child growth was discussed. There is a need for further studies in this area to evaluate the potential effectiveness of the diet in treating the symptoms of ADHD.
Published:
2012
Title:
The ketogenic diet as a treatment paradigm for diverse neurological disorders
Authors:
Stafstrom, Carl E.; Rho, Jong M.
Abstract:
Dietary and metabolic therapies have been attempted in a wide variety of neurological diseases, including epilepsy, headache, neurotrauma, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, sleep disorders, brain cancer, autism, pain, and multiple sclerosis. The impetus for using various diets to treat - or at least ameliorate symptoms of - these disorders stems from both a lack of effectiveness of pharmacological therapies, and also the intrinsic appeal of implementing a more "natural" treatment. The enormous spectrum of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the aforementioned diseases would suggest a degree of complexity that cannot be impacted universally by any single dietary treatment. Yet, it is conceivable that alterations in certain dietary constituents could affect the course and impact the outcome of these brain disorders. Further, it is possible that a final common neurometabolic pathway might be influenced by a variety of dietary interventions. The most notable example of a dietary treatment with proven efficacy against a neurological condition is the high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) used in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. While the mechanisms through which the KD works remain unclear, there is now compelling evidence that its efficacy is likely related to the normalization of aberrant energy metabolism. The concept that many neurological conditions are linked pathophysiologically to energy dysregulation could well provide a common research and experimental therapeutics platform, from which the course of several neurological diseases could be favorably influenced by dietary means. Here we provide an overview of studies using the KD in a wide panoply of neurologic disorders in which neuroprotection is an essential component.
Published:
2012
Title:
The obesity epidemic and food addiction: clinical similarities to drug dependence
Authors:
Fortuna, Jeffrey L.
Abstract:
Published:
2012
Title:
The relation between dietary intake of vegetable oils and serum lipids and apolipoprotein levels in central Iran
Authors:
Boroujeni, Hossein Khosravi; Sarrsfzadegan, Nizal; Mohammadifard, Nooshin; Sajjadi, Firoozeh; Asgary, Sedigheh; Maghroon, Maryam; Alikhassi, Hassan; Esmailzaded, Ahmad
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: The detrimental effects of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVOs) on apolipoproteins have been reported from several parts of the world. However, little data is available in this regard from the understudied region of the Middle East. The present study therefore tried to evaluate the association between type of vegetable oils and serum lipids and apolipoprotein levels among Iranians. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, data from 1772 people (795 men and 977 women) aged 19-81 years, who were selected with multistage cluster random sampling method from three cities of Isfahan, Najafabad and Arak in "Isfahan Healthy Heart Program" (IHHP) (Iran), was used. To assess participants' usual dietary intakes, a validated food frequency questionnaire was used. Hydrogenated vegetable oil (commonly consumed for cooking in Iran) and margarine were considered as the category of PHVOs. Soy, sunflower, corn, olive and canola oils were considered as non-HVOs. After an overnight fasting, serum cholesterol (total, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol) and triglyceride as well as apolipoproteins A and B were measured using standard methods. RESULTS: Participants with the highest intakes of non-HVOs and PHVOs were younger and had lower weight than those with lowest intakes. High consumption of non-HVOs and PHVOs was associated with lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, meat, milk and grains. No overall significant differences were found in serum lipids and apolipoprotein levels across the quartiles of non-HVOs and PHVOs after controlling for potential confounding. CONCLUSION: We did not find any significant associations between hydrogenated or nonhydrogenated vegetable oil and serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels. Thus, further studies are needed in this region to explore this association.
Published:
2012
Title:
The taste of war: World War II and the battle for food
Authors:
Collingham, E. M
Abstract:
Food, and in particular the lack of it, was central to the experience of World War II. In this richly detailed history, Lizzie Collingham establishes how control of food and its production is crucial to total war. Tracing the interaction between food and strategy, on both the military and home fronts, Collingham demonstrates how access to food was a driving force within Nazi policy and contributed to the decision to murder hundreds of thousands of "useless eaters," and brings to light the fact that famine was not only caused by Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, but was also the result of Allied mismanagement and neglect, particularly in India, Africa and China. She also shows how the war subsequently promoted the pervasive influence of American food habits and tastes in the post-war world.--From publisher description.
