Published Science

Seventy-nine pups from 18 litters were changed to a carbohydrate-free diet between 7 and 19 weeks of age. It was found that if the diet change was made after pups were 17 weeks old, the pups remained clinically normal. If the change was made before pups were 17 weeks old, the survival rate was less than or equal to 45.5%.

Ten normal subjects ingested test meals based on apples, each containing 60 g available carbohydrate. Fibre-free juice could be consumed eleven times faster than intact apples and four times faster than fibre-disrupted purée. Satiety was assessed numerically. With the rate of ingestion equalised, juice was significantly less satisfying than purée, and purée than apples. Plasma-glucose rose to similar levels after all three meals. However, there was a striking rebound fall after juice, and to a lesser extent after purée, which was not seen after apples. Serum-insulin rose to higher levels after juice and purée than after apples. The removal of fibre from food, and also its physical disruption, can result in faster and easier ingestion, decreased satiety, and disturbed glucose homoeostasis which is probably due to inappropriate insulin release. These effects favour overnutrition and, if often repeated, might lead to diabetes mellitus.

Ten normal subjects ingested test meals based on apples, each containing 60 g available carbohydrate. Fibre-free juice could be consumed eleven times faster than intact apples and four times faster than fibre-disrupted purée. Satiety was assessed numerically. With the rate of ingestion equalised, juice was significantly less satisfying than purée, and purée than apples. Plasma-glucose rose to similar levels after all three meals. However, there was a striking rebound fall after juice, and to a lesser extent after purée, which was not seen after apples. Serum-insulin rose to higher levels after juice and purée than after apples. The removal of fibre from food, and also its physical disruption, can result in faster and easier ingestion, decreased satiety, and disturbed glucose homoeostasis which is probably due to inappropriate insulin release. These effects favour overnutrition and, if often repeated, might lead to diabetes mellitus.

Electroencephalographic (E.E.G.) sleep changes were studied in eight young healthy male subjects who were given a normal balanced diet or a high-carbohydrate/low-fat or low-carbohydrate/high-fat isocaloric diet, according to an experimental design. Significantly less slow-wave sleep (S.W.S.) was found after consuming a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet than after consuming a normal balanced diet or a low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet. The latter two diets did not differ in terms of the amounts of S.W.S. Both high-carbohydrate/low-fat and low-carbohydrate/high-fat isocaloric diets, especially the former, were associated with significantly more rapid-eye-movement (R.E.M.) sleep than was the normal balanced diet. These findings emphasise the importance of daily diet for the following night's sleep.

Incidence rates for 27 cancers in 23 countries and mortality rates for 14 cancers in 32 countries have been correlated with a wide range of dietary and other variables. Dietary variables were strongly correlated with several types of cancer, particularly meat consumption with cancer of the colon and fat consumption with cancers of the breast and corpus uteri. The data suggest a possible role for dietary factors in modifying the development of cancer at a number of other sites. The usefulness and limitations of the method are discussed.

The traditional assumption that the origin of human behavior is found within the higher primates rather than the social carnivores is based on failure to adequately define primate and carnivore behavior. Phyletic classification takes no account of convergence and divergence; the behavior of a species is not necessarily characteristic of its order. Of 8 behavior variables that distinguish the order primates from the order carnivora, preagricultural man resembles the carnivores on 7 items: food sharing, food storing, cannibalism, surplus killing, interspecies intolerance, feeding of young, and division of labor; resembling the order primates only in group defense. The original form of much human behavior is found within the carnivores.

ABSTRACT. In normal subjects, the fat content of a formula diet in the form of corn oil and olive oil (but with constant carbohydrate and protein intake) was r

The widespread occurrence of toxic substances in plants must have greatly restricted their usefulness as food for primitive man. The development of cooking of plant products is suggested to have been a major evolutionary advance, making a major increase in the vegetable materials palatable to man; this technical advantage apparently occurred only in the most recent 2 percent of the anthropological record.

THE importance of both the alpha and beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the control of blood glucose homeostasis via regulation of hepatic glucose production is supported by the observation that during starvation, when need for endogenous glucose production by the liver is greatest, plasma levels of the glucogenic hormone, glucagon, rise after 48 hours, whereas those of the antiglucogenic genic hormone, insulin, decrease.1 Conversely, when need for endogenous glucose production is completely abolished by the intravenous infusion of exogenous glucose, the plasma levels of glucagon decline, and those of insulin increase,2 and the liver is converted from . . .

Summary. Moderately obese young college men pursuing their usual activities were studied first during a 3-week prereduction weight maintenance period and subse

SUMMARY. The diets of 11 men and women were assessed for 2 weeks before, and for 2 weeks after, they had adopted the low carbohydrate diet that is often used i

The properties of an unusual hemoglobin found in patients with diabetes mellitus resembled those of hemoglobin A1c prepared from normal subjects. A two-fold increase of hemoglobin A1c was found in diabetic patients. Structural studies suggest the possibility that an amino sugar is bound to hemoglobin A1c in diabetic patients.

