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Title:
Fibromyalgia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: driven by depression or joint damage?
Authors:
Kapoor, S. R.; Hider, S. L.; Brownfield, A.; Mattey, D. L.; Packham, J. C.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: Studies have shown an increased incidence of fibromyalgia (FMS) in RA patients. The aims of this study were to explore the effect of mood and disease damage on the prevalence of FMS. METHODS: RA patients underwent a standardised clinical assessment, including disease activity (DAS-28), disease damage (mechanical joint score, MJS), fibromyalgia tender point assessment and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Patients were classified with FMS using two criteria a) tender-swollen joint count was ≥7 or b) tender point score of ≥11/18. RESULTS: 44/285 (15%) patients were classified as having FMS using the joint count difference of ≥7, compared to 18/285 (6%) using the tender point score of >11. Using the joint count difference to classify patients as having FMS, those with FMS had higher HAQ scores than those without FMS (2.12 vs. 1.5, p<0.0001). Although the DAS-28 was higher in this group (5.4 vs. 3.82, p11 (25% vs. 6%, p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Coexistent FMS was common in our cohort, although using the tender point count to define FMS classified fewer patients with FMS. Within this group those with FMS had higher levels of depression but similar scores for joint damage indicating that in this cohort FMS and poorer physical functioning is mediated by low mood rather than joint damage.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Health benefits and possible risks of broccoli - an overview
Authors:
Latté, Klaus Peter; Appel, Klaus-Erich; Lampen, Alfonso
Abstract:
Chemopreventive effects of broccoli, a highly valued vegetable, have been known for a long time. Several studies have demonstrated that broccoli might be beneficial by reducing the risk for the development of certain forms of cancer. These effects are generally attributed to glucosinolate-derived degradation products like isothiocyanates and indoles which are formed by the hydrolytic action of plant myrosinase and/or glucosidases deriving from the human microbial flora. However, recent in vitro and experimental animal studies indicate that broccoli, its extracts and the glucosinolate-derived degradation products might also have undesirable effects, especially genotoxic activities. However, the relevance of the genotoxic activities to human health is not known yet. This paper gives an overview on genotoxic, anti-genotoxic/chemopreventive, nutritive and antinutritive properties of broccoli, its ingredients and their degradation products. A qualitative comparison of the benefit and risk of broccoli consumption benefit-risk assessment shows that the benefit from intake in modest quantities and in processed form outweighs potential risks. For other preparations (fortified broccoli-based dietary supplements, diets with extraordinary high daily intake, consumption as a raw vegetable) further studies both for potential risks and beneficial effects are needed in order to assess the benefit and risk in the future.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Interaction of PPARG Pro12Ala with dietary fat influences plasma lipids in subjects at cardiometabolic risk
Authors:
Alsaleh, Aseel; O'Dell, Sandra D.; Frost, Gary S.; Griffin, Bruce A.; Lovegrove, Julie A.; Jebb, Susan A.; Sanders, Thomas A. B.; investigators, RISCK Study
Abstract:
The PPARgamma2 gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Pro12Ala has shown variable association with metabolic syndrome traits in healthy subjects. The RISCK Study investigated the effect of interaction between genotype and the ratio of polyunsaturated:saturated (P:S) fatty acid intake on plasma lipids in 367 white subjects (ages 30-70 years) at increased cardiometabolic risk. Interaction was determined after habitual diet at recruitment, at baseline after a 4-week high-SFA (HS) diet, and after a 24-week reference (HS), high-MUFA (HM), or low-fat (LF) diet. At recruitment, there were no significant associations between genotype and plasma lipids; however, P:S x genotype interaction influenced plasma total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.02), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.002), and triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.02) concentrations. At P:S ratio <= 0.33, mean TC and LDL-C concentrations in Ala12 allele carriers were significantly higher than in noncarriers (respectively, P = 0.003; P = 0.0001). Significant trends in reduction of plasma TC (P = 0.02) and TG (P = 0.002) concentrations occurred with increasing P:S (respectively, 0.65; 0.34 to >0.65) in Ala12 allele carriers. There were no significant differences between carriers and noncarriers after the 4-week HS diet or 24-week interventions. Plasma TC and TG concentrations in PPARG Ala12 allele carriers decrease as P:S increases, but they are not dependent on a reduction in SFA intake.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Lipedema, a Rare Disease
Authors:
Shin, Bae Wook; Sim, Young-Joo; Jeong, Ho Joong; Kim, Ghi Chan
Abstract:
Lipedema is a chronic disease of lipid metabolism that results in the symmetrical impairment of fatty tissue distribution and storage combined with the hyperplasia of individual fat cells. Lipedema occurs almost exclusively in women and is usually associated with a family history and characteristic features. It can be diagnosed based on clinical history and physical examination. Lipedema is usually symmetrical, but spares the feet, is often painful to palpation, and is negative for Stemmer's sign. Additionally, lipedema patients can present with microangiopathies and lipomas. The well-known therapies for lipedema include complex decongestive therapy, pneumatic compression, and diet modifications. However, whether these treatments help reduce swelling is debatable. We encountered a case of lipedema that was initially misdiagnosed as lymphedema. The patient's clinical features and history were different from those typical of lymphedema, prompting a diagnosis of lipedema and she was treated with a complex decongestive therapy program.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Mechanisms and functional consequences of PDEF protein expression loss during prostate cancer progression
Authors:
Turner, David P.; Findlay, Victoria J.; Moussa, Omar; Semenchenko, Victor I.; Watson, Patricia M.; LaRue, Amanda C.; Desouki, Mohamed M.; Fraig, Mostafa; Watson, Dennis K.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND—Ets is a large family of transcriptional regulators with functions in most biological processes. While the Ets family gene, PDEF (prostate derived epithelial factor), is expressed in epithelial tissues, PDEF protein expression has been found to be reduced or lost during cancer progression. The goal of this study was to examine the mechanism for and biologic impact of altered PDEF expression in prostate cancer. METHODS—PDEF protein expression of prostate specimens was examined by immunohistochemistry. RNA and protein expression in cell lines were measured by q-PCR and western blot, respectively. Cellular growth was determined by quantifying viable and apoptotic cells over time. Cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. Migration and invasion were determined by transwell assays. PDEF promoter occupancy was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). RESULTS—While normal prostate epithelium expresses PDEF mRNA and protein, tumors show no or decreased PDEF protein expression. Re-expression of PDEF in prostate cancer cells inhibits cell growth. PDEF expression is inversely correlated with survivin, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and slug expression and ChIP studies identify survivin and uPA as direct transcriptional targets of PDEF. This study also shows that PDEF expression is regulated via a functional microRNA-204 (miR-204) binding site within the 3’UTR. Furthermore, we demonstrate the biologic significance of miR-204 expression and that miR-204 is over-expressed in human prostate cancer specimens. CONCLUSIONS—Collectively, the reported studies demonstrate that PDEF is a negative regulator of tumor progression and that the miR-204-PDEF regulatory axis contributes to PDEF protein loss and resultant cancer progression.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Pilot study on which foods should be avoided by patients with psoriasis
Authors:
M, Festugato
Abstract:
We found poor dietary intake in patients with psoriasis. In addition to receiving proper scientific advice, patients need to be educated regarding their eating habits for a better quality of life and as an adjuvant to the drug therapy.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Risk factors for lymphedema in breast cancer survivors, the Iowa Women’s Health Study
Authors:
Ahmed, Rehana L.; Schmitz, Kathryn H.; Prizment, Anna E.; Folsom, Aaron R.
