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Title:
Serum hs-CRP varies with dietary cholesterol, but not dietary fatty acid intake in individuals free of any history of cardiovascular disease
Authors:
Mazidi, M.; Heidari-Bakavoli, A.; Khayyatzadeh, S. S.; Azarpazhooh, M. R.; Nematy, M.; Safarian, M.; Esmaeili, H.; Parizadeh, S. M. R.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M.; Kengne, A. P.; Ferns, G. A.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to investigate whether serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentration varies with dietary fatty acid intake in Iranian adults free of any history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This cross-sectional study involved 8105 adults (3142 men) aged 35-65 years. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-h dietary recalls. The relationship between anthropometric, cardiometabolic risk factors and dietary data and serum hs-CRP was assessed using SPSS software. Median crude dietary saturated fat decreased across hs-CRP quarters (P =0.009 for linear trend), whereas energy-adjusted total fat (P =0.017), trans-fat (P =0.016), monounsaturated fatty acids (P =0.030) and cholesterol (P =0.005) monotonically increased, with some evidence of statistical interactions by gender. In conclusion, serum hs-CRP concentrations were associated with some components of dietary fatty acid intake in our population of individuals without CVD, suggesting that dietary fat intake could be associated with subclinical inflammation.
Published:
2016
Title:
Skin advanced glycation end-products evaluation in infants according to the type of feeding and mother's smoking habits
Authors:
Federico, Giovanni; Gori, Martina; Randazzo, Emioli; Vierucci, Francesco
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess whether formula-fed infants had increased skin advanced glycation end-products compared with breastfed ones. We also evaluated the effect of maternal smoke during pregnancy and lactation on infant skin advanced glycation end-products accumulation. METHODS: Advanced glycation end-product-linked skin autofluorescence was measured in 101 infants. RESULTS: In infants born from non-smoking mothers, advanced glycation end-products were higher in formula-fed subjects than in breastfed subjects (0.80 (0.65-0.90) vs 1.00 (0.85-1.05), p
Published:
2016
Title:
Sleep Duration and Quality in Relation to Autonomic Nervous System Measures: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors:
Castro-Diehl, Cecilia; Diez Roux, Ana V; Redline, Susan; Seeman, Teresa; McKinley, Paula; Sloan, Richard; Shea, Steven
Abstract:
Study Objectives: Short sleep duration and poor sleep quality are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Potential pathophysiological mechanisms include sleep-associated alterations in the autonomic nervous system. The objective of this study was to examine the associations of shorter sleep duration and poorer sleep quality with markers of autonomic tone: heart rate (HR), high-frequency HR variability (HF-HRV) and salivary amylase. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of data from actigraphy-based measures of sleep duration and efficiency and responses to a challenge protocol obtained from 527 adult participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Results: Participants who slept fewer than 6 h per night (compared to those who slept 7 h or more per night) had higher baseline HR (fully adjusted model 0.05 log beats/min, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01, 0.09) and greater HR orthostatic reactivity (fully adjusted model 0.02 log beats/min, 95% CI 0.002, 0.023). Participants who slept 6 to less than 7 h/night (compared to those who slept 7 h or more per night) had lower baseline HF-HRV (fully adjusted model -0.31 log msec2, 95% CI -0.60, -0.14). Participants with low sleep efficiency had lower baseline HF-HRV than those with higher sleep efficiency (fully adjusted model -0.59 log msec2, 95% CI -1.03, -0.15). Participants with low sleep efficiency had higher baseline levels of amylase than those with higher sleep efficiency (fully adjusted model 0.45 log U/mL, 95% CI 0.04, 0.86). Conclusions: Short sleep duration, low sleep efficiency, and insomnia combined with short sleep duration were associated with markers of autonomic tone that indicate lower levels of cardiac parasympathetic (vagal) tone and/or higher levels of sympathetic tone.
Published:
2016
Title:
Sleep disturbances compared to traditional risk factors for diabetes development: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors:
Anothaisintawee, Thunyarat; Reutrakul, Sirimon; Van Cauter, Eve; Thakkinstian, Ammarin
Abstract:
Sleep disturbances [short (\textless6 h) and long (\textgreater8 h) sleeping time, insomnia (initiating or maintaining sleep), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and abnormal sleep timing] have been associated with increased diabetes risk but the effect size relative to that of traditional risk factors is unknown. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the risk associated with sleep disturbances to traditional risk factors. Studies were identified from Medline and Scopus. Cohort studies measuring the association between sleep disturbances and incident diabetes were eligible. For traditional risk factors (i.e., overweight, family history, and physical inactivity), systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis were included. Thirty-six studies (1,061,555 participants) were included. Pooled relative risks (RRs) of sleep variables were estimated using a random-effect model. Pooled RRs of sleeping ≤5 h, 6 h, and ≥9 h/d were respectively 1.48 (95%CI:1.25,1.76), 1.18 (1.10,1.26) and 1.36 (1.12,1.65). Poor sleep quality, OSA and shift work were associated with diabetes with a pooled RR of 1.40 (1.21,1.63), 2.02 (1.57, 2.61) and 1.40 (1.18,1.66), respectively. The pooled RRs of being overweight, having a family history of diabetes, and being physically inactive were 2.99 (2.42,3.72), 2.33 (1.79,2.79), and 1.20 (1.11,1.32), respectively. In conclusion, the risk of developing diabetes associated with sleep disturbances is comparable to that of traditional risk factors. Sleep disturbances should be considered in clinical guidelines for type 2 diabetes screening.
Published:
2016
Title:
Sleep: A Novel Mechanistic Pathway, Biomarker, and Treatment Target in the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease?
Authors:
Mander, Bryce A.; Winer, Joseph R.; Jagust, William J.; Walker, Matthew P.
Abstract:
Sleep disruption appears to be a core component of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its pathophysiology. Signature abnormalities of sleep emerge before clinical onset of AD. Moreover, insufficient sleep facilitates accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), potentially triggering earlier cognitive decline and conversion to AD. Building on such findings, this review has four goals: evaluating (i) associations and plausible mechanisms linking non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep disruption, Aβ, and AD; (ii) a role for NREM sleep disruption as a novel factor linking cortical Aβ to impaired hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation; (iii) the potential diagnostic utility of NREM sleep disruption as a new biomarker of AD; and (iv) the possibility of sleep as a new treatment target in aging, affording preventative and therapeutic benefits.
Published:
2016
Title:
Social Ecology and Diabetes Self-Management among Pacific Islanders in Arkansas
Authors:
McElfish, Pearl Anna; Moore, Ramey; Woodring, David; Purvis, Rachel S.; Maskarinec, Gregory G.; Bing, Williamina Ioanna; Hudson, Jonell; Kohler, Peter O.; Goulden, Peter A.
