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Title:
Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids are protective against metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors. [Review]
Authors:
Gillingham, Leah G.; Harris-Janz, Sydney; Jones, Peter J. H.
Abstract:
Over 50 years of research has sought to define the role dietary fat plays in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although optimal dietary fat quantity has been keenly pursued over past decades, attention has recently centered on the value of dietary fat quality. The purpose of the present review is to provide a critical assessment of the current body of evidence surrounding efficacy of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) for reduction of traditional risk factors defining metabolic syndrome (MetS) and CVD. Due to existing and emerging research on health attributes of MUFA rich diets, and to the low prevalence of chronic disease in populations consuming MUFA rich Mediterranean diets, national dietary guidelines are increasingly recommending dietary MUFA, primarily at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Consumption of dietary MUFA promotes healthy blood lipid profiles, mediates blood pressure, improves insulin sensitivity and regulates glucose levels. Moreover, provocative newer data suggest a role for preferential oxidation and metabolism of dietary MUFA, influencing body composition and ameliorating the risk of obesity. Mounting epidemiological and human clinical trial data continue to demonstrate the cardioprotective activity of the MUFA content of dietary fat. As the debate on the optimal fatty acid composition of the diet continues, the benefit of increasing MUFA intakes, particularly as a substitute for dietary SFA, deserves considerable attention.
Published:
2011-03
Title:
Different kinds of vegetable oils in relation to individual cardiovascular risk factors among Iranian women
Authors:
Esmaillzadeh, Ahmad; Azadbakht, Leila
Abstract:
Detrimental effects of trans-fats on lipid profiles, blood pressure and plasma glucose levels have been documented by short-term clinical trials with high doses of trans-fats, but limited observational studies have considered habitual consumption of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO) and these outcome variables, particularly hypertension. We aimed to evaluate the association of PHVO and non-hydrogenated vegetable oils (non-HVO) intake with individual cardiovascular risk factors. In a cross-sectional study of 486 Iranian adult women, usual dietary intakes were assessed, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipid profiles and blood pressure were measured. PHVO (commonly used for cooking in Iran) were considered as the PHVO category. Sunflower oil, maize oil, rapeseed oil, soyabean oil and olive oil were defined as the non-HVO category. Diabetes (FPG ≥ 1260 mg/l), dyslipidaemia (based on Adult Treatment Panel III) and hypertension (based on Joint National Committee VI) were defined. The presence of 'at least one risk factor' and 'at least two risk factors' of the three major risk factors for CVD (hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes) was also evaluated. After controlling for age and other potential confounders, a high consumption of HVO was associated with a greater risk of having dyslipidaemia (OR for top v. bottom quintile 5·04; 95 % CI 2·70, 9·36), hypertension (OR for top v. bottom quintile 3·03; 95 % CI 1·55, 6·10), at least one (OR for top v. bottom quintile 8·52; 95 % CI 4·41, 16·41) and at least two risk factors (OR for top v. bottom quintile 3·60; 95 % CI 1·64, 7·74), while those in the top quintile of non-HVO consumption had lower odds for all these conditions. Further adjustment for dietary intakes had little impact on these associations. Even after additional adjustment for BMI, the positive association of HVO and the inverse association of non-HVO with the above-mentioned cardiovascular risk factors remained significant, except for the association between non-HVO and hypertension that became marginally significant. No overall significant associations were found between the consumption of HVO and non-HVO and diabetes. Higher intakes of PHVO were associated with a greater risk of individual cardiovascular risk factors, while those of non-HVO were associated with a reduced risk.
Published:
2011-03
Title:
Effects of meals rich in either monounsaturated or saturated fat on lipid concentrations and on insulin secretion and action in subjects with high fasting triglyceride concentrations
Authors:
Lopez, Sergio; Bermudez, Beatriz; Ortega, Almudena; Varela, Lourdes M.; Pacheco, Yolanda M.; Villar, Jose; Abia, Rocio; Muriana, Francisco J. G.
Abstract:
CONCLUSIONS: MUFAs postprandially buffered beta cell hyperactivity and insulin intolerance relative to SFAs in subjects with high fasting triglyceride concentrations. These data suggest that, in contrast with SFAs, MUFA-based strategies may provide cardiovascular benefits to persons at risk by limiting lipid and insulin excursions and may contribute to optimal glycemic control after meal challenges.
Published:
2011-03
Title:
Mild experimental ketosis increases brain uptake of 11C-acetoacetate and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose: a dual-tracer PET imaging study in rats
Authors:
Pifferi, Fabien; Tremblay, Sébastien; Croteau, Etienne; Fortier, Mélanie; Tremblay-Mercier, Jennifer; Lecomte, Roger; Cunnane, Stephen C.
Abstract:
Brain glucose and ketone uptake was investigated in Fisher rats subjected to mild experimental ketonemia induced by a ketogenic diet (KD) or by 48 hours fasting (F). Two tracers were used, (11)C-acetoacetate ((11)C-AcAc) for ketones and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose for glucose, in a dual-tracer format for each animal. Thus, each animal was its own control, starting first on the normal diet, then undergoing 48 hours F, followed by 2 weeks on the KD. In separate rats on the same diet conditions, expression of the transporters of glucose and ketones (glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT1)) was measured in brain microvessel preparations. Compared to controls, uptake of (11)C-AcAc increased more than 2-fold while on the KD or after 48 hours F (P < 0.05). Similar trends were observed for (18)FDG uptake with a 1.9-2.6 times increase on the KD and F, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared to controls, MCT1 expression increased 2-fold on the KD (P < 0.05) but did not change during F. No significant difference was observed across groups for GLUT1 expression. Significant differences across the three groups were observed for plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB), AcAc, glucose, triglycerides, glycerol, and cholesterol (P
Published:
2011-03
Title:
Neurocognitive correlates of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a Turkish sample
Authors:
Aycicegi-Dinn, Ayse; Dervent-Ozbek, Sevinc; Yazgan, Yanki; Bicer, Duygu; Dinn, Wayne M.