Published:
2012
Title:
Tumescent liposuction in lipoedema yields good long-term results
Authors:
Schmeller, W.; Hueppe, M.; Meier‐Vollrath, I.
Abstract:
Background Lipoedema is a painful disease in women with circumscribed increased subcutaneous fatty tissue, oedema, pain and bruising. Whereas conservative methods with combined decongestive therapy (manual lymphatic drainage, compression garments) have been well established over the past 50 years, surgical therapy with tumescent liposuction has only been used for about 10 years and long-term results are unknown. Objectives To determine the efficacy of liposuction concerning appearance (body shape) and associated complaints after a long-term period. Methods A total of 164 patients who had undergone conservative therapy over a period of years, were treated by liposuction under tumescent local anaesthesia with vibrating microcannulas. In a monocentric study, 112 could be re-evaluated with a standardized questionnaire after a mean of 3 years and 8 months (range 1 year and 1 month to 7 years and 4 months) following the initial surgery and a mean of 2 years and 11 months (8 months to 6 years and 10 months) following the last surgery. Results All patients showed a distinct reduction of subcutaneous fatty tissue (average 9846 mL per person) with improvement of shape and normalization of body proportions. Additionally, they reported either a marked improvement or a complete disappearance of spontaneous pain, sensitivity to pressure, oedema, bruising, restriction of movement and cosmetic impairment, resulting in a tremendous increase in quality of life; all these complaints were reduced significantly (P
Published:
2012
Title:
Updated estimate of trans fat intake by the US population
Authors:
Doell, D.; Folmer, D.; Lee, H.; Honigfort, M.; Carberry, S.
Abstract:
The dietary intake of industrially-produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA) was estimated for the US population (aged 2 years or more), children (aged 2-5 years) and teenage boys (aged 13-18 years) using the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) food consumption database, market share information and trans fat levels based on label survey data and analytical data for packaged and in-store purchased foods. For fast foods, a Monte Carlo model was used to estimate IP-TFA intake. Further, the intake of trans fat was also estimated using trans fat levels reported in the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22 (SR 22, 2009) and the 2003-2006 NHANES food consumption database. The cumulative intake of IP-TFA was estimated to be 1.3 g per person per day (g/p/d) at the mean for the US population. Based on this estimate, the mean dietary intake of IP-TFA has decreased significantly from that cited in the 2003 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) final rule that established labelling requirements for trans fat (4.6 g/p/d for adults). Although the overall intake of IP-TFA has decreased as a result of the implementation of labelling requirements, individuals with certain dietary habits may still consume high levels of IP-TFA if certain brands or types of food products are frequently chosen.
Published:
2012
Title:
VDAC1: from structure to cancer therapy
Authors:
Shoshan-Barmatz, Varda; Mizrachi, Dario
Abstract:
Here, we review current evidence pointing to the function of VDAC1 in cell life and death, and highlight these functions in relation to cancer. Found at the outer mitochondrial membrane, VDAC1 assumes a crucial position in the cell, controlling the metabolic cross-talk between mitochondria and the rest of the cell. Moreover, its location at the boundary between the mitochondria and the cytosol enables VDAC1 to interact with proteins that mediate and regulate the integration of mitochondrial functions with other cellular activities. As a metabolite transporter, VDAC1 contributes to the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells. This is reflected by VDAC1 over-expression in many cancer types, and by inhibition of tumor development upon silencing VDAC1 expression. Along with regulating cellular energy production and metabolism, VDAC1 is also a key protein in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, participating in the release of apoptotic proteins and interacting with anti-apoptotic proteins. The involvement of VDAC1 in the release of apoptotic proteins located in the inter-membranal space is discussed, as is VDAC1 oligomerization as an important step in apoptosis induction. VDAC also serves as an anchor point for mitochondria-interacting proteins, some of which are also highly expressed in many cancers, such as hexokinase (HK), Bcl2, and Bcl-xL. By binding to VDAC, HK provides both metabolic benefit and apoptosis-suppressive capacity that offers the cell a proliferative advantage and increases its resistance to chemotherapy. VDAC1-based peptides that bind specifically to HK, Bcl2, or Bcl-xL abolished the cell's abilities to bypass the apoptotic pathway. Moreover, these peptides promote cell death in a panel of genetically characterized cell lines derived from different human cancers. These and other functions point to VDAC1 as a rational target for the development of a new generation of therapeutics.