Abstract:
Chronic diseases disproportionately affect ethnic and racial minorities. Pacific Islanders, including the Marshallese, experience some of the highest documented rates of type 2 diabetes. Northwest Arkansas is home to the largest population of Marshallese outside of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and many migrants are employed by the local poultry industry. This migrant population continues to increase because of climate change, limited health care and educational infrastructure in the Marshall Islands, and the ongoing health effects of US nuclear testing. The US nuclear weapons testing program had extensive social, economic, and ecological consequences for the Marshallese and many of the health disparities they face are related to the nuclear fallout. Beginning in 2013, researchers using a community-based participatory (CBPR) approach began working with the local Marshallese community to address diabetes through the development and implementation of culturally appropriate diabetes self-management education in a family setting. Preliminary research captured numerous and significant environmental barriers that constrain self-management behaviors. At the request of our CBPR stakeholders, researchers have documented the ecological barriers faced by the Marshallese living in Arkansas through a series of qualitative research projects. Using the Social Ecological Model as a framework, this research provides an analysis of Marshallese health that expands the traditional diabetes self-management perspective. Participants identified barriers at the organizational, community, and policy levels that constrain their efforts to achieve diabetes self-management. We offer practice and policy recommendations to address barriers at the community, organizational, and policy level.
Published:
2016
Title:
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition and health benefits: The Robin Hood effect
Authors:
Kalra, Sanjay; Jain, Arpit; Ved, Jignesh; Unnikrishnan, AG
Abstract:
This review discusses two distinct, yet related, mechanisms of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition: Calorie restriction mimicry (CRM) and pro-ketogenic effect, which may explain their cardiovascular benefits. We term these adaptive CRM and pro-ketogenic effects of SGLT2 inhibition, the Robin Hood hypothesis. In English history, Robin Hood was a "good person," who stole from the rich and helped the poor. He supported redistribution of resources as he deemed fit for the common good. In a similar fashion, SGLT2 inhibition provides respite to the overloaded glucose metabolism while utilizing lipid stores for energy production.
Published:
2016
Title:
Spanish-Speaking Immigrants’ Access to Safety Net Providers and Translation Services Across Traditional and Emerging US Destinations
Authors:
Nathenson, Robert A.; Saloner, Brendan; Richards, Michael R.; Rhodes, Karin V.
Abstract:
Policy Points: Latino immigrants have recently spread beyond traditional US enclaves to “emerging destinations.” The arrival of limited English proficiency (LEP) Spanish-speakers to these areas can challenge the health care system, as translation services may not be readily available for LEP patients. Trained auditors posed as family members of LEP patients seeking primary care in a safety net setting. We found substantially lower appointment availability for LEP adults in emerging destinations compared to traditional destinations. Greater bilingual resources are needed within safety net clinics to accommodate LEP Spanish speakers as this population continues to grow and expand throughout the United States. Context Recent demographic trends show Latino immigrants moving to “emerging destinations” outside traditional Latino enclaves. Immigrants in emerging destinations with limited English proficiency (LEP) may experience greater challenges finding health care services oriented to their linguistic needs than those in traditional enclaves, especially if the supply of language resources in these areas has not kept pace with new demand. Methods This study uses an experimental audit design to directly compare the ability of uninsured Spanish-speaking LEP adults to access interpreter services and to obtain new patient primary care appointments at federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) across traditional and emerging destinations. We additionally compare the appointment rates of English-proficient uninsured and English-proficient Medicaid patients across these destinations that contacted the same FQHCs. English-proficient patients serve as an access benchmark that is independent of differences in Spanish language services. Findings Results indicate that LEP Spanish-speaking patients within emerging destinations are 40 percentage points less likely to receive an appointment than those in traditional destinations. English-proficient groups, by contrast, experience similar levels of access across destinations. Disparities in safety net provider access by destination status are consistent with differences in the availability of bilingual services. Ninety-two percent of FQHCs in traditional destinations offered appointments with either Spanish-speaking clinicians or translation services with non-clinical bilingual staff, while only 54% did so in emerging destinations. LEP patients denied care in emerging destinations must also travel greater distances than in traditional destinations to reach the next available safety net provider. Conclusions Our findings highlight that current language resources in emerging destinations may be inadequate for keeping up with the transforming needs of the patient population. As the Latino immigrant population continues to expand and diffuse, better accommodation within the health care safety net is likely to increase in importance.
Published:
2016
Title:
Statin Medication Enhances Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification: The Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study
Authors:
Dykun, Iryna; Lehmann, Nils; Kälsch, Hagen; Möhlenkamp, Stefan; Moebus, Susanne; Budde, Thomas; Seibel, Rainer; Grönemeyer, Dietrich; Jöckel, Karl-Heinz; Erbel, Raimund; Mahabadi, Amir A.
Abstract:
Published:
2016
Title:
Sugar industry and coronary heart disease research: A historical analysis of internal industry documents
Authors:
Kearns, Cristin E.; Schmidt, Laura A.; Glantz, Stanton A.
Abstract:
Early warning signals of the coronary heart disease (CHD) risk of sugar (sucrose) emerged in the 1950s. We examined Sugar Research Foundation (SRF) internal documents, historical reports, and statements relevant to early debates about the dietary causes of CHD and assembled findings chronologically into a narrative case study. The SRF sponsored its first CHD research project in 1965, a literature review published in the New England Journal of Medicine, which singled out fat and cholesterol as the dietary causes of CHD and downplayed evidence that sucrose consumption was also a risk factor. The SRF set the review's objective, contributed articles for inclusion, and received drafts. The SRF's funding and role was not disclosed. Together with other recent analyses of sugar industry documents, our findings suggest the industry sponsored a research program in the 1960s and 1970s that successfully cast doubt about the hazards of sucrose while promoting fat as the dietary culprit in CHD. Policymaking committees should consider giving less weight to food industry-funded studies and include mechanistic and animal studies as well as studies appraising the effect of added sugars on multiple CHD biomarkers and disease development.
Published:
2016
Title:
Sulforaphane Inhibits c-Myc-Mediated Prostate Cancer Stem-Like Traits
Authors:
Vyas, Avani R.; Moura, Michelle B.; Hahm, Eun-Ryeong; Singh, Krishna Beer; Singh, Shivendra V.