Abstract:
We established a neuropsychological testing profile among Turkish adults presenting with ADHD controlling for general intelligence and comorbid psychiatric conditions. Adults with ADHD frequently present with comorbid conditions (e.g., mood and substance use/abuse disorders) that may have a detrimental impact on neurocognitive function. Hence, we excluded patients with ADHD meeting criteria for comorbid psychiatric syndromes. A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was administered to adults with ADHD attending a general psychiatry clinic in Istanbul, Turkey, and healthy control participants. Adults with ADHD demonstrated performance deficits on tests of attention, information processing speed, and general and working memory. Patients with ADHD also reported a significantly greater number of symptoms associated with frontal lobe syndromes (i.e., dysexecutive symptoms and disinhibition). Patients with ADHD demonstrated rather striking deficits on tests of verbal and nonverbal memory. Once information was encoded, however, patients with ADHD do not demonstrate significant information loss. Patients with ADHD and healthy controls did not differ on tests of alternation learning, inhibitory control (error rates), and ToM skills. Findings support the contention that dorsal-prefrontal (rather than ventral-prefrontal) dysfunction is associated with adult ADHD. Unexpectedly, groups did not differ on executive control and fluency tasks. Yet patients with ADHD obtained substantially higher scores on a self-report measure of executive dysfunction. This suggests that dysexecutive symptoms among patients with ADHD in the current study do not reflect set-shifting or organizational deficits. Rather, symptoms may reflect attentional and working memory deficits as well as diminished information processing speed.
Published:
2011-03
Title:
The n-of-1 clinical trial: the ultimate strategy for individualizing medicine?
Authors:
Lillie, Elizabeth O; Patay, Bradley; Diamant, Joel; Issell, Brian; Topol, Eric J; Schork, Nicholas J
Abstract:
N-of-1 or single subject clinical trials consider an individual patient as the sole unit of observation in a study investigating the efficacy or side-effect profiles of different interventions. The ultimate goal of an n-of-1 trial is to determine the optimal or best intervention for an individual patient using objective data-driven criteria. Such trials can leverage study design and statistical techniques associated with standard population-based clinical trials, including randomization, washout and crossover periods, as well as placebo controls. Despite their obvious appeal and wide use in educational settings, n-of-1 trials have been used sparingly in medical and general clinical settings. We briefly review the history, motivation and design of n-of-1 trials and emphasize the great utility of modern wireless medical monitoring devices in their execution. We ultimately argue that n-of-1 trials demand serious attention among the health research and clinical care communities given the contemporary focus on individualized medicine.
Published:
2011-03
Title:
The volatile profile of longissimus dorsi muscle of heifers fed pasture, pasture silage or cereal concentrate: implication for dietary discrimination
Authors:
Vasta, Valentina; Luciano, Giuseppe; Dimauro, Corrado; Rohrle, Florian; Priolo, Alessandro; Monahan, Frank J.; Moloney, Aidan P.
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different diets on beef meat volatile organic compounds (VOC). Seven heifers grazed pasture for twelve months (group P); 8 heifers received grass silage ad libitum indoors for six months and then were switched to pasture for six months (group SiP); 8 heifers received grass silage ad libitum indoors for six months and then switched to pasture and also offered 0.5 of the diet dry matter of concentrate for six months (group SiPC); 8 heifers received concentrate for twelve months (group C). The muscle longissimus dorsi was sampled at slaughter and subjected to VOC analysis by SPME-GC-MS. Some aldeyhdes, ketones and furans deriving from lipid oxidation were affected by the treatments. Skatole, 3-undecanone, cuminic alcohol and 1-butanol, 2-methyl allowed the discrimination between animals fed concentrate from animals fed non-concentrate diets. Germacrene D, a terpenoid, was a marker of grass feeding. Copyright © 2010 The American Meat Science Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published:
2011-03
Title:
An impact of the diet on serum fatty acid and lipid profiles in Polish vegetarian children and children with allergy
Authors:
Gorczyca, D.; Paściak, M.; Szponar, B.; Gamian, A.; Jankowski, A.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vegetarian diet has become an increasing trend in western world and in Poland. The frequency of allergies is growing, and the effectiveness of vegetarian diet in allergic diseases is a concern for research. We aimed to study an effect of vegetarian diet on lipid profile in serum in a group of Polish children in Poland and to investigate lipid parameters in healthy vegetarian children and in omnivorous children with diagnosed atopic disease. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Serum lipid profiles (triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fatty acids) were assessed in groups of children: healthy vegetarians (n=24) and children with diagnosed atopic diseases (n=16), with control group of healthy omnivores (n=18). Diet classification was assessed by a questionnaire. RESULTS: No differences were observed in serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids level in all groups. In the group of Polish vegetarian children, we recorded high consumption of vegetable oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acid, and sunflower oil containing linoleic acid. This observation was associated with higher content of linoleic acid in serum in this group. Among polyunsaturated n-6 fatty acids, linoleic acid revealed significantly (P
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Assessment of nurses' nutritional knowledge regarding therapeutic diet regimens
Authors:
Park, K. A.; Cho, W. I.; Song, K. J.; Lee, Y. S.; Sung, I. S.; Choi-Kwon, S. M.
Abstract:
Metabolic diseases and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the incidence of which is currently increasing in Korea, can be managed well with dietary education and modification. However, it has yet to be established whether nurses have sufficient knowledge to impart appropriate nutritional counseling to patients with these diseases. Our study involved 506 nurses working at Asan Medical Center, Samsung Medical Center, and Seoul National University Hospital between March and May, 2006. The questionnaire was comprised of 42 diet-related questions pertaining to diabetes, obesity, and CVD. Nurses' correct-response rate for overall nutritional knowledge was worse than reported in Western countries (58.4%), and particularly so with regard to obesity and CVD. Although many nurses were aware of the therapeutic aspects of nutrients in relation to CVD, most of them had limited knowledge about low-cholesterol diets and sources of water-soluble fiber, fatty acids and the specific food items that prevent CVD. Our results suggest that there is an urgent need to update the contents of nutrition education for nurses to reflect the current changes in the Korean diet and the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases and CVD. © 2010.