Published:
2012
Title:
[Influence of combined lacto-vegetarian diet and selective beta-blocking agents on clinical and metabolic indices in patients with coronary heart disease]
Authors:
Ieromuzo, A. A.; Medkova, I. L.; Nemytin, Iu V.; Ivanov, A. N.
Abstract:
Clinical, hemodynamic and metabolic parameters were investigated for 42 patients with coronary heart disease, after myocardial infarct, recieved selective beta-adrenoblockers. Patients were divided in two groups. The first group (24 patients) were given methoprolol (50 mg/daily) and antiatherogenic lacto vegetarian diet, the second (18 patients)--methoprolol (50 mg/daily) and standard mixed antiatherogenic diet. After the treatment, positive changes clinical and gemodynamic parameters were observed in both groups of patients. Among the clinical symptoms, a more pronounced decrease in blood pressure in the patients on vegetarian diet and a more significant increase in their exercise tolerance. The level of total cholesterol on the serum of blood decreased by 16%, low-density lipoproteins cholesterol decreased by 18%, the atherogenic coefficient (KA) decreased by 31%, only in vegetarian group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in vegetarian group, by 14% and decreased in control group. Balanced antiatherogenic lacto vegetarian diet in patients with coronary heart disease prevents the hyperlipedemic effect caused by the selective beta-adrenoblockers and it is an agent for preventing its negative effect on lipid metabolism.
Published:
2012
Title:
Changes in atherogenic dyslipidemia induced by carbohydrate restriction in men are dependent on dietary protein source
Authors:
Mangravite, Lara M.; Chiu, Sally; Wojnoonski, Kathleen; Rawlings, Robin S.; Bergeron, Nathalie; Krauss, Ronald M.
Abstract:
Previous studies have shown that multiple features of atherogenic dyslipidemia are improved by replacement of dietary carbohydrate with mixed sources of protein and that these lipid and lipoprotein changes are independent of dietary saturated fat content. Because epidemiological evidence suggests that red meat intake may adversely affect cardiovascular disease risk, we tested the effects of replacing dietary carbohydrate with beef protein in the context of high- vs. low-saturated fat intake in 40 healthy men. After a 3-wk baseline diet [50% daily energy (E) as carbohydrate, 13% E as protein, 15% E as saturated fat], participants consumed for 3 wk each in a randomized crossover design two high-beef diets in which protein replaced carbohydrate (31% E as carbohydrate, 31% E as protein, with 10% E as beef protein). The high-beef diets differed in saturated fat content (8% E vs. 15% E with exchange of saturated for monounsaturated fat). Two-week washout periods were included following the baseline diet period and between the randomized diets periods. Plasma TG concentrations were reduced after the 2 lower carbohydrate dietary periods relative to after the baseline diet period and these reductions were independent of saturated fat intake. Plasma total, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol as well as apoB concentrations were lower after the low-carbohydrate, low-saturated fat diet period than after the low-carbohydrate, high-saturated fat diet period. Given our previous observations with mixed protein diets, the present findings raise the possibility that dietary protein source may modify the effects of saturated fat on atherogenic lipoproteins.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content
Authors:
Hjerpsted, Julie; Leedo, Eva; Tholstrup, Tine
Abstract:
CONCLUSION: Cheese lowers LDL cholesterol when compared with butter intake of equal fat content and does not increase LDL cholesterol compared with a habitual diet. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01140165.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Clinical practice: vegetarian infant and child nutrition