Abstract:
Preventive and therapeutic efficiencies of dietary sulforaphane (SFN) against human prostate cancer have been demonstrated in vivo, but the underlying mechanism(s) by which this occurs is poorly understood. Here, we show that the prostate cancer stem cell (pCSC)-like traits, such as accelerated activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), enrichment of CD49f+ fraction, and sphere forming efficiency, are attenuated by SFN treatment. Interestingly, the expression of c-Myc, an oncogenic transcription factor that is frequently deregulated in prostate cancer cells, was markedly suppressed by SFN both in vitro and in vivo. This is biologically relevant, because the lessening of pCSC-like phenotypes mediated by SFN was attenuated when c-Myc was overexpressed. Naturally occurring thio, sulfinyl, and sulfonyl analogs of SFN were also effective in causing suppression of c-Myc protein level. However, basal glycolysis, a basic metabolic pathway that can also be promoted by c-Myc overexpression, was not largely suppressed by SFN, implying that, in addition to c-Myc, there might be another SFN-sensitive cellular factor, which is not directly involved in basal glycolysis, but cooperates with c-Myc to sustain pCSC-like phenotypes. Our study suggests that oncogenic c-Myc is a target of SFN to prevent and eliminate the onset of human prostate cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2482-2495, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Published:
2016
Title:
Targeting Oxidative Stress in Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors:
Patel, Manisha
Abstract:
There is widespread recognition that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play key roles in normal brain function and pathology in the context of neurological disease. Oxidative stress continues to be a key therapeutic target for neurological diseases. In developing antioxidant therapies for neurological disease, special attention should be given to the brain's unique vulnerability to oxidative insults and its architecture. Consideration of antioxidant therapy should be guided by a strong rationale for oxidative stress in a given neurological disease. This review provides an overview of processes that can guide the development of antioxidant therapies in neurological diseases, such as knowledge of basic redox mechanisms, unique features of brain pathophysiology, mechanisms and classes of antioxidants, and desirable properties of drug candidates.
Published:
2016
Title:
Tear fluid biomarkers in ocular and systemic disease: potential use for predictive, preventive and personalised medicine
Authors:
Hagan, Suzanne; Martin, Eilidh; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, Amalia
Abstract:
In the field of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine, researchers are keen to identify novel and reliable ways to predict and diagnose disease, as well as to monitor patient response to therapeutic agents. In the last decade alone, the sensitivity of profiling technologies has undergone huge improvements in detection sensitivity, thus allowing quantification of minute samples, for example body fluids that were previously difficult to assay. As a consequence, there has been a huge increase in tear fluid investigation, predominantly in the field of ocular surface disease. As tears are a more accessible and less complex body fluid (than serum or plasma) and sampling is much less invasive, research is starting to focus on how disease processes affect the proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic composition of the tear film. By determining compositional changes to tear profiles, crucial pathways in disease progression may be identified, allowing for more predictive and personalised therapy of the individual. This article will provide an overview of the various putative tear fluid biomarkers that have been identified to date, ranging from ocular surface disease and retinopathies to cancer and multiple sclerosis. Putative tear fluid biomarkers of ocular disorders, as well as the more recent field of systemic disease biomarkers, will be shown.
Published:
2016
Title:
The Biochemistry and Physiology of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Its Genetic Disorders
Authors:
Houten, Sander M.; Violante, Sara; Ventura, Fatima V.; Wanders, Ronald J. A.
Abstract:
Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is the major pathway for the degradation of fatty acids and is essential for maintaining energy homeostasis in the human body. Fatty acids are a crucial energy source in the postabsorptive and fasted states when glucose supply is limiting. But even when glucose is abundantly available, FAO is a main energy source for the heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney. A series of enzymes, transporters, and other facilitating proteins are involved in FAO. Recessively inherited defects are known for most of the genes encoding these proteins. The clinical presentation of these disorders may include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, (cardio)myopathy, arrhythmia, and rhabdomyolysis and illustrates the importance of FAO during fasting and in hepatic and (cardio)muscular function. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge on the biochemistry and physiological functions of FAO and discuss the pathophysiological processes associated with FAO disorders.
Published:
2016
Title:
The Curious History of the Calorie in US Policy: A Tradition of Unfulfilled Promises
Authors:
Levine, Deborah I.
Abstract:
Published:
2016
Title:
The Failing Heart Relies on Ketone Bodies as a Fuel
Authors:
Aubert, Gregory; Martin, Ola J.; Horton, Julie L.; Lai, Ling; Vega, Rick B.; Leone, Teresa C.; Koves, Timothy; Gardell, Stephen J.; Krüger, Marcus; Hoppel, Charles L.; Lewandowski, E. Douglas; Crawford, Peter A.; Muoio, Deborah M.; Kelly, Daniel P.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: -Significant evidence indicates that the failing heart is "energy-starved". During the development of heart failure, the capacity of the heart to utilize fatty acids, the chief fuel, is diminished. Identification of alternate pathways for myocardial fuel oxidation could unveil novel strategies to treat heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: -Quantitative mitochondrial proteomics was used to identify energy metabolic derangements that occur during the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in well-defined mouse models. As expected, amounts of proteins involved in fatty acid utilization were downregulated in myocardial samples from the failing heart. Conversely, expression of β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 (BDH1), a key enzyme in the ketone oxidation pathway, was increased in the heart failure samples. Studies of relative oxidation studies in an isolated heart preparation using ex vivo NMR combined with targeted quantitative myocardial metabolomic profiling using mass spectrometry revealed that the hypertrophied and failing heart shifts to oxidizing ketone bodies as a fuel source in the context of reduced capacity to oxidize fatty acids. Distinct myocardial metabolomic signatures of ketone oxidation were identified. CONCLUSIONS: -These results indicate that the hypertrophied and failing heart shifts to ketone bodies as a significant fuel source for oxidative ATP production. Specific metabolite biosignatures of in vivo cardiac ketone utilization were identified. Future studies aimed at determining whether this fuel shift is adaptive or maladaptive could unveil new therapeutic strategies for heart failure.
Published:
2016
Title:
The association of substituting carbohydrates with total fat and different types of fatty acids with mortality and weight change among diabetes patients
Authors:
Campmans-Kuijpers, Marjo J.; Sluijs, Ivonne; Nothlings, Ute; Freisling, Heinz; Overvad, Kim; Boeing, Heiner; Masala, Giovanna; Panico, Salvatore; Tumino, Rosario; Sieri, Sabina; Johansson, Ingegerd; Winkvist, Anna; Katzke, Verena A.; Kuehn, Tilman; Nilsson, Peter M.; Halkjaer, Jytte; Tjonneland, Anne; Spijkerman, Annemieke M.; Arriola, Larraitz; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Barricarte, Aurelio; May, Anne M.; Beulens, Joline W.
Abstract:
CONCLUSIONS: In diabetes patients, substitution of carbohydrates with SFAs was associated with a higher (CVD) mortality risk and substitution by total fat was associated with a higher all-cause mortality risk. Substitution of carbohydrates with MUFAs may be associated with lower mortality risk and weight reduction. Instead of promoting replacement of carbohydrates by total fat, dietary guideline should continue focusing on replacement by fat-subtypes; especially SFAs by MUFAs. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.
Published:
2016
Title:
The cholesterol hypothesis must be wrong
Authors:
Ravnskov, Uffe
Abstract:
Published:
2016
Title:
The effect of a vegetarian versus conventional hypocaloric diet on serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors:
Kahleova, H.; Tonstad, S.; Rosmus, J.; Fisar, P.; Mari, A.; Hill, M.; Pelikanova, T.