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Chaperone-mediated autophagy at a glance
Authors:
Kaushik, Susmita; Bandyopadhyay, Urmi; Sridhar, Sunandini; Kiffin, Roberta; Martinez-Vicente, Marta; Kon, Maria; Orenstein, Samantha J.; Wong, Esther; Cuervo, Ana Maria
Abstract:
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is an intracellular catabolic pathway that mediates the degradation of a selective subset of cytosolic proteins in lysosomes (Dice, 2007; Cuervo, 2010; Kon and Cuervo, 2010; Orenstein and Cuervo, 2010). The term autophagy (or self-eating) is broadly used to designate the lysosomal delivery and degradation of intracellular components (Mizushima et al., 2008; Mizushima and Levine, 2010; Yang and Klionsky, 2010). Various types of autophagy co-exist in almost all cells, and they can be differentiated by the mechanisms that mediate the delivery of cargo (the substrates to be degraded) to lysosomes. Macroautophagy and microautophagy are variants of the autophagic process, in which entire regions of cytosol (in 'bulk' autophagy) or selective cytosolic components (organelles, protein complexes, protein aggregates, pathogens, etc.) are sequestered in vesicular compartments. Lysosomal enzymes can gain access to the enclosed cargo through direct fusion of the vesicles with lysosomes (in macroautophagy), or by internalization of cargo-containing vesicles that form at the lysosomal membrane (in microautophagy). A third form of autophagy, solely dedicated to degradation of soluble proteins can also be detected in most cell types in mammals. This autophagic process, known as chaperone-mediated autophagy, differs from the other forms of autophagy in both the way in which cargo proteins are recognized for lysosomal delivery and the way in which these proteins reach the lysosomal lumen (Dice, 2007; Cuervo, 2010). In this article and the accompanying poster, we summarize the main steps involved in degradation of cytosolic proteins by CMA, the essential components of this pathway both in the cytosol and at the lysosomal membrane and the basis for the regulation of this autophagic process. We also include a synopsis of the described physiological functions of CMA and some (See poster insert)
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Comparative expression analysis of the phosphocreatine circuit in extant primates: Implications for human brain evolution
Authors:
Pfefferle, Adam D.; Warner, Lisa R.; Wang, Catrina W.; Nielsen, William J.; Babbitt, Courtney C.; Fedrigo, Olivier; Wray, Gregory A.
Abstract:
While the hominid fossil record clearly shows that brain size has rapidly expanded over the last ~2.5 M.yr. the forces driving this change remain unclear. One popular hypothesis proposes that metabolic adaptations in response to dietary shifts supported greater encephalization in humans. An increase in meat consumption distinguishes the human diet from that of other great apes. Creatine, an essential metabolite for energy homeostasis in muscle and brain tissue, is abundant in meat and was likely ingested in higher quantities during human origins. Five phosphocreatine circuit proteins help regulate creatine utilization within energy demanding cells. We compared the expression of all five phosphocreatine circuit genes in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and skeletal muscle tissue for humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. Strikingly, SLC6A8 and CKB transcript levels are higher in the human brain, which should increase energy availability and turnover compared to non-human primates. Combined with other well-documented differences between humans and non-human primates, this allocation of energy to the cerebral cortex and cerebellum may be important in supporting the increased metabolic demands of the human brain.
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Comparative expression analysis of the phosphocreatine circuit in extant primates: Implications for human brain evolution
Authors:
Pfefferle, Adam D.; Warner, Lisa R.; Wang, Catrina W.; Nielsen, William J.; Babbitt, Courtney C.; Fedrigo, Olivier; Wray, Gregory A.
Abstract:
While the hominid fossil record clearly shows that brain size has rapidly expanded over the last ~2.5 M.yr. the forces driving this change remain unclear. One popular hypothesis proposes that metabolic adaptations in response to dietary shifts supported greater encephalization in humans. An increase in meat consumption distinguishes the human diet from that of other great apes. Creatine, an essential metabolite for energy homeostasis in muscle and brain tissue, is abundant in meat and was likely ingested in higher quantities during human origins. Five phosphocreatine circuit proteins help regulate creatine utilization within energy demanding cells. We compared the expression of all five phosphocreatine circuit genes in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and skeletal muscle tissue for humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. Strikingly, SLC6A8 and CKB transcript levels are higher in the human brain, which should increase energy availability and turnover compared to non-human primates. Combined with other well-documented differences between humans and non-human primates, this allocation of energy to the cerebral cortex and cerebellum may be important in supporting the increased metabolic demands of the human brain. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Egg consumption as part of an energy-restricted high-protein diet improves blood lipid and blood glucose profiles in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors:
Pearce, Karma L.; Clifton, Peter M.; Noakes, Manny
Abstract:
The role of dietary cholesterol in people with diabetes has been little studied. We investigated the effect of a hypoenergetic high-protein high-cholesterol (HPHchol) diet compared to a similar amount of animal protein (high-protein low-cholesterol, HPLchol) on plasma lipids, glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes. A total of sixty-five participants with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (age 54·4 (sd 8·2) years; BMI 34·1 (sd 4·8) kg/m2; LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) 2·67 (sd 0·10) mmol/l) were randomised to either HPHchol or HPLchol. Both hypoenergetic dietary interventions (6-7 MJ; 1·4-1·7 Mcal) and total carbohydrate:protein:fat ratio of 40:30:30 % were similar but differed in cholesterol content (HPHchol, 590 mg cholesterol; HPLchol, 213 mg cholesterol). HPHchol participants consumed two eggs per d, whereas HPHchol participants replaced the eggs with 100 g of lean animal protein. After 12 weeks, weight loss was 6·0 (sd 0·4) kg (P < 0·001). LDL-C and homocysteine remained unchanged. All the subjects reduced total cholesterol ( - 0·3 (sd 0·1) mmol/l, P < 0·001), TAG ( - 0·4 (sd 0·1) mmol/l, P < 0·001), non-HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C, - 0·4 (sd 0·1) mmol/l, P < 0·001), apo-B ( - 0·04 (sd 0·02) mmol/l, P < 0·01), HbA1c ( - 0·6 (sd 0·1) %, P < 0·001), fasting blood glucose ( - 0·5 (sd 0·2) mmol/l, P < 0·01), fasting insulin ( - 1·7 (sd 0·7) mIU/l, P < 0·01), systolic blood pressure ( - 7·6 (sd 1·7) mmHg, P < 0·001) and diastolic blood pressure ( - 4·6 (sd 1·0) mmHg; P < 0·001). Significance was not altered by diet, sex, medication or amount of weight loss. HDL-C increased on HPHchol (+0·02 (sd 0·02) mmol/l) and decreased on HPLchol ( - 0·07 (sd 0·03) mmol/l, P < 0·05). Plasma folate and lutein increased more on HPHchol (P
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Egg consumption as part of an energy-restricted high-protein diet improves blood lipid and blood glucose profiles in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors:
Pearce, Karma L.; Clifton, Peter M.; Noakes, Manny
Abstract:
The role of dietary cholesterol in people with diabetes has been little studied. We investigated the effect of a hypoenergetic high-protein high-cholesterol (HPHchol) diet compared to a similar amount of animal protein (high-protein low-cholesterol, HPLchol) on plasma lipids, glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes. A total of sixty-five participants with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (age 54·4 (sd 8·2) years; BMI 34·1 (sd 4·8) kg/m2; LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) 2·67 (sd 0·10) mmol/l) were randomised to either HPHchol or HPLchol. Both hypoenergetic dietary interventions (6-7 MJ; 1·4-1·7 Mcal) and total carbohydrate:protein:fat ratio of 40:30:30 % were similar but differed in cholesterol content (HPHchol, 590 mg cholesterol; HPLchol, 213 mg cholesterol). HPHchol participants consumed two eggs per d, whereas HPHchol participants replaced the eggs with 100 g of lean animal protein. After 12 weeks, weight loss was 6·0 (sd 0·4) kg (P < 0·001). LDL-C and homocysteine remained unchanged. All the subjects reduced total cholesterol ( - 0·3 (sd 0·1) mmol/l, P < 0·001), TAG ( - 0·4 (sd 0·1) mmol/l, P < 0·001), non-HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C, - 0·4 (sd 0·1) mmol/l, P < 0·001), apo-B ( - 0·04 (sd 0·02) mmol/l, P < 0·01), HbA1c ( - 0·6 (sd 0·1) %, P < 0·001), fasting blood glucose ( - 0·5 (sd 0·2) mmol/l, P < 0·01), fasting insulin ( - 1·7 (sd 0·7) mIU/l, P < 0·01), systolic blood pressure ( - 7·6 (sd 1·7) mmHg, P < 0·001) and diastolic blood pressure ( - 4·6 (sd 1·0) mmHg; P < 0·001). Significance was not altered by diet, sex, medication or amount of weight loss. HDL-C increased on HPHchol (+0·02 (sd 0·02) mmol/l) and decreased on HPLchol ( - 0·07 (sd 0·03) mmol/l, P < 0·05). Plasma folate and lutein increased more on HPHchol (P
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Family-based analysis of genetic variation underlying psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis: sibling analysis and proband follow-up
Authors:
van Winkel, Ruud; Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
Abstract:
CONTEXT: Individual differences exist in sensitivity to the psychotomimetic effect of cannabis; the molecular genetic basis underlying differential sensitivity remains elusive. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether selected schizophrenia candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) moderate effects of cannabis use. DESIGN: Interactions between recent cannabis use, determined by urinalysis results, and 152 SNPs in 42 candidate genes were examined in 740 unaffected siblings of 801 patients with psychosis to examine genetic moderation of the association between Structured Interview for Schizotypy-Revised positive schizotypy and recent cannabis use (at-risk paradigm). The SNPs showing Bonferroni-adjusted association in the at-risk paradigm were used in a case-only analysis in the 801 patients, as well as in a case-sibling and case-control analysis (using 419 controls) focusing on genetic moderation of developmental effects of cannabis on later psychotic disorder. SETTING: The Netherlands and Flanders, Belgium. PARTICIPANTS: Eight hundred one patients with psychosis and their 740 unaffected siblings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Significant interaction between any of the selected SNPs and cannabis in the at-risk paradigm, followed by selective case-only, case-sibling, and case-control analyses. RESULTS: In the unaffected siblings, 16 SNPs in 12 genes showed significant interaction at P < .05, 3 of which survived correction for multiple testing (P
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Fat adaptation in well-trained athletes: effects on cell metabolism
Authors:
Yeo, Wee Kian; Carey, Andrew L.; Burke, Louise; Spriet, Lawrence L.; Hawley, John A.
Abstract:
The performance of prolonged (>90 min), continuous, endurance exercise is limited by endogenous carbohydrate (CHO) stores. Accordingly, for many decades, sports nutritionists and exercise physiologists have proposed a number of diet-training strategies that have the potential to increase fatty acid availability and rates of lipid oxidation and thereby attenuate the rate of glycogen utilization during exercise. Because the acute ingestion of exogenous substrates (primarily CHO) during exercise has little effect on the rates of muscle glycogenolysis, recent studies have focused on short-term (
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Pork, beef and chicken have similar effects on acute satiety and hormonal markers of appetite
Authors:
Charlton, Karen E.; Tapsell, Linda C.; Batterham, Marijka J.; Thorne, Rebecca; O'Shea, Jane; Zhang, Qingsheng; Beck, Eleanor J.
Abstract:
The effects of three different meat-containing breakfast meals (pork, beef or chicken) on acute satiety and appetite regulatory hormones were compared using a within-subjects study design. Thirty fasting non-smoking pre-menopausal women attended a research centre on three test days to consume, a meat-containing meal matched in energy (kJ) and protein content, palatability, and appearance. No difference was found between meat groups for either energy intake or macronutrient profile of food consumed at a subsequent ad libitum buffet lunch, or over the rest of the day. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ratings for hunger and satiety over an 180 min period did not differ between test meals. After consumption of the test meals, a significant difference was found in PYY response between pork and chicken meals (P=0.027) but not for levels of CCK, ghrelin, insulin or glucose. This study positions pork, beef, and chicken as equal in their effect on satiety and release of appetite-related intestinal hormones and of insulin.
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Questionnaire-based self-reported nutrition habits associate with serum metabolism as revealed by quantitative targeted metabolomics
Authors:
Altmaier, Elisabeth; Kastenmüller, Gabi; Römisch-Margl, Werner; Thorand, Barbara; Weinberger, Klaus M.; Illig, Thomas; Adamski, Jerzy; Döring, Angela; Suhre, Karsten
Abstract:
Nutrition plays an important role in human metabolism and health. However, it is unclear in how far self-reported nutrition intake reflects de facto differences in body metabolite composition. To investigate this question on an epidemiological scale we conducted a metabolomics study analyzing the association of self-reported nutrition habits with 363 metabolites quantified in blood serum of 284 male participants of the KORA population study, aged between 55 and 79 years. Using data from an 18-item food frequency questionnaire, the consumption of 18 different food groups as well as four derived nutrition indices summarizing these food groups by their nutrient content were analyzed for association with the measured metabolites. The self-reported nutrition intake index "polyunsaturated fatty acids" associates with a decrease in saturation of the fatty acid chains of glycero-phosphatidylcholines analyzed in serum samples. Using a principal component analysis dietary patterns highly associating with serum metabolite concentrations could be identified. The first principal component, which was interpreted as a healthy nutrition lifestyle, associates with a decrease in the degree of saturation of the fatty acid moieties of different glycero-phosphatidylcholines. In summary, this analysis shows that on a population level metabolomics provides the possibility to link self-reported nutrition habits to changes in human metabolic profiles and that the associating metabolites reflect the self-reported nutritional intake. Moreover, we could show that the strength of association increases when composed nutrition indices are used. Metabolomics may, thus, facilitate evaluating questionnaires and improving future questionnaire-based epidemiological studies on human health.