Abstract:
Background—Risk factors for lymphedema and related arm symptoms in breast cancer (BC) survivors have not been examined using a large prospective population-based cohort. Methods—The Iowa Women’s Health Study (IWHS) collected self-reported data for diagnosed lymphedema in 2004, and data for cancer diagnosis, treatment, behavioral and health characteristics between 1986–2003. We studied 1,287 women, ages 55–69 at baseline, who developed unilateral BC: n=104 (8%) with diagnosed lymphedema, n=475 (37%) with arm symptoms but without diagnosed lymphedema, and n=708 without lymphedema. Age- and multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models examined risk factors for lymphedema and related arm symptoms (OR [95% confidence interval]). Results—The mean time between BC and the 2004 survey was 8.1±5.0 (mean±SD) years. After multivariate adjustment (not including time since BC diagnosis), the following cancer characteristics were positively associated with lymphedema: tumor stage (regional vs. in situ: 3.92[1.61–9.54]), number of excised nodes (highest vs. lowest quintile: 3.52[1.32–9.34], Ptrend=0.003), tumor-positive nodes (yes vs. no 2.12 [1.19, 3.79]) and adjuvant chemotherapy (yes vs. no: 3.05[1.75–5.30]). Several health characteristics were positively associated with lymphedema: baseline body mass index (highest vs. lowest tertile: 3.24[1.70–6.21]), waist and hip circumference, and general health (fair/poor vs. excellent: 3.44[1.30–9.06]). Positive associations with arm symptoms were: number of excised nodes (highest vs. lowest quintile: 2.38[1.41–4.03], Ptrend=0.007), axillary radiation (yes vs. no: 1.72 [1.15–2.57]) and baseline general health (fair/ poor vs. excellent: 4.27 [2.60–7.00]). Conclusions—In the IWHS, obesity, poorer general health, and markers of more advanced cancer were risk factors for lymphedema and related arm symptoms in BC survivors.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Saturated fat has been unfairly demonised: no
Authors:
Skeaff, C. Murray; Jackson, Rod
Abstract:
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Saturated fat has been unfairly demonised: yes
Authors:
Petousis-Harris, Helen
Abstract:
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Successful treatment of severe cardiomyopathy in glycogen storage disease type III With D,L-3-hydroxybutyrate, ketogenic and high-protein diet
Authors:
Valayannopoulos, Vassili; Bajolle, Fanny; Arnoux, Jean-Baptiste; Dubois, Sandrine; Sannier, Nathalie; Baussan, Christiane; Petit, Francois; Labrune, Philippe; Rabier, Daniel; Ottolenghi, Chris; Vassault, Anne; Broissand, Christine; Bonnet, Damien; de Lonlay, Pascale
Abstract:
Glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III) due to debranching enzyme deficiency presenting usually with hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia may be responsible for severe cardiomyopathy which is often fatal. Current treatment of GSD III is based on frequent high-carbohydrate meals that have no effect on the cardiomyopathy. We describe a 2-mo-old infant presenting with a familial form of GSD III complicated with cardiomyopathy. As conventional treatment was unable to improve his sister's cardiomyopathy who was deceased at age 11 mo, we proposed an experimental treatment combining the use of synthetic ketone bodies (D,L-3-OH butyrate) as an alternative energy source, 2:1 ketogenic diet to reduce glucose intake and high-protein diet to enhance gluconeogenesis. Twenty-four months after the onset of this treatment, echocardiography showed an improvement of cardiomyopathy. Growth and liver size remained normal, and no side effects were observed. Blood glucose levels remained within the normal range and insulin levels decreased. These findings show that synthetic ketone bodies as well as low-carbohydrate, high-lipid, and high-protein diet may be a more beneficial therapeutic choice therapeutic choice for GSD III patients with cardiomyopathy. These encouraging data need to be confirmed in more GSD III patients presenting with cardiac or muscular symptoms.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
The importance of habits in eating behaviour. An overview and recommendations for future research
Authors:
van't Riet, Jonathan; Sijtsema, Siet J.; Dagevos, Hans; De Bruijn, Gert-Jan
Abstract:
There is ample evidence to suggest that a significant part of daily eating behaviours consists of habits. In line with this, the concept of habit is increasingly incorporated into studies investigating the behavioural and psychosocial determinants of food choice, yielding evidence that habit is one of the most powerful predictors of eating behaviour. Research shows that habitual behaviour is fundamentally different from non-habitual behaviour: when behaviour is habitual, people require little information to make decisions, intentions are poor predictors of behaviour, and behaviour is triggered by situational cues. These insights have vast implications for research in the food domain that are only just beginning to be addressed. Also, theorizing on habits has important implications for behaviour change interventions, yet few interventions that are based on habit theory have been tested in a food context. The present article provides an overview of habit research and discusses possibilities to increase our knowledge of the role of habits in eating behaviour. It is shown that interventions targeting habitual behaviour can try to (i) change the situation that triggers the habitual behaviour, (ii) promote or inhibit the habitual response and (iii) change relevant contingencies. These insights can act as a starting point for future intervention research.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
The ketogenic diet for medically and surgically refractory status epilepticus in the neurocritical care unit
Authors:
Cervenka, Mackenzie C.; Hartman, Adam L.; Venkatesan, Arun; Geocadin, Romergryko G.; Kossoff, Eric H.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Refractory status epilepticus carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality despite, and at times as a result of, aggressive pharmacologic interventions. Dietary therapies have been used for almost a century in children for controlling medically refractory seizures and status epilepticus and recent studies suggest efficacy and safety in adults as well. METHODS: Case report and literature review. RESULTS: We describe a case of medically and surgically refractory status epilepticus that was controlled after initiation of the ketogenic diet and maintenance with the modified Atkins diet in an adult in the neurocritical care unit. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary therapy should be considered as a treatment option in adult patients with refractory status epilepticus.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis: A Systemic Metabolic Disorder
Authors:
Wiederkehr, Michael R.; Moe, Orson W.