Abstract:
Background and aims: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of a vegetarian versus conventional diet on the serum levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in patients with T2D after 12 weeks of dietary intervention and to assess their relationships with metabolic parameters. Methods and results: Men and women with T2D were randomly assigned to follow either a vegetarian diet without fish or meat (n = 37) or an isocaloric conventional antidiabetic diet (n = 37). Both diets were energy restricted (minus 500 kcal/day). All foods were provided to the participants. At randomization (week 0) and 12 weeks, the meal test was performed to assess the β-cell function and serum levels of 24 POPs. Dioxins and dioxin-like POPs were analyzed by isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and mass spectrometry after cleanup of the silica and carbon columns. Non-dioxin-like POPs were analyzed by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Statistical analyses used were repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), a multivariate regression model, and Pearson's correlations.We observed a statistically nonsignificant trend toward increases in the serum levels of most POPs in response to both hypocaloric diets with no differences between groups. In the groups combined, the change in serum concentrations of total POPs was correlated to changes in HbA1c (r = +0.34; p < 0.01), fasting plasma glucose (r = +0.41; p < 0.01) levels, and β-cell function measured as insulin secretion at a reference glucose level (r = -0.37; p
Published:
2016
Title:
The effects of a high protein diet on indices of health and body composition--a crossover trial in resistance-trained men
Authors:
Antonio, Jose; Ellerbroek, Anya; Silver, Tobin; Vargas, Leonel; Peacock, Corey
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Eight weeks of a high protein diet (>3 g/kg/day) coupled with a periodized heavy resistance training program has been shown to positively affect body composition with no deleterious effects on health. Using a randomized, crossover design, resistance-trained male subjects underwent a 16-week intervention (i.e., two 8-week periods) in which they consumed either their normal (i.e., habitual) or a higher protein diet (>3 g/kg/day). Thus, the purpose of this study was to ascertain if significantly increasing protein intake would affect clinical markers of health (i.e., lipids, kidney function, etc.) as well as performance and body composition in young males with extensive resistance training experience. METHODS: Twelve healthy resistance-trained men volunteered for this study (mean ± SD: age 25.9 ± 3.7 years; height 178.0 ± 8.5 cm; years of resistance training experience 7.6 ± 3.6) with 11 subjects completing most of the assessments. In a randomized crossover trial, subjects were tested at baseline and after two 8-week treatment periods (i.e., habitual [normal] diet and high protein diet) for body composition, measures of health (i.e., blood lipids, comprehensive metabolic panel) and performance. Each subject maintained a food diary for the 16-week treatment period (i.e., 8 weeks on their normal or habitual diet and 8 weeks on a high protein diet). Each subject provided a food diary of two weekdays and one weekend day per week. In addition, subjects kept a diary of their training regimen that was used to calculate total work performed. RESULTS: During the normal and high protein phase of the treatment period, subjects consumed 2.6 ± 0.8 and 3.3 ± 0.8 g/kg/day of dietary protein, respectively. The mean protein intake over the 4-month period was 2.9 ± 0.9 g/kg/day. The high protein group consumed significantly more calories and protein (p
Published:
2016
Title:
The hepatic and skeletal muscle ovine metabolomes as affected by weight loss: A study in three sheep breeds using NMR-metabolomics
Authors:
Palma, M.; Scanlon, T.; Kilminster, T.; Milton, J.; Oldham, C.; Greeff, J.; Matzapetakis, M.; Almeida, A.M.
Abstract:
Sheep are a valuable resource for meat and wool production. During the dry summer, pastures are scarce and animals face Seasonal Weight Loss (SWL), which decreases production yields. The study of breeds tolerant to SWL is important to understand the physiological mechanisms of tolerance to nutritional scarcity, and define breeding strategies. Merino, Damara and Dorper sheep breeds have been described as having different levels of tolerance to SWL. In this work, we assess their liver and muscle metabolomes, and compare the responses to feed restriction. Ram lambs from each breed were divided into growth and feed restricted groups, over 42 days. Tissue metabolomes were assessed by 1 H-NMR. The Dorper restricted group showed few changes in both tissues, suggesting higher tolerance to nutritional scarcity. The Merinos exhibited more differences between treatment groups. Major differences were related to fat and protein mobilization, and antioxidant activity. Between the Damara groups, the main differences were observed in amino acid composition in muscle and in energy-related pathways in the liver. Integration of present results and previous data on the same animals support the hypothesis that, Dorper and Damara breeds are more tolerant to SWL conditions and thus, more suitable breeds for harsh environmental conditions. © The Author(s) 2016.
Published:
2016
Title:
The impact of the modified Atkins diet on lipid profiles in adults with epilepsy
Authors:
Cervenka, Mackenzie C; Patton, Katlyn; Eloyan, Ani; Henry, Bobbie; Kossoff, Eric H
Abstract:
Objectives: The modified Atkins diet (MAD) is a high fat, low carbohydrate ketogenic diet used to treat intractable seizures in children and adults. The long-term impact on fasting lipid profiles (FLPs) remains unknown. This study was designed to detect significant lipid changes in adults on MAD.; Methods: Patients were observed prospectively. A FLP was obtained in all patients at the first visit then serially. Patients were started on a 20 g per day net carbohydrate limit MAD. They were screened for risk for coronary heart disease and counseled to reduce saturated fats by a registered dietitian if deemed at risk. Patients that remained on MAD for 3 or more months with one or more follow-up FLP were included.; Results: Thirty-seven patients (14 male), mean age 33 years (SD 13, range 18-59) met study criteria. Median diet duration was 16 months (range 3-41). Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) increased significantly over the first 3 months of MAD (P = 0.01 and 0.008, respectively), but were not significantly different from baseline after 1 year of treatment (P = 0.2 and P = 0.5, respectively). High-density lipoprotein levels trended upward in the first 3 months (P = 0.05) and triglycerides remained unchanged (P = 0.5). In 12 patients followed for 3 or more years, no cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events were reported.; Discussion: Although total cholesterol and LDL increased over the first 3 months of the MAD, these values normalized within a year of treatment, including in patients treated with MAD for more than 3 years.;
Published:
2016
Title:
The informational turn in food politics: The US FDAs nutrition label as information infrastructure
Authors:
Frohlich, Xaq
Abstract:
Published:
2016
Title:
The lymphatic vasculature: development and role in shaping immunity
Authors:
Betterman, Kelly L.; Harvey, Natasha L.
Abstract:
The lymphatic vasculature is an integral component of the immune system. Lymphatic vessels are a key highway via which immune cells are trafficked, serving not simply as a passive route of transport, but to actively shape and coordinate immune responses. Reciprocally, immune cells provide signals that impact the growth, development, and activity of the lymphatic vasculature. In addition to immune cell trafficking, lymphatic vessels are crucial for fluid homeostasis and lipid absorption. The field of lymphatic vascular research is rapidly expanding, fuelled by rapidly advancing technology that has enabled the manipulation and imaging of lymphatic vessels, together with an increasing recognition of the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a myriad of human pathologies. In this review we provide an overview of the genetic pathways and cellular processes important for development and maturation of the lymphatic vasculature, discuss recent work revealing important roles for the lymphatic vasculature in directing immune cell traffic and coordinating immune responses and highlight the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a range of pathological settings.