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Vegetarian compared with meat dietary protein source and phosphorus homeostasis in chronic kidney disease
Authors:
Moe, Sharon M.; Zidehsarai, Miriam P.; Chambers, Mary A.; Jackman, Lisa A.; Radcliffe, J. Scott; Trevino, Laurie L.; Donahue, Susan E.; Asplin, John R.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) are in positive phosphorus balance, but phosphorus levels are maintained in the normal range through phosphaturia induced by increases in fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). This provides the rationale for recommendations to restrict dietary phosphate intake to 800 mg/d. However, the protein source of the phosphate may also be important. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: We conducted a crossover trial in nine patients with a mean estimated GFR of 32 ml/min to directly compare vegetarian and meat diets with equivalent nutrients prepared by clinical research staff. During the last 24 hours of each 7-day diet period, subjects were hospitalized in a research center and urine and blood were frequently monitored. RESULTS: The results indicated that 1 week of a vegetarian diet led to lower serum phosphorus levels and decreased FGF23 levels. The inpatient stay demonstrated similar diurnal variation for blood phosphorus, calcium, PTH, and urine fractional excretion of phosphorus but significant differences between the vegetarian and meat diets. Finally, the 24-hour fractional excretion of phosphorus was highly correlated to a 2-hour fasting urine collection for the vegetarian diet but not the meat diet. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this study demonstrates that the source of protein has a significant effect on phosphorus homeostasis in patients with CKD. Therefore, dietary counseling of patients with CKD must include information on not only the amount of phosphate but also the source of protein from which the phosphate derives.
Published:
2011-02
Title:
Brain fuel metabolism, aging, and Alzheimer's disease
Authors:
Cunnane, Stephen; Nugent, Scott; Roy, Maggie; Courchesne-Loyer, Alexandre; Croteau, Etienne; Tremblay, Sébastien; Castellano, Alex; Pifferi, Fabien; Bocti, Christian; Paquet, Nancy; Begdouri, Hadi; Bentourkia, M'hamed; Turcotte, Eric; Allard, Michèle; Barberger-Gateau, Pascale; Fulop, Tamas; Rapoport, Stanley I.
Abstract:
Lower brain glucose metabolism is present before the onset of clinically measurable cognitive decline in two groups of people at risk of Alzheimer's disease--carriers of apolipoprotein E4, and in those with a maternal family history of AD. Supported by emerging evidence from in vitro and animal studies, these reports suggest that brain hypometabolism may precede and therefore contribute to the neuropathologic cascade leading to cognitive decline in AD. The reason brain hypometabolism develops is unclear but may include defects in brain glucose transport, disrupted glycolysis, and/or impaired mitochondrial function. Methodologic issues presently preclude knowing with certainty whether or not aging in the absence of cognitive impairment is necessarily associated with lower brain glucose metabolism. Nevertheless, aging appears to increase the risk of deteriorating systemic control of glucose utilization, which, in turn, may increase the risk of declining brain glucose uptake, at least in some brain regions. A contributing role of deteriorating glucose availability to or metabolism by the brain in AD does not exclude the opposite effect, i.e., that neurodegenerative processes in AD further decrease brain glucose metabolism because of reduced synaptic functionality and hence reduced energy needs, thereby completing a vicious cycle. Strategies to reduce the risk of AD by breaking this cycle should aim to (1) improve insulin sensitivity by improving systemic glucose utilization, or (2) bypass deteriorating brain glucose metabolism using approaches that safely induce mild, sustainable ketonemia.
Published:
2011-01
Title:
Diets high in conjugated linoleic acid from pasture-fed cattle did not alter markers of health in young women
Authors:
Brown, Andrew W.; Trenkle, Allen H.; Beitz, Donald C.
Abstract:
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) purportedly alters body composition, glucose tolerance, hepatic function, lipoprotein distributions, and other markers of health. Results are often inconclusive or contradictory, and presently, no studies have investigated the effects of naturally incorporated CLA from pasture-fed beef and dairy products on human health. We hypothesized that a diet comprised of foods naturally enriched with CLA from pasture-fed cattle would result in improved insulin sensitivity, body composition, circulating lipids, and other disease risk factors when compared to a diet comprised of commercial foods naturally low in CLA from grain-fed cattle. Eighteen healthy women 20 to 39 years of age consumed one of these 2 diets for 56 days. Balanced nutritionally complete diets comprised of 31% energy from lipid, 13% from protein, and 54% from carbohydrate were administered, with the primary difference being CLA content (CLA diet: 1.17 g/d; control diet: 0.35 g/d). The CLA diet did not result in any differences in insulin sensitivity, body composition, circulating blood lipids, or other measured disease risk factors as compared with the control diet. Thus, we conclude that a diet naturally enriched with over a 3-fold increase in CLA from pasture-fed cattle did not significantly alter selected health risk factors in healthy, premenopausal women as compared with a similar diet composed of foods from grain-fed cattle. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Published:
2011-01
Title:
Downregulation of Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Trafficking in Obesity
Authors:
McQuaid, Siobhán E.; Hodson, Leanne; Neville, Matthew J.; Dennis, A. Louise; Cheeseman, Jane; Humphreys, Sandy M.; Ruge, Toralph; Gilbert, Marjorie; Fielding, Barbara A.; Frayn, Keith N.; Karpe, Fredrik
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE Lipotoxicity and ectopic fat deposition reduce insulin signaling. It is not clear whether excess fat deposition in nonadipose tissue arises from excessive fatty acid delivery from adipose tissue or from impaired adipose tissue storage of ingested fat. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To investigate this we used a whole-body integrative physiological approach with multiple and simultaneous stable-isotope fatty acid tracers to assess delivery and transport of endogenous and exogenous fatty acid in adipose tissue over a diurnal cycle in lean (n = 9) and abdominally obese men (n = 10). RESULTS Abdominally obese men had substantially (2.5-fold) greater adipose tissue mass than lean control subjects, but the rates of delivery of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were downregulated, resulting in normal systemic NEFA concentrations over a 24-h period. However, adipose tissue fat storage after meals was substantially depressed in the obese men. This was especially so for chylomicron-derived fatty acids, representing the direct storage pathway for dietary fat. Adipose tissue from the obese men showed a transcriptional signature consistent with this impaired fat storage function. CONCLUSIONS Enlargement of adipose tissue mass leads to an appropriate downregulation of systemic NEFA delivery with maintained plasma NEFA concentrations. However the implicit reduction in adipose tissue fatty acid uptake goes beyond this and shows a maladaptive response with a severely impaired pathway for direct dietary fat storage. This adipose tissue response to obesity may provide the pathophysiological basis for ectopic fat deposition and lipotoxicity.
Published:
2011-01
Title:
High glucose causes dysfunction of the human glomerular endothelial glycocalyx
Authors:
Singh, A.; Fridén, V.; Dasgupta, I.; Foster, R. R.; Welsh, G. I.; Tooke, J. E.; Haraldsson, B.; Mathieson, P. W.; Satchell, S. C.