Abstract:
Uric acid nephrolithiasis is characteristically a manifestation of a systemic metabolic disorder. It has a prevalence of about 10% among all stone formers, the third most common type of kidney stone in the industrialized world. Uric acid stones form primarily due to an unduly acid urine; less deciding factors are hyperuricosuria and a low urine volume. The vast majority of uric acid stone formers have the metabolic syndrome, and not infrequently, clinical gout is present as well. A universal finding is a low baseline urine pH plus insufficient production of urinary ammonium buffer. Persons with gastrointestinal disorders, in particular chronic diarrhea or ostomies, and patients with malignancies with a large tumor mass and high cell turnover comprise a less common but nevertheless important subset. Pure uric acid stones are radiolucent but well visualized on renal ultrasound. A 24 h urine collection for stone risk analysis provides essential insight into the pathophysiology of stone formation and may guide therapy. Management includes a liberal fluid intake and dietary modification. Potassium citrate to alkalinize the urine to a goal pH between 6 and 6.5 is essential, as undissociated uric acid deprotonates into its much more soluble urate form.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
[Risk factors for toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in central Italy]. [Italian]
Authors:
Thaller, R.; Tammaro, F.; Pentimalli, H.
Abstract:
Between 2005 and 2007 we examined 2356 pregnant women. We interviewed the patients concerning their dietary behaviour and lifestyles during pregnancy in correlation with the possibility of contracting toxoplasmosis. Our purpose was to ascertain the importance of different risk factors in a group of Italian patients and assess the level of knowledge on this matter. The survey questions were related to: 1) eating rare/raw meat; 2) eating commercial or homemade ham or other pork derivatives such as dry sausage and salami; 3) owning a garden or a plot for fruit and vegetables; 4) owning pets, especially cats; 5) living in town or in the country; 6) eating fresh uncooked vegetables. On the basis of serological tests (Toxo IgG, IgM, IgA, avidity test) we identified three groups of women: those with primary infection, seronegative women (control), and those with inactive infections. Comparison of the first two groups showed that each risk factor significantly increases the likelihood of acquiring toxoplasmosis. Higher odds ratios were observed for those living in the country and for those consuming homemade cured meat.
Published:
2011-12
Title:
A diet high in fatty fish, bilberries and wholegrain products improves markers of endothelial function and inflammation in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism in a randomised controlled trial: the Sysdimet study
Authors:
de Mello, V. D. F.; Schwab, U.; Kolehmainen, M.; Koenig, W.; Siloaho, M.; Poutanen, K.; Mykkänen, H.; Uusitupa, M.
Abstract:
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction may play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We evaluated whether a diet high in fatty fish, bilberries and wholegrain products (Healthy Diet) improves biomarkers reflecting inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism. METHODS: We recruited individuals with impaired glucose metabolism and features of the metabolic syndrome into a 12 week, parallel design, dietary intervention trial conducted at the Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland (Kuopio, Finland). Randomisation was performed by matching according to sex and medians of age, BMI and fasting plasma glucose of the study population at screening. The primary endpoint in the present study was the change in plasma inflammatory markers and the measurements were performed blinded to group assignment. High-sensitivity (hs) C-reactive protein (CRP) and E-selectin responses were also analysed separately in participants not using statins (n = 76). RESULTS: Altogether, 131 individuals were assigned to either the Healthy Diet (n = 44), a whole-grain-enriched diet (WGED) (n = 42) or a control (n = 45) diet, and 104 participants (mean ± SD: age 59 ± 7 years; BMI 31.1 ± 3.5 kg/m(2)) who had completed the study, were analysed (Healthy Diet n = 36, WGED n = 34 and control diet n = 34). Plasma E-selectin decreased only in the Healthy Diet group. This occurred in all group participants (p < 0.05) and also after excluding participants using statins (p < 0.05). Plasma hsCRP levels decreased in the Healthy Diet (median -17%, p < 0.05) and WGED (median -27%, p < 0.01) groups in participants not using statins. Controlling for confounding factors, including BMI or insulin sensitivity, did not alter the results. A greater increase in plasma concentration of very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids and in the intake of fibre during the study was associated with a greater decrease in plasma E-selectin (p < 0.05). The intake of test breads consumed during the Healthy Diet and WGED interventions was inversely associated with the change in hsCRP levels (p
Published:
2011-11
Title:
Adiponectin changes in relation to the macronutrient composition of a weight-loss diet
Authors:
Summer, Suzanne S.; Brehm, Bonnie J.; Benoit, Stephen C.; D'Alessio, David A.