Published:
2016
Title:
The metabolic co-regulator PGC1α suppresses prostate cancer metastasis
Authors:
Torrano, Veronica; Valcarcel-Jimenez, Lorea; Cortazar, Ana Rosa; Liu, Xiaojing; Urosevic, Jelena; Castillo-Martin, Mireia; Fernández-Ruiz, Sonia; Morciano, Giampaolo; Caro-Maldonado, Alfredo; Guiu, Marc; Zúñiga-García, Patricia; Graupera, Mariona; Bellmunt, Anna; Pandya, Pahini; Lorente, Mar; Martín-Martín, Natalia; Sutherland, James David; Sanchez-Mosquera, Pilar; Bozal-Basterra, Laura; Zabala-Letona, Amaia; Arruabarrena-Aristorena, Amaia; Berenguer, Antonio; Embade, Nieves; Ugalde-Olano, Aitziber; Lacasa-Viscasillas, Isabel; Loizaga-Iriarte, Ana; Unda-Urzaiz, Miguel; Schultz, Nikolaus; Aransay, Ana Maria; Sanz-Moreno, Victoria; Barrio, Rosa; Velasco, Guillermo; Pinton, Paolo; Cordon-Cardo, Carlos; Locasale, Jason W.; Gomis, Roger R.; Carracedo, Arkaitz
Abstract:
Cellular transformation and cancer progression is accompanied by changes in the metabolic landscape. Master co-regulators of metabolism orchestrate the modulation of multiple metabolic pathways through transcriptional programs, and hence constitute a probabilistically parsimonious mechanism for general metabolic rewiring. Here we show that the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α (PGC1α) suppresses prostate cancer progression and metastasis. A metabolic co-regulator data mining analysis unveiled that PGC1α is downregulated in prostate cancer and associated with disease progression. Using genetically engineered mouse models and xenografts, we demonstrated that PGC1α opposes prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Mechanistically, the use of integrative metabolomics and transcriptomics revealed that PGC1α activates an oestrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα)-dependent transcriptional program to elicit a catabolic state and metastasis suppression. Importantly, a signature based on the PGC1α-ERRα pathway exhibited prognostic potential in prostate cancer, thus uncovering the relevance of monitoring and manipulating this pathway for prostate cancer stratification and treatment.
Published:
2016
Title:
The relation of saturated fatty acids with low-grade inflammation and cardiovascular disease. [Review]
Authors:
Ruiz-Nunez, Begona; Dijck-Brouwer, D. A. Janneke; Muskiet, Frits A. J.
Abstract:
The mantra that dietary (saturated) fat must be minimized to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has dominated nutritional guidelines for decades. Parallel to decreasing intakes of fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA), there have been increases in carbohydrate and sugar intakes, overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The "lipid hypothesis" coined the concept that fat, especially SFA, raises blood low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and thereby CVD risk. In view of current controversies regarding their adequate intakes and effects, this review aims to summarize research regarding this heterogenic group of fatty acids and the mechanisms relating them to (chronic) systemic low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and notably CVD. The intimate relationship between inflammation and metabolism, including glucose, fat and cholesterol metabolism, revealed that the dyslipidemia in Western societies, notably increased triglycerides, "small dense" low-density lipoprotein and "dysfunctional" high-density lipoprotein, is influenced by many unfavorable lifestyle factors. Dietary SFA is only one of these, not necessarily the most important, in healthy, insulin-sensitive people. The environment provides us not only with many other proinflammatory stimuli than SFA but also with many antiinflammatory counterparts. Resolution of the conflict between our self-designed environment and ancient genome may rather rely on returning to the proinflammatory/antiinflammatory balance of the Paleolithic era in consonance with the 21st century culture. Accordingly, dietary guidelines might reconsider recommendations for SFA replacement and investigate diet in a broader context, together with nondietary lifestyle factors. This should be a clear priority, opposed to the reductionist approach of studying the effects of single nutrients, such as SFA. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Published:
2016
Title:
The rise of mitochondria in medicine
Authors:
Picard, Martin; Wallace, Douglas C; Burelle, Yan
Abstract:
a b s t r a c t Once considered exclusively the cell's powerhouse, mitochondria are now recognized to perform multiple essen-tial functions beyond energy production, impacting most areas of cell biology and medicine. Since the emergence of molecular biology and the discovery of pathogenic mitochondrial DNA defects in the 1980's, research advances have revealed a number of common human diseases which share an underlying pathogenesis involving mito-chondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria undergo function-defining dynamic shape changes, communicate with each other, regulate gene expression within the nucleus, modulate synaptic transmission within the brain, re-lease molecules that contribute to oncogenic transformation and trigger inflammatory responses systemically, and influence the regulation of complex physiological systems. Novel mitopathogenic mechanisms are thus being uncovered across a number of medical disciplines including genetics, oncology, neurology, immunology, and critical care medicine. Increasing knowledge of the bioenergetic aspects of human disease has provided new opportunities for diagnosis, therapy, prevention, and in connecting various domains of medicine. In this ar-ticle, we overview specific aspects of mitochondrial biology that have contributed to – and likely will continue to enhance the progress of modern medicine.
Published:
2016
Title:
The role of low acid load in vegetarian diet on bone health: a narrative review
Authors:
Burckhardt, Peter
Abstract:
Vegetarian and vegan diets contain low amounts of protein and calcium. For this reason they are supposed to cause low bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis. But this is not the case, except for vegans with a particularly low calcium intake. The absence of osteoporosis or low BMD can be explained by the low acid load of these diets. Nutritional acid load is negatively correlated with bone mineral density (BMD) and positively with fracture risk. Low acid load is correlated with lower bone resorption and higher BMD. It is linked to high intake of potassium-rich nutrients, such as fruits and vegetables, as found in vegetarian diets. The total nutritional acid load, which not only depends on the potassium content of the nutrition, was recently assessed in several studies on vegetarian and vegan diets and was found to be very low or absent, while the diet of Western-style omnivores produces daily 50 to 70 mEq of acid. This might be an important factor for the protection of vegetarians from osteoporosis.