This report describes a clinical trial, with domiciled male veterans, designed to determine whether a diet which lowers serum cholesterol concentration can prevent overt complications of coronary heart disease and other manifestations of atherosclerosis.Volunteers were allocated randomly to control and experimental groups. Participants numbered 422 in the control group and 424 in the experimental group. The two groups were indistinguishable at the outset of the study in almost all observations. These included age, racial characteristics, and religious affiliation; height, weight, and blood pressure; electrocardiographic findings; prevalence of pre-existing anginal syndrome, myocardial infarction, peripheral atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia, or cerebral infarction; cardiac decompensation; utilization of relevant medications; serum cholesterol and serum total lipid levels; and prevalence of corneal arcus and xanthelasma. One significant difference between the groups in regard to a possibly influential characteristic was that they differed slightly in patterns of cigarette smoking habits.The control diet was similar to the regular institutional diet, which is a standard American diet. It provided, by analysis, 40.1% of calories as fat, having a mean iodine value of 53.5; cholesterol intake was 262 mg/1,000 calories (653 mg/day). The experimental diet provided 38.9% of calories as fat, with an iodine value of 102.4, and had a cholesterol content of 146 mg/1,000 calories (365 mg/day). Linoleic acid content of the two diets was 10% and 38% of total fatty acid, respectively. The experimental diet was prepared to simulate conventional food. Over-all adherence expressed as percentage of total possible meals taken, from introduction into the study to termination of the study, averaged 56% for the control subjects and 49% for the experimental group.The experimental diet induced a prompt drop in serum cholesterol level and sustained a difference between the experimental and control groups amounting to 12.7% of the starting level. It is estimated from published data that the change in saturation of dietary fat accounted for five-sixths of the diet-induced lowering of serum cholesterol in the experimental group, the remaining one-sixth having been due to decreased cholesterol intake.Mean linoleic acid concentration of adipose tissue was initially 10.9%. During the latter part of the trial, which lasted eight years for some subjects, linoleic acid concentration in adipose tissue approached an asymptotic level of 33.7% among good adherers. This variable was a good measure of adherence to the diet after five or more years (r=+0.71), but not earlier.Clinical follow-up was carried out on a double-blind basis.The number of men sustaining events in major categories, in the control and experimental groups, respectively, was: definite silent myocardial infarction, 4 and 9; definite overt myocardial infarction, 40 and 27; sudden death due to coronary heart disease, 27 and 18; definite cerebral infarction, 22 and 13. The difference in the primary end point of the study-sudden death or myocardial infarction -was not statistically significant. However, when these data were pooled with those for cerebral infarction and other secondary end points, the totals were 96 in the control group and 66 in the experimental group; P=0.01. Fatal atherosclerotic events numbered 70 in the control group and 48 in the experimental group; P

John E. McNeal, M.D.; Regional Morphology and Pathology of The Prostate, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 49, Issue 3, 1 March 1968, Pages 347–35

The first comprehensive multiple authored book on palaeopathology, a term coined by Sir Marc Armand Ruffer (1859-1917) when he was a professor of bacteriology at the Cairo Medical School, as a convenient label for the study of disease in ancient human remains. Over 32 author, drawn from five continents and are authorities in their special fields.

Catheterization of cerebral vessels in three obese patients undergoing 5-6 wk of starvation demonstrated that β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate replaced glucose as the predominant fuel for brain metabolism. A strikingly low respiratory quotient was also observed, suggesting a carboxylation mechanism as a means of disposing of some of the carbon of the consumed substrates.

Herman Taller, MD, of New York, author of the best-selling book Calories Don't Count, was indicted March 11 by a federal grand jury primarily on charges of mail fraud, conspiracy, and violation of the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act. Three other individuals and two corporations were also indicted on the charges resulting from the promotion and sale of safflower oil capsules which were mentioned in the book. Safflower capsules were recommended in the weightreducing scheme presented by Taller.Taller, who practices medicine in Manhattan, and the other defendants could be each sentenced to 239 years in prison and fined $85,000 if convicted on all 49 counts in the indictment.Taller's book, which sold more than a million copies, claimed that certain unsaturated fats, such as safflower oil, help the body consume other fats. He recommended a diet for obese persons consisting principally of unsaturated fats and told readers where to

The acidity of the gastric contents of fasted members of seven families of primates was measured, and no relationship was found between acid concentration and phylogenetic development; in general, however, gastric acidity was higher in New World monkeys than in Old World monkeys. The administration of histamine increased gastric acidity.