Abstract:
Adiponectin is an adipose-derived protein with beneficial metabolic effects. Low adiponectin is associated with obesity and related diseases. Significant weight loss increases adiponectin, reducing disease risk. This study compared the effects of two weight-loss diets with different macronutrient compositions on adiponectin. Eighty-one obese women in two cohorts were randomized to a low-fat (LF) or a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet. All subjects underwent equivalent weight-loss intervention, with weight and other measures assessed at baseline and after 6 (cohort I) or 4 (cohort II) months. Body fat was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Adiponectin was measured by radioimmunoassay. Diet intake was assessed using 24-h recalls and 3-day diet records. Data were analyzed via t-tests and repeated-measures factorial ANOVA using time, diet, and replicate (cohort I vs. cohort II) as factors. Age, weight, body fat, BMI, adiponectin, and diet were similar at baseline. Following intervention, macronutrient composition of the diet was vastly different between the groups, reflecting the assigned diet. Both groups lost weight and body fat (P < 0.001), with effect in LC dieters greater than LF dieters (-9.1 kg vs. -4.97 kg weight, P < 0.05 and -5.45 kg vs. -2.62 kg fat, P < 0.001). Adiponectin increased in the LC (+1.92 mcg/ml, P
Published:
2011-11
Title:
Biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake in human intervention studies: a systematic review
Authors:
Baldrick, Francina R.; Woodside, Jayne V.; Elborn, J. Stuart; Young, Ian S.; McKinley, Michelle C.
Abstract:
Observational evidence consistently shows that consumption of a diet rich in fruit and vegetables may offer protection against diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Assessment of dietary intake is complex and prone to many sources of error. More objective biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake are therefore of interest. The aim of this review is to examine the usefulness of the main biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake to act as objective indicators of compliance in dietary intervention studies. A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted using six databases. Suitable papers were selected and relevant data extracted. The papers were categorized into 3 sub-groups: whole diet interventions; mixed fruit and vegetable interventions; and studies involving individual varieties of fruits or vegetables. Ninety-six studies were included in the review. Overall, the most commonly measured, and most consistently responsive, biomarkers were the carotenoids and vitamin C. Based on the results of this systematic review, it remains prudent to measure a panel of biomarkers in fruit and vegetable intervention studies. The only possible exception to this is "fruit only" intervention studies where assessment of vitamin C alone may suffice.
Published:
2011-11
Title:
Cholesterol-lowering foods and reduction in serum cholesterol levels
Authors:
Weingartner, Oliver; Bohm, Michael; Laufs, Ulrich
Abstract:
Published:
2011-11
Title:
PC3 Is a Cell Line Characteristic of Prostatic Small Cell Carcinoma
Authors:
Tai, Sheng; Sun, Yin; Squires, Jill M.; Zhang, Hong; Oh, William K.; Liang, Chao-Zhao; Huang, Jiaoti
Abstract:
BACKGROUND The majority of the prostatic cancers are adenocarcinomas characterized by glandular formation and the expression of luminal differentiation markers androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Most adenocarcinomas are indolent and androgen-dependent. Hormonal therapy that inhibits AR signaling produces symptomatic relief in patients with advanced and metastatic adenocarcinomas. Prostatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) is a variant form of prostate cancer (PC). In contrast to adenocarcinoma, the tumor cells of SCNC do not form glands and are negative for AR and PSA. SCNC is extremely aggressive and does not respond to hormonal therapy. The purpose of this study was to compare the important and relevant features of two most commonly used PC cell lines, LNCaP and PC3, with prostatic adenocarcinoma and SCNC. METHODS Xenograft tumors of LNCaP and PC3 were prepared and compared with human prostatic adenocarcinoma and SCNC for the expression of key signaling molecules by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS LNCaP cells express AR and PSA and their growth is inhibited by androgen withdrawal, similar to human prostatic adenocarcinoma. PC3 cells do not express AR and PSA and their proliferation is independent of androgen, similar to SCNC. Adenocarcinoma cells and LNCaP cells are negative for neuroendocrine markers and stem cell-associated marker CD44 while SCNC and PC3 cells are positive. LNCaP cells have identical cytokeratin profiles to adenocarcinoma while PC3 cells have cytokeratin profiles similar to SCNC. CONCLUSION LNCaP cells share common features with adenocarcinoma while PC3 cells are characteristic of SCNC.
Published:
2011-11
Title:
Recent advances in understanding the role of nutrition in human genome evolution
Authors:
Ye, Kaixiong; Gu, Zhenglong
Abstract:
Dietary transitions in human history have been suggested to play important roles in the evolution of mankind. Genetic variations caused by adaptation to diet during human evolution could have important health consequences in current society. The advance of sequencing technologies and the rapid accumulation of genome information provide an unprecedented opportunity to comprehensively characterize genetic variations in human populations and unravel the genetic basis of human evolution. Series of selection detection methods, based on various theoretical models and exploiting different aspects of selection signatures, have been developed. Their applications at the species and population levels have respectively led to the identification of human specific selection events that distinguish human from nonhuman primates and local adaptation events that contribute to human diversity. Scrutiny of candidate genes has revealed paradigms of adaptations to specific nutritional components and genome-wide selection scans have verified the prevalence of diet-related selection events and provided many more candidates awaiting further investigation. Understanding the role of diet in human evolution is fundamental for the development of evidence-based, genome-informed nutritional practices in the era of personal genomics.