Published:
2016
Title:
Toward a cancer-specific diet
Authors:
Bozzetti, Federico; Zupec-Kania, Beth
Abstract:
BACKGROUND & AIMS: It is widely acknowledged that the energy metabolism of cancer cells mainly relies on anaerobic glycolysis and this has prompted many researchers to try to reduce the malignant cells growth of experimental tumours through a programme of calorie restriction. Recently this approach has been proposed also to cancer patients. In the meantime it was demonstrated that the effects of calorie restriction on tumour growth are mediated through the toxic effect of ketone bodies on cancer cells which have a defective mitochondrial function, while these substrates are well-utilized by the normal cells. METHODS: This review analyzes the main available data regarding the tumour growth in patients undergoing a period of starvation or of normal/artificial nutrition as well as the recent approach through special normocaloric ketogenic diets which are well utilized by cancer patients while may be unfavourable for cancer cells. RESULTS: Despite the paucity of data it appears that modulation of tumour growth by the calorie restriction/nutritional support is unlikekly in humans for several reasons: the different tumour cells growth rate and different tumour/host carcass ratio and duration of treatment, between tumour-bearing animals and patients. CONCLUSION: There is a large consensus in literature that maintaining a normal body weight and preserving the lean body mass through an adequate nutrition is beneficial in cancer patients. The nutritional approach through a ketogenic diet which may be toxic for the cancer cells while is well utilized and tolerated by the patient seems promising in a next future.
Published:
2016
Title:
Treating Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome with Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Authors:
Marotz, Clarisse A.; Zarrinpar, Amir
Abstract:
The worldwide prevalence of metabolic syndrome, which includes obesity and its associated diseases, is rising rapidly. The human gut microbiome is recognized as an independent environmental modulator of host metabolic health and disease. Research in animal models has demonstrated that the gut microbiome has the functional capacity to induce or relieve metabolic syndrome. One way to modify the human gut microbiome is by transplanting fecal matter, which contains an abundance of live microorganisms, from a healthy individual to a diseased one in the hopes of alleviating illness. Here we review recent evidence suggesting efficacy of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) in animal models and humans for the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders.
Published:
2016
Title:
Type 2 diabetes: Why we are winning the battle but losing the war? 2015 Kelly west award lecture
Authors:
Venkat Narayan, K. M.
Abstract:
Diabetes is among the biggest of the 21st-century global health challenges. In the U.S. and other high-income countries, thanks to investments in science, dedication to implementing these findings, and measurement of quality of care, there have been improvements in diabetes management and declines in rate of diabetes complications and mortality. This good news, however, is overshadowed by the ever-increasing absolute numbers of people with diabetes and its complications and the unprecedented growth of diabetes in low- and middle-income countries of the world. To comprehensively win the war against diabetes requires 1) concerted attention to prevention and 2) expansion of global research to better inform population-level policies to curb diabetes but also to better understand individual- and population-level variations in pathophysiology and phenotypes globally so that prevention and treatment can be tailored. For example, preliminary data show that thin people in low- and middle-income countries such as India commonly experience type 2 diabetes. Global studies comparing these thin Asian Indians with other high-risk groups such as Pima Indians, a population with a high mean BMI, suggest that type 2 diabetes may not be a single pathophysiological entity. Pima Indians may represent the well-studied phenotype of poor insulin action (type 2A), whereas Asian Indians represent the grossly understudied phenotype of poor insulin secretion (type 2B). This has major implications for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment and highlights the mismatch between where diabetes burdens occur (i.e., low- and middle-income countries) and where research happens (i.e., high-income countries). Correcting this imbalance will advance our knowledge and arsenal to win the global war against diabetes.
Published:
2016
Title:
Vegetarian diet reduces the risk of hypertension independent of abdominal obesity and inflammation: a prospective study
Authors:
Chuang, Shao-Yuan; Chiu, Tina H. T.; Lee, Chun-Yi; Liu, Ting-Ting; Tsao, Chwen Keng; Hsiung, Chao A.; Chiu, Yen-Feng
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: A vegetarian diet may prevent elevation of blood pressures and lower the risk for hypertension through lower degrees of obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. This study investigated the association between a vegetarian diet and hypertension incidence in a cohort of Taiwanese adult nonsmokers and examined whether this association was mediated through inflammation, abdominal obesity, or insulin resistance (using fasting glucose as a proxy). METHODS: This matched cohort study was from the 1994-2008 MJ Health Screening Database. Each vegetarian was matched with five nonvegetarians by age, sex, and study site. The analysis included 4109 nonsmokers (3423 nonvegetarians and 686 vegetarians), followed for a median of 1.61 years. The outcome includes hypertension incidence, as well as SBP and DBP levels. Regression analysis was performed to assess the association between vegetarian diet and hypertension incidence or future blood pressure levels in the presence/absence of potential mediators. RESULTS: Vegetarians had a 34% lower risk for hypertension, adjusting for age and sex (odds ratio: 0.66, 95% confidence interval: 0.50-0.87; SBP: -3.3 mmHg, P < 0.001; DBP: -1.5 mmHg, P < 0.001). The results stay statistically significant after further adjustment for C-reactive protein, waist circumference, and fasting glucose (odds ratio: 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.55-0.86; SBP: -2.4 mmHg, P < 0.05; DBP: -1.1 mmHg, P
Published:
2016
Title:
Vegetarian diets and gut microbiota: important shifts in markers of metabolism and cardiovascular disease
Authors:
do Rosario, Vinicius A.; Fernandes, Ricardo; Trindade, Erasmo B. S. de M.
Abstract:
Vegetarian diets have been associated with a lower incidence of several chronic diseases. The benefits of plant-based diets are related mainly to the improvement of metabolic parameters that can indicate risk for such diseases. Some metabolic factors, such as oxidative balance, lipid profile, and glucose homeostasis, can be improved directly by diet, but paradoxically, some characteristics of vegetarian diets may promote a negative scenario that increases the risk of certain chronic diseases. Additionally, many benefits of a vegetarian diet are mediated by the gut microbiota, members of which not only have taxonomic and functional differences but also produce diverse, specific metabolites that vary according to whether the host consumes an omnivorous or a vegetarian diet. This review examines the modulation of human metabolism and gut microbiota by vegetarian and omnivorous dietary patterns and explores how this modulation may affect the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Published:
2016
Title:
Vesicle-MaNiA: extracellular vesicles in liquid biopsy and cancer
Authors:
Torrano, Veronica; Royo, Felix; Peinado, Héctor; Loizaga-Iriarte, Ana; Unda, Miguel; Falcón-Perez, Juan M.; Carracedo, Arkaitz
Abstract:
Normal and tumor cells shed vesicles to the environment. Within the large family of extracellular vesicles, exosomes and microvesicles have attracted much attention in the recent years. Their interest ranges from mediators of cancer progression, inflammation, immune regulation and metastatic niche regulation, to non-invasive biomarkers of disease. In this respect, the procedures to purify and analyze extracellular vesicles have quickly evolved and represent a source of variability for data integration in the field. In this review, we provide an updated view of the potential of exosomes and microvesicles as biomarkers and the available technologies for their isolation.
Published:
2016
Title:
Walnut Meal as an excellent source of energy and protein for growing Japanese quails
Authors:
Arjomandi, M.A.; Salarmoini, M.