Abstract:
The endothelial glycocalyx is a gel-like layer which covers the luminal side of blood vessels. The glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC) glycocalyx is composed of proteoglycan core proteins, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, and sialoglycoproteins and has been shown to contribute to the selective sieving action of the glomerular capillary wall. Damage to the systemic endothelial glycocalyx has recently been associated with the onset of albuminuria in diabetics. In this study, we analyze the effects of high glucose on the biochemical structure of the GEnC glycocalyx and quantify functional changes in its protein-restrictive action. We used conditionally immortalized human GEnC. Proteoglycans were analyzed by Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. Biosynthesis of GAG was analyzed by radiolabeling and quantified by anion exchange chromatography. FITC-albumin was used to analyze macromolecular passage across GEnC monolayers using an established in vitro model. We observed a marked reduction in the biosynthesis of GAG by the GEnC under high-glucose conditions. Further analysis confirmed specific reduction in heparan sulfate GAG. Expression of proteoglycan core proteins remained unchanged. There was also a significant increase in the passage of albumin across GEnC monolayers under high-glucose conditions without affecting interendothelial junctions. These results reproduce changes in GEnC barrier properties caused by enzymatic removal of heparan sulfate from the GEnC glycocalyx. They provide direct evidence of high glucose-induced alterations in the GEnC glycocalyx and demonstrate changes to its function as a protein-restrictive layer, thus implicating glycocalyx damage in the pathogenesis of proteinuria in diabetes.
Published:
2011-01
Title:
Hypercarnivory and the brain: protein requirements of cats reconsidered
Authors:
Eisert, Regina
Abstract:
The domestic hypercarnivores cat and mink have a higher protein requirement than other domestic mammals. This has been attributed to adaptation to a hypercarnivorous diet and subsequent loss of the ability to downregulate amino acid catabolism. A quantitative analysis of brain glucose requirements reveals that in cats on their natural diet, a significant proportion of protein must be diverted into gluconeogenesis to supply the brain. According to the model presented here, the high protein requirement of the domestic cat is the result of routing of amino acids into gluconeogenesis to supply the needs of the brain and other glucose-requiring tissues, resulting in oxidation of amino acid in excess of the rate predicted for a non-hypercarnivorous mammal of the same size. Thus, cats and other small hypercarnivores do not have a high protein requirement per se, but a high endogenous glucose demand that is met by obligatory amino acid-based gluconeogenesis. It is predicted that for hypercarnivorous mammals with the same degree of encephalisation, endogenous nitrogen losses increase with decreasing metabolic mass as a result of the allometric relationships of brain mass and brain metabolic rate with body mass, possibly imposing a lower limit for body mass in hypercarnivorous mammals.
Published:
2011-01
Title:
In vivo doses of acrylamide and glycidamide in humans after intake of acrylamide-rich food
Authors:
Vikström, Anna C.; Abramsson-Zetterberg, Lilianne; Naruszewicz, Marek; Athanassiadis, Ioannis; Granath, Fredrik N.; Törnqvist, Margareta Å
Abstract:
For assessment of cancer risk from acrylamide (AA) exposure through food, the relation between intake from food in humans and the in vivo doses (area under the concentration-time curve, AUC) of AA (AUC-AA) and of its genotoxic metabolite glycidamide (GA) (AUC-GA) is used as a basis for extrapolation between exposure levels and between species. In this study, AA-rich foods were given to nonsmokers: a high intake of 11 μg AA/kg body weight (bw) and day for 4 days or an extra (medium) intake of 2.5 μg AA/kg bw and day for a month. Hemoglobin (Hb)-adduct levels from AA and GA, measured in blood samples donated before and after exposures, were used for calculation of AUC-AA and AUC-GA using reaction rate constants for the adduct formation measured in vitro. Both AA- and GA-adduct levels increased about twofold after the periods with enhanced intake. AUC for the high and medium groups, respectively, in nanomolar hours per microgram AA per kilogram bw, was for AA 212 and 120 and for GA 49 and 21. The AA intake in the high group was better controlled and used for comparisons with other data. The AUCs per exposure dose obtained in the present human study (high group) are in agreement with those previously obtained at 10(2) times higher exposure levels in humans. Furthermore, the values of AUC-AA and AUC-GA are five and two times higher, respectively, than the corresponding values for F344 rats exposed to AA at levels as in published cancer bioassays.
Published:
2011-01
Title:
Induction of ketosis in rats fed low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets depends on the relative abundance of dietary fat and protein
Authors:
Bielohuby, Maximilian; Menhofer, Dominik; Kirchner, Henriette; Stoehr, Barbara J. M.; Müller, Timo D.; Stock, Peggy; Hempel, Madlen; Stemmer, Kerstin; Pfluger, Paul T.; Kienzle, Ellen; Christ, Bruno; Tschöp, Matthias H.; Bidlingmaier, Martin
Abstract:
Low-carbohydrate/high-fat diets (LC-HFDs) in rodent models have been implicated with both weight loss and as a therapeutic approach to treat neurological diseases. LC-HFDs are known to induce ketosis; however, systematic studies analyzing the impact of the macronutrient composition on ketosis induction and weight loss success are lacking. Male Wistar rats were pair-fed for 4 wk either a standard chow diet or one of three different LC-HFDs, which only differed in the relative abundance of fat and protein (percentages of fat/protein in dry matter: LC-75/10; LC-65/20; LC-55/30). We subsequently measured body composition by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), analyzed blood chemistry and urine acetone content, evaluated gene expression changes of key ketogenic and gluconeogenic genes, and measured energy expenditure (EE) and locomotor activity (LA) during the first 4 days and after 3 wk on the respective diets. Compared with chow, rats fed with LC-75/10, LC-65/20, and LC-55/30 gained significantly less body weight. Reductions in body weight were mainly due to lower lean body mass and paralleled by significantly increased fat mass. Levels of β-hydroxybutyate were significantly elevated feeding LC-75/10 and LC-65/20 but decreased in parallel to reductions in dietary fat. Acetone was about 16-fold higher with LC-75/10 only (P
Published:
2011-01
Title:
Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: a meta-analysis of prospective studies
Authors:
Dong, Jia-Yi; Qin, Li-Qiang
Abstract:
Numbers of epidemiologic studies assessing soy consumption and risk of breast cancer have yielded inconsistent results. We aimed to examine the association between soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence, by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective studies. We searched for all relevant studies with a prospective design indexed in PUBMED through September 1st, 2010. Summary relative risks (RR) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models. Pre-specified stratified analyses and dose-response analysis were also performed. We identified 4 studies of breast cancer recurrence and 14 studies of breast cancer incidence. Soy isoflavones consumption was inversely associated with risk of breast cancer incidence (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.79-0.99). However, the protective effect of soy was only observed among studies conducted in Asian populations (RR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.65-0.86) but not in Western populations (RR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.87-1.06). Soy isoflavones intake was also inversely associated with risk of breast cancer recurrence (RR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.70-0.99). Stratified analyses suggested that menopausal status may be an important effect modifier in these associations. We failed to identify a dose-response relationship between total isoflavones intake and risk of breast cancer incidence. Our study suggests soy isoflavones intake is associated with a significant reduced risk of breast cancer incidence in Asian populations, but not in Western populations. Further studies are warranted to confirm the finding of an inverse association of soy consumption with risk of breast cancer recurrence.