Published:
2011-11
Title:
The effect of calcium supplementation on blood lead levels in Nigerian children
Authors:
Keating, Elizabeth M.; Fischer, Philip R.; Pettifor, John M.; Pfitzner, Mark; Isichei, Christian O.; Thacher, Tom D.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether calcium supplementation alters the risk of lead toxicity. STUDY DESIGN: Children aged 12-18 months from 3 communities in Nigeria were assigned to receive daily calcium supplementation, as either calcium carbonate (400 mg) or ground dried fish (529 ± 109 mg), or placebo. All children received 2500 IU of vitamin A. Levels of blood lead, calcium, and vitamin D metabolites were measured at baseline and after 12-18 months (n = 358). RESULTS: The mean (± SD) baseline lead level was 11.1 ± 7.8 μg/dL (range, 1-43 μg/dL; median, 9 μg/dL); 44.7% of subjects had a lead level >10 μg/dL. After 12-18 months, the mean lead level was 8.1 ± 6.3 μg/dL (range, 1-48 μg/dL; median, 6 μg/dL), with 22.6% with a level >10 μg/dL. Lead levels at baseline varied among communities (P = .01) and were higher in children who used eye cosmetics or lived near a lead-acid battery melter (both P
Published:
2011-11
Title:
Change in food cravings, food preferences, and appetite during a low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet
Authors:
Martin, Corby K.; Rosenbaum, Diane; Han, Hongmei; Geiselman, Paula J.; Wyatt, Holly R.; Hill, James O.; Brill, Carrie; Bailer, Brooke; Miller, Bernard V.; Stein, Rick; Klein, Sam; Foster, Gary D.
Abstract:
The study objective was to evaluate the effect of prescribing a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) and a low-fat diet (LFD) on food cravings, food preferences, and appetite. Obese adults were randomly assigned to a LCD (n = 134) or a LFD (n = 136) for 2 years. Cravings for specific types of foods (sweets, high-fats, fast-food fats, and carbohydrates/starches); preferences for high-sugar, high-carbohydrate, and low-carbohydrate/high-protein foods; and appetite were measured during the trial and evaluated during this secondary analysis of trial data. Differences between the LCD and LFD on change in outcome variables were examined with mixed linear models. Compared to the LFD, the LCD had significantly larger decreases in cravings for carbohydrates/starches and preferences for high-carbohydrate and high-sugar foods. The LCD group reported being less bothered by hunger compared to the LFD group. Compared to the LCD group, the LFD group had significantly larger decreases in cravings for high-fat foods and preference for low-carbohydrate/high-protein foods. Men had larger decreases in appetite ratings compared to women. Prescription of diets that promoted restriction of specific types of foods resulted in decreased cravings and preferences for the foods that were targeted for restriction. The results also indicate that the LCD group was less bothered by hunger compared to the LFD group and that men had larger reductions in appetite compared to women.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis
Authors:
Cipriani, Andrea; Barbui, Corrado; Salanti, Georgia; Rendell, Jennifer; Brown, Rachel; Stockton, Sarah; Purgato, Marianna; Spineli, Loukia M; Goodwin, Guy M; Geddes, John R
Abstract:
Background Conventional meta-analyses have shown inconsistent results for efficacy of pharmacological treatments for acute mania. We did a multiple-treatments meta-analysis, which accounted for both direct and indirect comparisons, to assess the effects of all antimanic drugs.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Effect of ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts and low carbohydrates/high-protein meals on weight, cardiovascular risk factors, body composition and diet compliance in Italian council employees
Authors:
Paoli, Antonio; Cenci, Lorenzo; Grimaldi, Keith A.
Abstract:
CONCLUSIONS: The KEMEPHY diet lead to weight reduction, improvements in cardiovascular risk markers, reduction in waist circumference and showed good compliance.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Estimation of the dietary nutrient profile of free-roaming feral cats: possible implications for nutrition of domestic cats
Authors:
Plantinga, Esther A.; Bosch, Guido; Hendriks, Wouter H.
Abstract:
Cats are strict carnivores and in the wild rely on a diet solely based on animal tissues to meet their specific and unique nutritional requirements. Although the feeding ecology of cats in the wild has been well documented in the literature, there is no information on the precise nutrient profile to which the cat's metabolism has adapted. The present study aimed to derive the dietary nutrient profile of free-living cats. Studies reporting the feeding habits of cats in the wild were reviewed and data on the nutrient composition of the consumed prey items obtained from the literature. Fifty-five studies reported feeding strategy data of cats in the wild. After specific exclusion criteria, twenty-seven studies were used to derive thirty individual dietary nutrient profiles. The results show that feral cats are obligatory carnivores, with their daily energy intake from crude protein being 52 %, from crude fat 46 % and from N-free extract only 2 %. Minerals and trace elements are consumed in relatively high concentrations compared with recommended allowances determined using empirical methods. The calculated nutrient profile may be considered the nutrient intake to which the cat's metabolic system has adapted. The present study provides insight into the nutritive, as well as possible non-nutritive aspects of a natural diet of whole prey for cats and provides novel ways to further improve feline diets to increase health and longevity.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Etiology and treatment of hypogonadism in adolescents
Authors:
Viswanathan, Vidhya; Eugster, Erica A
Abstract:
Adequate functioning at all levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is necessary for normal gonadal development and subsequent sex steroid production. Deficiencies at any level of the axis can lead to a hypogonadal state. The causes of hypogonadism are heterogeneous and may involve any level of the reproductive system. This review discusses various causes of hypogonadism, describes the evaluation of hypogonadal states, and outlines treatment options for the induction of puberty in affected adolescents. Whereas some conditions are clearly delineated, the exact etiology and underlying pathogenesis of many disorders is unknown.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Frequent consumption of selenium-enriched chicken meat by adults causes weight loss and maintains their antioxidant status
Authors:
Navas-Carretero, Santiago; Cuervo, Marta; Abete, Itziar; Zulet, M. Angeles; Martínez, J. Alfredo
Abstract:
To assess the effects of a moderately high-protein intake on the body composition, biochemical, and antioxidant status parameters in young adults depending on either selenium- (Se) or non-enriched chicken consumption. The volunteers (n = 24) that completed the 10-week nutritional intervention were distributed in two parallel groups and randomly assigned to follow an isocaloric diet with moderately high content in protein (30% energy), either with the consumption of four 200 g portions/week of Se- or non-enriched chicken breasts. Blood samples were taken at the beginning and at the end of the study and body composition was monitored during the trial. There was a significant reduction in weight, accompanying a decrease on fat mass in both groups, while fat-free mass remained unchanged during the 10 weeks of intervention, without differences between both dietary groups. Selenium blood levels and plasma glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as lipid, glucose, and selected inflammation biomarkers remained stable during the intervention period in both dietary groups. Frequent chicken consumption, within a controlled diet with a moderately high content in protein, produced a slight but statistically significant weight reduction mainly due to the loss of fat mass. An extra Se supplementation (22 μg/day) in the Se-enriched chicken breast did not affect tachyphylactic antioxidant status of the participants neither inflammatory-related markers after weight loss.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
High-fat meal effect on LDL, HDL, and VLDL particle size and number in the Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN): an interventional study
Authors:
Wojczynski, Mary K.; Glasser, Stephen P.; Oberman, Albert; Kabagambe, Edmond K.; Hopkins, Paul N.; Tsai, Michael Y.; Straka, Robert J.; Ordovas, Jose M.; Arnett, Donna K.