Authors:
Van Winckel, Myriam; Vande Velde, Saskia; De Bruyne, Ruth; Van Biervliet, Stephanie
Abstract:
The aim of this review is to give insight on the benefits and risks of vegetarianism, with special emphasis on vegetarian child nutrition. This eating pattern excluding meat and fish is being adopted by a growing number of people. A vegetarian diet has been shown to be associated with lower mortality of ischaemic heart disease and lower prevalence of obesity. Growth in children on a vegetarian diet including dairy has been shown to be similar to omnivorous peers. Although vegetarianism in adolescents is associated with eating disorders, there is no proof of a causal relation, as the eating disorder generally precedes the exclusion of meat from the diet. A well-balanced lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet, including dairy products, can satisfy all nutritional needs of the growing child. In contrast, a vegan diet, excluding all animal food sources, has at least to be supplemented with vitamin B(12), with special attention to adequate intakes of calcium and zinc and energy-dense foods containing enough high-quality protein for young children. The more restricted the diet and the younger the child, the greater the risk for deficiencies.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Development and validation of a standardized protocol to monitor human dietary exposure by metabolite fingerprinting of urine samples
Authors:
Favé, Gaëlle; Beckmann, Manfred; Lloyd, Amanda J.; Zhou, Shaobo; Harold, Graham; Lin, Wanchang; Tailliart, Kathleen; Xie, Long; Draper, John; Mathers, John C.
Abstract:
Conventional tools for measuring dietary exposure have well recognized limitations. Measurement of food-derived metabolites in biofluids provides an alternative approach and our aim was to develop an experimental protocol which ensures that extraneous variability does not obscure metabolic signals from ingested foods. Healthy adults consumed a standardized meal in the evening before each test day and collected pooled overnight urine. On each test day of three different studies, urine was collected in the fasted state and at different time points after consumption of a standardized breakfast. Metabolite fingerprinting of samples using Flow Infusion Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry followed by multivariate data analysis showed strong discrimination between overnight, fasting and postprandial samples, in each study separately and when data from the three studies were pooled. Such differences were robust and highly reproducible within individuals on separate occasions. Urine volume was an efficient data normalization factor for metabolite fingerprinting data. Postprandial urines had a stable chemical composition over a period of 2-4 h after eating a standardized breakfast, suggesting that there is a flexible time window for urine collection. Fasting urine samples provided a stable baseline for universal comparisons with postprandial samples. A dietary exposure biomarker discovery protocol was validated by demonstrating that top-ranked signals discriminating between fasting and 2-4 h postprandial urine samples could be linked to metabolites abundant in some components of the standardized breakfast. We conclude that the protocol developed will have value in the search for biomarker leads of dietary exposure. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306-011-0289-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Diet composition modifies the toxicity of repeated soman exposure in rats
Authors:
Langston, Jeffrey L.; Myers, Todd M.