Published:
2011-01
Title:
Zonulin and Its Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function: The Biological Door to Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Cancer
Authors:
Fasano, Alessio
Abstract:
The primary functions of the gastrointestinal tract have traditionally been perceived to be limited to the digestion and absorption of nutrients and to electrolytes and water homeostasis. A more attentive analysis of the anatomic and functional arrangement of the gastrointestinal tract, however, suggests that another extremely important function of this organ is its ability to regulate the trafficking of macromolecules between the environment and the host through a barrier mechanism. Together with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the neuroendocrine network, the intestinal epithelial barrier, with its intercellular tight junctions, controls the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self antigens. Zonulin is the only physiological modulator of intercellular tight junctions described so far that is involved in trafficking of macromolecules and, therefore, in tolerance/immune response balance. When the finely tuned zonulin pathway is deregulated in genetically susceptible individuals, both intestinal and extraintestinal autoimmune, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders can occur. This new paradigm subverts traditional theories underlying the development of these diseases and suggests that these processes can be arrested if the interplay between genes and environmental triggers is prevented by reestablishing the zonulin-dependent intestinal barrier function. This review is timely given the increased interest in the role of a “leaky gut” in the pathogenesis of several pathological conditions targeting both the intestine and extraintestinal organs.
Published:
2011-01
Title:
Advanced glycation end-products and their receptor-mediated roles: Inflammation and oxidative stress
Authors:
Younessi, P.; Yoonessi, A.
Abstract:
Glycation is a protein modification, which results in a change in a protein structure. Glycation is believed to be the etiology of various age-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Activation of microglia and resident macrophages in the brain by glycated proteins with subsequent oxidative stress and cytokine release may be an important factor in the progression of AD. It is also suggested that interaction between an advanced glycation end product (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) results in glial activation as well as cytokine release and reactive oxygen species release. The use of antioxidants, receptor mediated compounds and reactive oxygen species scavenging enzyme produce an opportunity to intervene with AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, and thereby to slow down the progression of aging-related diseases.
Published:
2011
Title:
An overview of lymphatic vessels and their emerging role in cardiovascular disease
Authors:
Jones, Dennis; Min, Wang
Abstract:
Over the past decade, molecular details of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) have been rapidly acquired due to the identification of lymphatic endothelial-specific markers. Separate from the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is also an elaborate network of vessels that are important in normal physiology. Lymphatic vessels have the unique task to regulate fluid homeostasis, assist in immune surveillance, and transport dietary lipids. However, dysfunctional lymphatic vessels can cause pathology, while normal lymphatics can exacerbate pathology. This review summarizes the development and growth of lymphatic vessels in addition to highlighting their critical roles in physiology and pathology. Also, we discuss recent work that suggests a connection between lymphatic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease.
Published:
2011
Title:
Animal products, diseases and drugs: A plea for better integration between agricultural sciences, human nutrition and human pharmacology
Authors:
Christophersen, O.A.; Haug, A.
Abstract:
Eicosanoids are major players in the pathogenesis of several common diseases, with either overproduction or imbalance (e.g. between thromboxanes and prostacyclins) often leading to worsening of disease symptoms. Both the total rate of eicosanoid production and the balance between eicosanoids with opposite effects are strongly dependent on dietary factors, such as the daily intakes of various eicosanoid precursor fatty acids, and also on the intakes of several antioxidant nutrients including selenium and sulphur amino acids. Even though the underlying biochemical mechanisms have been thoroughly studied for more than 30 years, neither the agricultural sector nor medical practitioners have shown much interest in making practical use of the abundant high-quality research data now available. In this article, we discuss some specific examples of the interactions between diet and drugs in the pathogenesis and therapy of various common diseases. We also discuss, using common pain conditions and cancer as specific examples, how a better integration between agricultural science, nutrition and pharmacology could lead to improved treatment for important diseases (with improved overall therapeutic effect at the same time as negative side effects and therapy costs can be strongly reduced). It is shown how an unnaturally high omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid concentration ratio in meat, offal and eggs (because the omega-6/omega-3 ratio of the animal diet is unnaturally high) directly leads to exacerbation of pain conditions, cardiovascular disease and probably most cancers. It should be technologically easy and fairly inexpensive to produce poultry and pork meat with much more long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and less arachidonic acid than now, at the same time as they could also have a similar selenium concentration as is common in marine fish. The health economic benefits of such products for society as a whole must be expected vastly to outweigh the direct costs for the farming sector. © 2011 Christophersen and Haug; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Published:
2011
Title:
Baseline characteristics and hospital mortality in the Acute Heart Failure Database (AHEAD) Main registry
Authors:
Spinar, Jindrich; Parenica, Jiri; Vitovec, Jiri; Widimsky, Petr; Linhart, Ales; Fedorco, Marian; Malek, Filip; Cihalik, Cestmír; Spinarová, Lenka; Miklik, Roman; Felsoci, Marian; Bambuch, Miroslav; Dusek, Ladislav; Jarkovsky, Jiri
Abstract:
Introduction: The prognosis of patients hospitalized with acute heart failure (AHF) is poor and risk stratification may help clinicians guide care. The objectives of the Acute Heart Failure Database (AHEAD) registry are to assess patient characteristics, etiology, treatment and outcome of AHF. Methods: The AHEAD main registry includes patients hospitalized for AHF in seven centers with a Catheterization Laboratory Service in the Czech Republic. The data were collected from September 2006 to October 2009. The inclusion criteria for the database adhere to the European guidelines for AHF (2005) and patients were systematically classified according to the basic syndromes, type and etiology of AHF. Results: Of 4,153 patients, 12.7% died during hospitalization. The median length of hospitalization was 7.1 days. Mean age of patients was 71.5 ± 12.4 years; men were younger (68.6 ± 12.4 years) compared to women (75.5 ± 11.5 years) (P < 0.001). De-novo heart failure was seen in 58.3% of the patients. According to the classification of heart failure syndromes, acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) was reported in 55.3%, hypertensive AHF in 4.4%, pulmonary edema in 18.4%, cardiogenic shock in 14.7%, high output failure in 3.3%, and right heart failure in 3.8%. The mortality of cardiogenic shock was 62.7%, of right AHF 16.7%, of pulmonary edema 7.1%, of high output HF 6.1%, whereas the mortality of hypertensive AHF or ADHF was
Published:
2011
Title:
Biomarkers of age effect on renal function in Down syndrome
Authors:
Guzmn, R.; Campos, C.; Lpez-Fernndez, E.; Casado, Á.