Abstract:
CONCLUSIONS: We have characterized the changes in LDL and VLDL particle number, and their subclass patterns following a high-fat meal.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Increasing the vegetable intake dose is associated with a rise in plasma carotenoids without modifying oxidative stress or inflammation in overweight or obese postmenopausal women
Authors:
Crane, Tracy E.; Kubota, Chieri; West, Julie L.; Kroggel, Mark A.; Wertheim, Betsy C.; Thomson, Cynthia A.
Abstract:
The optimal amount of vegetable consumption required to reduce chronic disease risk is widely debated. Intervention trials evaluating biological activity of vegetables at various doses are limited. We conducted a 3-dose, crossover feeding trial to test the hypothesis that vegetable intake is associated in a dose-dependent manner with increased plasma carotenoids and subsequently reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in 49 overweight, postmenopausal women. Participants were assigned in random order to 2 (130 g), 5 (287 g), and 10 (614 g) daily servings of fresh, greenhouse-grown vegetables for 3-wk intervals with a 4-wk washout period between treatments. Plasma total carotenoids significantly increased from 1.63 to 2.07 μmol/L with a dose of 2 vegetable servings, from 1.49 to 2.84 μmol/L with a dose of 5 vegetable servings, and from 1.40 to 4.42 μmol/L with a dose of 10 vegetable servings (pre-post paired ttests, all P < 0.001). The change during each feeding period increased with each dose level (P
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Low-carbohydrate diets: a matter of love or hate
Authors:
Frigolet, María-Eugenia; Ramos Barragán, Victoria-Eugenia; Tamez González, Martha
Abstract:
Low-carbohydrate diets (LChD) have become very popular among the general population. These diets have been used to lose body weight and to ameliorate various abnormalities like diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, narcolepsy, epilepsy, and others. Reports suggest that body weight reduction and glycemic control could be attained while following LChD. However, these advantages are more notably found in short periods of time consuming an LChD. Indeed, the safety and efficacy of the latter diets in the long term have not been sufficiently explored. In contrast to what has been proposed, other mentioned pathologies are not improved or are even worsened by carbohydrate restriction. Therefore, the aim of this review is to define the concept of LChD and to explain their clinical effects in the short and long term, their influence on metabolism, and the opinion of nutrition or health authorities. Finally, evincing the research gaps of LChD that are here exposed will later allow us to reach a consensus with regard to their utilization.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Measuring bias in self-reported data
Authors:
Rosenman, Robert; Tennekoon, Vidhura; Hill, Laura G.
Abstract:
Response bias shows up in many fields of behavioural and healthcare research where self-reported data are used. We demonstrate how to use stochastic frontier estimation (SFE) to identify response bias and its covariates. In our application to a family intervention, we examine the effects of participant demographics on response bias before and after participation; gender and race/ethnicity are related to magnitude of bias and to changes in bias across time, and bias is lower at post-test than at pre-test. We discuss how SFE may be used to address the problem of ‘response shift bias’ – that is, a shift in metric from before to after an intervention which is caused by the intervention itself and may lead to underestimates of programme effects.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Phylogenetic constraints on digesta separation: Variation in fluid throughput in the digestive tract in mammalian herbivores
Authors:
Müller, Dennis W. H.; Caton, Judith; Codron, Daryl; Schwarm, Angela; Lentle, Roger; Streich, W. Jürgen; Hummel, Jürgen; Clauss, Marcus
Abstract:
The relevance of the mean retention time (MRT) of particles through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is well understood and MRT(particle)GIT is an important parameter in digestion models. Solute markers have been used to estimate MRT(solute)GIT (or 'fluid passage') in animals, but the relevance of this measure is less evident and is usually sought in its relation to MRT(particle)GIT. The ratio between the two measures indicates the degree of 'digesta washing', with little washing occurring at ratios of 1, aborad washing at ratios >1 (where the solute marker travels faster than the particle marker), and orad (retrograde) washing at ratios
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Prevention of type 1 diabetes
Authors:
Wherrett, Diane K; Daneman, Denis
Abstract:
Prevention of loss of b cells in type 1 diabetes is a major goal of current research. Knowledge of the genetic susceptibility, increasing ability to predict who may be at risk, recognition of the potential clinical impact of residual insulin secretion after diagnosis, and development of new immunomodulatory agents have supported an increasing number of clinical trials to prevent b-cell loss. Interventions can be targeted at 3 stages: before the development of autoimmunity (primary prevention), after autoimmunity is recognized (secondary prevention), or after diagnosis when significant numbers of b cells remain (tertiary prevention). Thus far, several agents show promise when given shortly after diagnosis, but no interventions before diagnosis have shown benefit. Knowledge in this area has grown quickly in recent years and will continue to grow rapidly with several international collaborative efforts underway.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Shell midden sclerochronology
Authors:
Andrus, C. Fred T.