Abstract:
The present study was designed to study the chemical composition, apparent and true metabolizable energy values of the walnut meal and to evaluate the effects of different levels of walnut meal (0, 10, 20 and 30%) on Japanese quail's growth performance, blood metabolites, relative weight of different organs, malondial-dehyde (MDA) concentration in breast meat and egg yolks' cholesterol. This study was conducted as a completely randomize design with 288 unsexed Japanese quails randomly dividing into 4 treatments with 4 replicates of 18 birds each. As a result of this study, no significant differences were found for feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05), except the birds fed 30% walnut meal showed lower weight gain compared to the control at 7-21 days of age (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum glucose, uric acid, serum aspartate aminotranspherase (AST) and alanine aminotranspherase (ALT) activities between different dietary treatments. The serum low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol and triglyceride tended to decrease linearly (P < 0.01) as the walnut meal levels were increased. The serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) level in quails fed 10% walnut meal were significantly higher than control group (P < 0.05). Consumption of different levels of walnut meal significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in breast meat of chicks aged 42 d (P
Published:
2016
Title:
Waon therapy for managing chronic heart failure - Results from a multicenter prospective randomized WAON-CHF study
Authors:
Tei, Chuwa; Imamura, Teruhiko; Kinugawa, Koichiro; Inoue, Teruo; Masuyama, Tohru; Inoue, Hiroshi; Noike, Hirofumi; Muramatsu, Toshihiro; Takeishi, Yasuchika; Saku, Keijiro; Harada, Kazumasa; Daida, Hiroyuki; Kobayashi, Youichi; Hagiwara, Nobuhisa; Nagayama, Masatoshi; Momomura, Shinichi; Yonezawa, Kazuya; Ito, Hiroshi; Gojo, Satoshi; Akaishi, Makoto; Miyata, Masaaki; Ohishi, Mitsuru; Nagai, Ryozo; Kyo, Shunei; Ono, Minoru; Tomoike, Hitonobu; Oohashi, Yasuo; Toyoda, Shigeru; Kubozono, Takuro; Sobajima, Mitsuo; Hujimi, Kanta; Hirotani, Shinichi; Nakagami, Takahiro; Sugie, Masamitsu; Nakamura, Itimon; Yokoyama, Miho; Yoshihisa, Akiomi; Koba, Shinji; Shiga, Tsuyoshi; Shimada, Megumi; Yamamoto, Yuko; Okazaki, Ai; Suzuki, Tomohito; Sugiyama, Nobutoshi
Abstract:
© 2016, Japanese Circulation Society. All rights reserved. Background: Waon therapy improves heart failure (HF) symptoms, but further evidence in patients with advanced HF remains uncertain. Methods and Results: In 19 institutes, we prospectively enrolled hospitalized patients with advanced HF, who had plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) \textgreater500 pg/ml on admission and BNP \textgreater300 pg/ml regardless of more than 1 week of medical therapy. Enrolled patients were randomized into Waon therapy or control groups. Waon therapy was performed once daily for 10 days with a far infrared-ray dry sauna maintained at 60°C for 15 min, followed by bed rest for 30 min covered with a blanket. The primary endpoint was the ratio of BNP before and after treatment. In total, 76 Waon therapy and 73 control patients (mean age 66 years, men 61%, mean plasma BNP 777 pg/ml) were studied. The groups differed only in body mass index and the frequency of diabetes. The plasma BNP, NYHA classification, 6-min walk distance (6MWD), and cardiothoracic ratio significantly improved only in the Waon therapy group. Improvements in NYHA classification, 6MWD, and cardiothoracic ratio were significant in the Waon therapy group, although the change in plasma BNP did not reach statistical significance. No serious adverse events were observed in either group. Conclusions: Waon therapy, a holistic soothing warmth therapy, showed clinical advantages in safety and efficacy among patients with advanced HF.
Published:
2016
Title:
Weighting for Health: Management, Measurement and Self-surveillance in the Modern Household
Authors:
Bivins, Roberta; Marland, Hilary
Abstract:
Published:
2016
Title:
[Analysis of the fatty acid profile of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diet in the context of some diet-related diseases prevention]
Authors:
Kornek, Agata; Kucharska, Alicja; Kamela, Katarzyna
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Research increasingly provide evidence that vegetarian diet can have a positive impact on health. The aim of this study was to analyze the fatty acid profile of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diet and prove which of them is more optimal in the context of some diet-related diseases prevention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 83 women (47 vegetarians and 36 non-vegetarians). Estimates of the supply of individual fatty acids in the diet was based on analysis of 3-day dietary records (calculations in a computer program DIETA 5). RESULTS: Found: - in vegan diet significantly lower percentage of energy from SFA than in lactoovovegetarian diet and non-vegetarian diet (5,2% vs 11,2% i 11,9%), - in vegan and lactoovovegetarian diet - significantly higher percentage of energy from PUFA than in non-vegetarian diet (9,2% i 7,8% vs 5,0%), - in vegan and lactoovovegetarian diet - significantly higher percentage of energy from LA than in non-vegetarian diet (6,7% i 5,5% vs 3,9%), - in vegan and lactoovovegetarian diet - significantly higher percentage of energy from ALA than in non-vegetarian diet (1,3% i 1,2% vs. 0,8%) - in vegan and lactoovovegetarian diet - significantly lower intake of EPA+DHA than in non-vegetarian diet (0 mg i 15 mg vs 76 mg), - only 25% of non-vegetarian diets fulfilled recommendations on the content of EPA + DHA Conclusions: Vegetarian, particularly vegan, nutrition may promote good balancing of the fatty acids in the diet, except for the long chain polyunsaturated omega-3, which are also deficient in the case of conventional diet.
Published:
2016
Title:
[Analysis of the fatty acid profile of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diet in the context of some diet-related diseases prevention]
Authors:
Kornek, Agata; Kucharska, Alicja; Kamela, Katarzyna
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Research increasingly provide evidence that vegetarian diet can have a positive impact on health. The aim of this study was to analyze the fatty acid profile of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diet and prove which of them is more optimal in the context of some diet-related diseases prevention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 83 women (47 vegetarians and 36 non-vegetarians). Estimates of the supply of individual fatty acids in the diet was based on analysis of 3-day dietary records (calculations in a computer program DIETA 5). RESULTS: Found: - in vegan diet significantly lower percentage of energy from SFA than in lactoovovegetarian diet and non-vegetarian diet (5,2% vs 11,2% i 11,9%), - in vegan and lactoovovegetarian diet - significantly higher percentage of energy from PUFA than in non-vegetarian diet (9,2% i 7,8% vs 5,0%), - in vegan and lactoovovegetarian diet - significantly higher percentage of energy from LA than in non-vegetarian diet (6,7% i 5,5% vs 3,9%), - in vegan and lactoovovegetarian diet - significantly higher percentage of energy from ALA than in non-vegetarian diet (1,3% i 1,2% vs. 0,8%) - in vegan and lactoovovegetarian diet - significantly lower intake of EPA+DHA than in non-vegetarian diet (0 mg i 15 mg vs 76 mg), - only 25% of non-vegetarian diets fulfilled recommendations on the content of EPA + DHA Conclusions: Vegetarian, particularly vegan, nutrition may promote good balancing of the fatty acids in the diet, except for the long chain polyunsaturated omega-3, which are also deficient in the case of conventional diet.