Abstract:
Objective: To assess differences in kidney function between Down syndrome (DS) individuals and a control group related to aging. Methods: Creatinine (Cr) and specific gravity (SG) were assessed by spectrophotometric and refractometric assays in urine samples of 103 individuals with DS and 82 age-matched controls. Results: Significantly lower levels of Cr and SG were found in DS after puberty. Significant correlations were found between SG and age as well as between Cr and SG in DS and controls (p≤0.05). Conclusions: Premature aging in kidneys of DS patients could lead to an impaired renal function. © 2011 Informa UK, Ltd.
Published:
2011
Title:
Blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and colorectal cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors:
Van Duijnhoven, F.J.B.; Bueno-De-Mesquita, H.B.; Calligaro, M.; Jenab, M.; Pischon, T.; Jansen, E.H.J.M.; Frohlich, J.; Ayyobi, A.; Overvad, K.; Toft-Petersen, A.P.; Tjønneland, A.; Hansen, L.; Boutron-Ruault, M.-C.; Clavel-Chapelon, F.; Cottet, V.; Palli, D.; Tagliabue, G.; Panico, S.; Tumino, R.; Vineis, P.; Kaaks, R.; Teucher, B.; Boeing, H.; Drogan, D.; Trichopoulou, A.; Lagiou, P.; Dilis, V.; Peeters, P.H.M.; Siersema, P.D.; Rodríguez, L.; González, C.A.; Molina-Montes, E.; Dorronsoro, M.; Tormo, M.-J.; Barricarte, A.; Palmqvist, R.; Hallmans, G.; Khaw, K.-T.; Tsilidis, K.K.; Crowe, F.L.; Chajes, V.; Fedirko, V.; Rinaldi, S.; Norat, T.; Riboli, E.
Abstract:
Objective: To examine the association between serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA), apolipoprotein B and the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). Design: Nested case-control study. Setting: The study was conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a cohort of more than 520 000 participants from 10 western European countries. Participants: 1238 cases of incident CRC, which developed after enrolment into the cohort, were matched with 1238 controls for age, sex, centre, followup time, time of blood collection and fasting status. Main outcome measures: Serum concentrations were quantitatively determined by colorimetric and turbidimetric methods. Dietary and lifestyle data were obtained from questionnaires. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs which were adjusted for height, weight, smoking habits, physical activity, education, consumption of fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, alcohol, fibre and energy. Results: After adjustments, the concentrations of HDL and apoA were inversely associated with the risk of colon cancer (RR for 1 SD increase of 16.6 mg/dl in HDL and 32.0 mg/dl in apoA of 0.78 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.89) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.94), respectively). No association was observed with the risk of rectal cancer. Additional adjustment for biomarkers of systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and oxidative stress or exclusion of the first 2 years of follow-up did not influence the association between HDL and risk of colon cancer. Conclusions: These findings show that high concentrations of serum HDL are associated with a decreased risk of colon cancer. The mechanism behind this association needs further elucidation.
Published:
2011
Title:
Calcium carbonate suppresses haem toxicity markers without calcium phosphate side effects on colon carcinogenesis
Authors:
Allam, Ossama; Bahuaud, Diane; Taché, Sylviane; Naud, Nathalie; Corpet, Denis E; Pierre, Fabrice H F
Abstract:
Red meat intake is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. We have previously shown that haemin, Hb and red meat promote carcinogen-induced preneoplastic lesions, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), in the colon of rats. We have also shown that dietary calcium phosphate inhibits haemin-induced promotion and normalises faecal lipoperoxides and cytotoxicity. Unexpectedly, high-calcium phosphate control diet-fed rats had more preneoplastic lesions in the colon than low-Ca control diet-fed rats. The present study was designed to find a Ca supplementation with no adverse effect, by testing several doses and types of Ca salts. One in vitro study and two short-term studies in rats identified calcium carbonate as the most effective Ca salt to bind haem in vitro and to decrease faecal biomarkers previously associated with increased carcinogenesis: faecal water cytotoxicity and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. A long-term carcinogenesis study in dimethylhydrazine-injected rats demonstrated that a diet containing 100 [mu]mol/g calcium carbonate did not promote ACF, in contrast with a previously tested calcium phosphate diet. The results suggest that calcium carbonate, and not calcium phosphate, should be used to reduce haem-associated colorectal cancer risk in meat eaters. They support the concept that the nature of the associated anion to a protective metal ion is important for chemoprevention.
Published:
2011
Title:
Can food be addictive? Public health and policy implications
Authors:
Gearhardt, Ashley N.; Grilo, Carlos M.; Dileone, Ralph J.; Brownell, Kelly D.; Potenza, Marc N.
Abstract:
Aims Data suggest that hyperpalatable foods may be capable of triggering an addictive process. Although the addictive potential of foods continues to be debated, important lessons learned in reducing the health and economic consequences of drug addiction may be especially useful in combating food-related problems. Methods In the current paper, we review the potential application of policy and public health approaches that have been effective in reducing the impact of addictive substances to food-related problems. Results Corporate responsibility, public health approaches, environmental change and global efforts all warrant strong consideration in reducing obesity and diet-related disease. Conclusions Although there exist important differences between foods and addictive drugs, ignoring analogous neural and behavioral effects of foods and drugs of abuse may result in increased food-related disease and associated social and economic burdens. Public health interventions that have been effective in reducing the impact of addictive drugs may have a role in targeting obesity and related diseases. © 2011 The Authors, Addiction © 2011 Society for the Study of Addiction.
Published:
2011
Title:
Carbohydrate Does Not Augment Exercise-Induced Protein Accretion versus Protein Alone
Authors:
STAPLES, AARON W.; BURD, NICHOLAS A.; WEST, DANIEL W. D.; CURRIE, KATHARINE D.; ATHERTON, PHILIP J.; MOORE, DANIEL R.; RENNIE, MICHAEL J.; MACDONALD, MAUREEN J.; BAKER, STEVEN K.; PHILLIPS, STUART M.
Abstract:
Published:
2011
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