Abstract:
It was previously demonstrated that diet potently modulates the toxic effects of an acute lethal dose of the nerve agent soman. The current investigation was undertaken to examine the influence of diet on the cumulative toxicity of repeated soman administration. Rats were fed one of four distinct diets (standard, choline-enriched, glucose-enriched, or ketogenic) for four weeks prior to and throughout a repeated soman dosing and recovery regimen. Each diet group included animals exposed to an equivalent volume of saline that served as negative controls. In exposure Week 1, animals received three consecutive daily doses of 0.4 LD(50) soman. In exposure Week 2, animals received four consecutive daily doses of 0.5 LD(50) soman. In exposure Week 3, animals received five consecutive daily doses of 0.5 LD(50) soman. Week 4 constituted a post-exposure recovery evaluation. Throughout the experiment, behavioral function was assessed by a discriminated avoidance test that required intact sensory and motor function. Survival and body weight changes were recorded daily. Differences in toxicity as a function of diet composition became apparent during the first week. Specifically, rats fed the glucose-enriched diet showed pronounced intoxication during Week 1, resulting in imperfect survival, weight loss, and deteriorated avoidance performance relative to all other groups. All rats fed the glucose-enriched diet died by the end of exposure Week 2. In contrast, only 10% of animals fed the standard diet died by the end of Week 2. Also in Week 2, weight loss and disrupted avoidance performance were apparent for all groups except for those fed the ketogenic diet. This differential effect of diet composition became even more striking in Week 3 when survival in the standard and choline diet groups approximated 50%, whereas survival equaled 90% in the ketogenic diet group. Avoidance performance and weight loss measures corroborated the differential toxicity observed across diet groups. Upon cessation of soman exposure during the final week, recovery of weight and avoidance performance in survivors was comparable across diet groups. These results systematically replicate previous findings demonstrating that diet composition exacerbates or attenuates toxicity in rodents exposed acutely to organophosphorus compounds.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Energetics and the evolution of human brain size
Authors:
Navarrete, Ana; van Schaik, Carel P.; Isler, Karin
Abstract:
The brain is a costly organ to run in terms of energy supply, so how do humans accommodate brains that are so much larger than those of comparable primates without any apparent difficulty? A widely held explanation is the expensive-tissue hypothesis, which proposes a trade-off between brain size and the mass of other energetically expensive organs, especially the digestive tract. Now a survey of 100 mammal species reveals no such trade-off, refuting the idea that expensive tissues compete for energy. There is a negative correlation between the size of brains and the amount of stored energy in the form of adipose tissue, however. The authors propose that the increase in human brain size was facilitated by a combination of stabilization of energy inputs and a redirection of energy from locomotion, growth and reproduction.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Fermented soyabean and vitamin C-rich fruit: a possibility to circumvent the further decrease of iron status among iron-deficient pregnant women in Indonesia
Authors:
Wijaya-Erhardt, Maria; Muslimatun, Siti; Erhardt, Juergen G.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: Increasing the consumption of Fe-rich foods and thus improving Fe bioavailability without significantly increasing diet cost is the most sustainable intervention for improving Fe intake. We assessed the effect of supplementary food consisting of fermented soyabean (tempeh) and vitamin C-rich fruit consumed during pregnancy on maternal iron deficiency (ID). DESIGN: Pregnant women were randomly allocated by village into optimized diet and control groups. Supplementary food was given 6 d/week at home. The average weekly food provided comprised 600 g of tempeh, 30 g of meat, 350 g of guava, 300 g of papaya and 100 g of orange. Hb, ferritin and transferrin receptor (TfR) concentrations were measured at 12-20 and at 32-36 weeks of gestation. SETTING: Thirty-nine villages in Indonesia. SUBJECTS: Pregnant women (12-20 weeks of gestation, n 252). RESULTS: At baseline, mean Hb, ferritin and TfR concentrations and body Fe concentration were within the normal range and did not differ between groups. At near term, mean Hb, ferritin and body Fe decreased, whereas mean TfR increased significantly in both groups. The mean changes in Fe status were similar in both groups. In Fe-deficient women, consumption of an optimized diet was associated with smaller decreases in Hb (1·02 (95% CI 0·98, 1·07) g/l; P = 0·058), ferritin (1·42 (95% CI 1·16, 1·75) μg/l; P = 0·046) and body Fe (2·57 (95% CI 1·71, 3·43) mg/kg; P = 0·073) concentrations, compared with a state of no intervention. Fe-deficient women at baseline benefited more from supplementary food compared with Fe-replete women. CONCLUSIONS: Daily supplementary food containing tempeh and vitamin C-rich fruits during pregnancy might have positive effects on maternal ID.
Published:
2011-12
bottom of page