Published:
2016
Title:
ω-3 Tear Film Lipids Correlate With Clinical Measures of Dry Eye
Authors:
Walter, Scott D.; Gronert, Karsten; McClellan, Allison L.; Levitt, Roy C.; Sarantopoulos, Konstantinos D.; Galor, Anat
Abstract:
PURPOSE: ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate inflammatory processes throughout the body through distinct classes of lipid mediators that possess both proinflammatory and proresolving properties. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to explore the relationship between lipid profiles in human tears and dry eye (DE) symptoms and signs. METHODS: Forty-one patients with normal eyelid and corneal anatomy were prospectively recruited from a Veterans Administration Hospital over 18 months. Symptoms and signs of DE were assessed, and tear samples was analyzed by mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. Statistical analyses comparing the relationship between tear film lipids and DE included Pearson/Spearman correlations and t-tests. RESULTS: Arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were present in more than 90% of tear film samples. The ratio of ω-6 (AA) to ω-3 (DHA+EPA) fatty acids was correlated with multiple measures of tear film dysfunction (tear breakup time, Schirmer 2 scores, and corneal staining; all P
Published:
2016
Title:
Advanced glycation End-products (AGEs): an emerging concern for processed food industries
Authors:
Sharma, Chetan; Kaur, Amarjeet; Thind, S S; Singh, Baljit; Raina, Shiveta
Abstract:
The global food industry is expected to increase more than US $ 7 trillion by 2014. This rise in processed food sector shows that more and more people are diverging towards modern processed foods. As modern diets are largely heat processed, they are more prone to contain high levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are a group of complex and heterogeneous compounds which are known as brown and fluorescent cross-linking substances such as pentosidine, non-fluorescent cross-linking products such as methylglyoxal-lysine dimers (MOLD), or non-fluorescent, non-cross linking adducts such as carboxymethyllysine (CML) and pyrraline (a pyrrole aldehyde). The chemistry of the AGEs formation, absorption and bioavailability and their patho-biochemistry particularly in relation to different complications like diabetes and ageing discussed. The concept of AGEs receptor – RAGE is mentioned. AGEs contribute to a variety of microvascular and macrovascular complications through the formation of cross-links between molecules in the basement membrane of the extracellular matrix and by engaging the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Different methods of detection and quantification along with types of agents used for the treatment of AGEs are reviewed. Generally, ELISA or LC-MS methods are used for analysis of foods and body fluids, however lack of universally established method highlighted. The inhibitory effect of bioactive components on AGEs by trapping variety of chemical moieties discussed. The emerging evidence about the adverse effects of AGEs makes it necessary to investigate the different therapies to inhibit AGEs.
Published:
2015-12
Title:
An Ester of β-Hydroxybutyrate Regulates Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Rats and a Cholesterol Biomarker in Humans
Authors:
Kemper, Martin F.; Srivastava, Shireesh; Todd King, M.; Clarke, Kieran; Veech, Richard L.; Pawlosky, Robert J.
Abstract:
In response to carbohydrate deprivation or prolonged fasting the ketone bodies, β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and acetoacetate (AcAc), are produced from the incomplete β-oxidation of fatty acids in the liver. Neither βHB nor AcAc are well utilized for synthesis of sterols or fatty acids in human or rat liver. To study the effects of ketones on cholesterol homeostasis a novel βHB ester (KE) ((R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate) was synthesized and given orally to rats and humans as a partial dietary carbohydrate replacement. Rats maintained on a diet containing 30-energy % as KE with a concomitant reduction in carbohydrate had lower plasma cholesterol and mevalonate (-40 and -27 %, respectively) and in the liver had lower levels of the mevalonate precursors acetoacetyl-CoA and HMG-CoA (-33 and -54 %) compared to controls. Whole liver and membrane LDL-R as well as SREBP-2 protein levels were higher (+24, +67, and +91 %, respectively). When formulated into a beverage for human consumption subjects consuming a KE drink (30-energy %) had elevated plasma βHB which correlated with decreased mevalonate, a liver cholesterol synthesis biomarker. Partial replacement of dietary carbohydrate with KE induced ketosis and altered cholesterol homeostasis in rats. In healthy individuals an elevated plasma βHB correlated with lower plasma mevalonate.
Published:
2015-12
Title:
Development and User Satisfaction of "Plan-It Commander," a Serious Game for Children with ADHD
Authors:
Bul, Kim C. M.; Franken, Ingmar H. A.; Van der Oord, Saskia; Kato, Pamela M.; Danckaerts, Marina; Vreeke, Leonie J.; Willems, Annik; van Oers, Helga J. J.; van den Heuvel, Ria; van Slagmaat, Rens; Maras, Athanasios
Abstract:
The need for engaging treatment approaches within mental health care has led to the application of gaming approaches to existing behavioral training programs (i.e., gamification). Because children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tend to have fewer problems with concentration and engagement when playing digital games, applying game technologies and design approaches to complement treatment may be a useful means to engage this population in their treatment. Unfortunately, gamified training programs currently available for ADHD have been limited in their ability to demonstrate in-game behavior skills that generalize to daily life situations. Therefore, we developed a new serious game (called "Plan-It Commander") that was specifically designed to promote behavioral learning and promotes strategy use in domains of daily life functioning such as time management, planning/organizing, and prosocial skills that are known to be problematic for children with ADHD. An interdisciplinary team contributed to the development of the game. The game's content and approach are based on psychological principles from the Self-Regulation Model, Social Cognitive Theory, and Learning Theory. In this article, game development and the scientific background of the behavioral approach are described, as well as results of a survey (n = 42) to gather user feedback on the first prototype of the game. The findings suggest that participants were satisfied with this game and provided the basis for further development and research to the game. Implications for developing serious games and applying user feedback in game development are discussed.
Published:
2015-12
Title:
Dietary fat intake and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in a population at high risk of cardiovascular disease
Authors:
Guasch-Ferre, Marta; Babio, Nancy; Martinez-Gonzalez, Miguel A.; Corella, Dolores; Ros, Emilio; Martin-Pelaez, Sandra; Estruch, Ramon; Aros, Fernando; Gomez-Gracia, Enrique; Fiol, Miquel; Santos-Lozano, Jose M.; Serra-Majem, Lluis; Bullo, Monica; Toledo, Estefania; Barragan, Rocio; Fito, Montserrat; Gea, Alfredo; Salas-Salvado, Jordi; Investigators, PREDIMED Study
Abstract:
CONCLUSIONS: Intakes of MUFAs and PUFAs were associated with a lower risk of CVD and death, whereas SFA and trans-fat intakes were associated with a higher risk of CVD. The replacement of SFAs with MUFAs and PUFAs or of trans fat with MUFAs was inversely associated with CVD. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN 35739639. Copyright © 2015 American Society for Nutrition.
Published:
2015-12
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