Abstract:
Sclerochronological analysis of shell midden faunal remains offers a unique opportunity to study climate and environmental change in relation to human activity. Middens exist near most aquatic habitats almost worldwide for much of the late Pleistocene and Holocene. They afford good preservation of accretionary calcium carbonate remains, such as mollusk shells and fish otoliths, in comparatively well-dated contexts. As such, midden samples are a source of sequential proxy records of past climate and environmental conditions and may provide detailed pictures of human–environment interaction. However midden samples present several challenges to the development and application of sclerochronological proxies, including unique taphonomic concerns. Here these challenges are outlined within descriptions of the major applications of midden sclerochronology; archeological concerns including season of capture, reconstructing the history of anthropogenic environmental impacts, and paleoclimate/environment proxy reconstructions.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Use of mass spectrometry fingerprinting to identify urinary metabolites after consumption of specific foods
Authors:
Lloyd, Amanda J.; Favé, Gaëlle; Beckmann, Manfred; Lin, Wanchang; Tailliart, Kathleen; Xie, Long; Mathers, John C.; Draper, John
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: The lack of robust biological markers of dietary exposure hinders the quantitative understanding of causal relations between diet and health. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop an efficient procedure to discover metabolites in urine that may have future potential as biomarkers of acute exposure to foods of high public health importance. DESIGN: Twenty-four participants were provided with a test breakfast in which the cereal component of a standardized breakfast was replaced by 1 of 4 foods of high public health importance; 1.5-, 3-, and 4.5-h postprandial urine samples were collected. Flow infusion electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry followed by supervised multivariate data analysis was used to discover signals resulting from consumption of each test food. RESULTS: Fasted-state urine samples provided a universal comparator for food biomarker lead discovery in postprandial urine. The filtering of data features associated with consumption of the common components of the standardized breakfast improved discrimination models and readily identified metabolites that showed consumption of specific test foods. A combination of trimethylamine-N-oxide and 1-methylhistidine was associated with salmon consumption. Novel ascorbate derivatives were discovered in urine after consumption of either broccoli or raspberries. Sulphonated caffeic acid and sulphonated methyl-epicatechin concentrations increased dramatically after consumption of raspberries. CONCLUSIONS: This biomarker lead discovery strategy can identify urinary metabolites associated with acute exposure to individual foods. Future studies are required to validate the specificity and utility of potential biomarkers in an epidemiologic context.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
mTORC1 activity as a determinant of cancer risk--rationalizing the cancer-preventive effects of adiponectin, metformin, rapamycin, and low-protein vegan diets
Authors:
McCarty, Mark F.
Abstract:
Increased plasma levels of adiponectin, metformin therapy of diabetes, rapamycin administration in transplant patients, and lifelong consumption of low-protein plant-based diets have all been linked to decreased risk for various cancers. These benefits may be mediated, at least in part, by down-regulated activity of the mTORC1 complex, a key regulator of protein translation. By boosting the effective availability of the translation initiator eIF4E, mTORC1 activity promotes the translation of a number of "weak" mRNAs that code for proteins, often up-regulated in cancer, that promote cellular proliferation, invasiveness, and angiogenesis, and that abet cancer promotion and chemoresistance by opposing apoptosis. Measures which inhibit eIF4E activity, either directly or indirectly, may have utility not only for cancer prevention, but also for the treatment of many cancers in which eIF4E drives malignancy. Since eIF4E is overexpressed in many cancers, strategies which target eIF4E directly--some of which are now being assessed clinically--may have the broadest efficacy in this regard. Many of the "weak" mRNAs coding for proteins that promote malignant behavior or chemoresistance are regulated transcriptionally by NF-kappaB and/or Stat3, which are active in a high proportion of cancers; thus, regimens concurrently targeting eIF4E, NF-kappaB, and Stat3 may suppress these proteins at both the transcriptional and translational levels, potentially achieving a very marked reduction in their expression.
Published:
2011-10
Title:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: is it time to reappraise the role of sugar consumption?
Authors:
Johnson, Richard J.; Gold, Mark S.; Johnson, David R.; Ishimoto, Takuji; Lanaspa, Miguel A.; Zahniser, Nancy R.; Avena, Nicole M.
Abstract:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects nearly 10% of children in the United States, and the prevalence of this disorder has increased steadily over the past decades. The cause of ADHD is unknown, although recent studies suggest that it may be associated with a disruption in dopamine signaling whereby dopamine D2 receptors are reduced in reward-related brain regions. This same pattern of reduced dopamine-mediated signaling is observed in various reward-deficiency syndromes associated with food or drug addiction, as well as in obesity. While genetic mechanisms are likely contributory to cases of ADHD, the marked frequency of the disorder suggests that other factors are involved in the etiology. In this article, we revisit the hypothesis that excessive sugar intake may have an underlying role in ADHD. We review preclinical and clinical data suggesting overlaps among ADHD, sugar and drug addiction, and obesity. Further, we present the hypothesis that the chronic effects of excessive sugar intake may lead to alterations in mesolimbic dopamine signaling, which could contribute to the symptoms associated with ADHD. We recommend further studies to investigate the possible relationship between chronic sugar intake and ADHD.
Published:
2011-09
Title:
Differential effect of cheese fatty acid composition on blood lipid profile and redox status in normolipidemic volunteers: a pilot study
Authors:
Intorre, Federica; Foddai, Maria Stella; Azzini, Elena; Martin, Bruno; Montel, Marie-Christine; Catasta, Giovina; Toti, Elisabetta; Finotti, Enrico; Palomba, Lara; Venneria, Eugenia; Raguzzini, Anna; Fumagalli, Alessandro; Testa, Maria Francesca; Rossi, Laura; Maiani, Giuseppe
Abstract:
The present study investigated the effect of the consumption of two cheese varieties differing for fat quality on blood lipid profile and redox status biomarkers in 30 selected healthy volunteers, consuming either the experimental cheese (from milk produced by cows fed a grass and maize silage based diet with 5% of linseed oil added) or the control cheese (from normal cows' milk) for 4 weeks according to a crossover design. The experimental cheese had a lower content of medium-chain saturated fatty acids and a higher content of stearic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids; its consumption led to higher levels of vitamins C and E and stearic acid in blood, while myristic acid and oxidized low-density lipoprotein concentrations were significantly lower. As myristic acid and oxidized low-density lipoprotein are highly correlated with increased atherogenic risk and vitamins C and E with antioxidant activity, the enrichment of cows' diet with linseed oil could provide a dietary option to prevent cardiovascular diseases risk.
Published:
2011-09
Title:
Identification of novel innate immune genes by transcriptional profiling of macrophages stimulated with TLR ligands
Authors:
Yang, Ivana V.; Jiang, Weiwen; Rutledge, Holly R.; Lackford, Brad; Warg, Laura A.; De Arras, Lesly; Alper, Scott; Schwartz, David A.; Pisetsky, David S.
Abstract:
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key receptors in innate immunity and trigger responses following interaction with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 recognize double stranded RNA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG DNA, respectively. These receptors differ importantly in downstream adaptor molecules. TLR4 signals through MyD88 and TRIF; in contrast, the TLR3 pathway involves only TRIF while TLR9 signals solely through MyD88. To determine how differences in downstream signaling could influence gene expression in innate immunity, gene expression patterns were determined for the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line stimulated with LPS, poly (I:C), or CpG DNA. Gene expression profiles 6 and 24h post-stimulation were analyzed to determine genes, pathways and transcriptional networks induced. As these experiments showed, the number and extent of genes expressed varied with stimulus. LPS and poly (I:C) induced an abundant array of genes in RAW264.7 cells at 6h and 24h following treatment while CpG DNA induced many fewer. By analyzing data for networks and pathways, we prioritized differentially expressed genes with respect to those common to the three TLR ligands as well as those shared by LPS and poly (I:C) but not CpG DNA. The importance of changes in gene expression was demonstrated by experiments indicating that RNA interference-mediated inhibition of two genes identified in this analysis, PLEC1 and TPST1, reduced IL-6 production by J774A.1 and RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS. Together, these findings delineate macrophage gene response patterns induced by different PAMPs and identify new genes that have not previously been implicated in innate immunity.
Published:
2011-09
Title:
Problematic video game play in a college sample and its relationship to time management skills and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomology
Authors:
Tolchinsky, Anatol; Jefferson, Stephen D.
Abstract:
Although numerous benefits have been uncovered related to moderate video game play, research suggests that problematic video game playing behaviors can cause problems in the lives of some video game players. To further our understanding of this phenomenon, we investigated how problematic video game playing symptoms are related to an assortment of variables, including time management skills and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Additionally, we tested several simple mediation/moderation models to better explain previous theories that posit simple correlations between these variables. As expected, the results from the present study indicated that time management skills appeared to mediate the relationship between ADHD symptoms and problematic play endorsement (though only for men). Unexpectedly, we found that ADHD symptoms appeared to mediate the relation between time management skills and problematic play behaviors; however, this was only found for women in our sample. Finally, future implications are discussed.
Published:
2011-09
Title:
Proline betaine and its biotransformation products in fasting urine samples are potential biomarkers of habitual citrus fruit consumption
Authors:
Lloyd, Amanda J.; Beckmann, Manfred; Favé, Gaëlle; Mathers, John C.; Draper, John
Abstract:
The lack of robust measures of dietary exposure hinders a quantitative understanding of causal relationships between diet and health. Non-targeted metabolite fingerprinting was used to explore the relationships between citrus exposure in free-living human subjects, estimated by a FFQ, and the chemical content of urine. Volunteers (study 1, n 12; study 2, n 11) were classified into high-, medium- and low-frequency citrus consumption groups. Overnight and spot fasting urine samples were obtained after exposure to a standardised citrus-free evening meal. The urine samples were analysed by flow injection electrospray-ionisation MS followed by supervised multivariate data classification analysis to discover discriminatory features associated with the level of citrus exposure. Good separation of high and low citrus consumption classes was achieved. Deeper exploration of high-ranked explanatory mass signals revealed several correlated signals derived from proline betaine. Targeted analysis of the relative levels of proline betaine in both fasting and overnight urine samples demonstrated good correlation with FFQ exposure data. Acute exposure of volunteers to orange juice resulted in the appearance of proline betaine and several biotransformed products in postprandial urine samples. Biomarker validation showed sensitivities of 80·8-92·2 % and specificities of 74·2-94·1 % (false discovery rate-adjusted P values
Published:
2011-09
Title:
Protective effects of leptin during the suckling period against later obesity may be associated with changes in promoter methylation of the hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin gene
Authors:
Palou, M.; Picó, Catalina; McKay, J. A.; Sánchez, J.; Priego, T.; Mathers, J. C.; Palou, A.
Abstract:
Leptin supplementation of neonatal rats during the suckling period protects against being overweight in adulthood and ameliorates the control of food intake. This was associated with changes in the expression of hypothalamic genes involved in the central action of leptin: pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc), leptin receptor (Lepr) and suppressor of cytokine signalling (Socs3). The purpose of the present study was to determine the methylation status within the promoter regions of these genes and to assess whether the observed changes in the expression levels of these genes could be explained by changes in their methylation status. Male rats were treated daily with an oral physiological dose of leptin or vehicle during the suckling period. After weaning, animals were fed with a normal-fat or a high-fat (HF) diet until aged 6 months. DNA was extracted from the hypothalamus and methylation within the promoter regions of the gene panel was measured by pyrosequencing. Pomc promoter methylation increased in control animals fed the HF diet but decreased in leptin-treated animals. In addition, there was a weak negative correlation between DNA methylation and POMC mRNA levels (P = 0·075). There were no changes in the methylation status of the CpG sites studied within the promoter regions of Lepr and Socs3 in response to leptin or HF treatments. This is the first demonstration that leptin treatment during lactation may programme methylation of an appetite-related gene in the hypothalamus of animals fed HF diets, with possible implications for gene expression and protection against the development of obesity.
Published:
2011-09
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