top of page
Published Science
Click Search to Filter.
Total Entries: 10690
Title:
Dynamics of intrapericardial and extrapericardial fat tissues during long-term, dietary-induced, moderate weight loss
Authors:
Tsaban, Gal; Wolak, Arik; Avni-Hassid, Hila; Gepner, Yftach; Shelef, Ilan; Henkin, Yaakov; Schwarzfuchs, Dan; Cohen, Noa; Bril, Nitzan; Rein, Michal; Serfaty, Dana; Kenigsbuch, Shira; Tene, Lilac; Zelicha, Hila; Yaskolka-Meir, Anat; Komy, Oded; Bilitzky, Avital; Chassidim, Yoash; Ceglarek, Uta; Stumvoll, Michael; Blüher, Matthias; Thiery, Joachim; Dicker, Dror; Rudich, Assaf; Stampfer, Meir J; Shai, Iris
Abstract:
Published:
2017-10
Title:
Estimation of Chicken Intake by Adults Using Metabolomics-Derived Markers
Authors:
Xiaofei Yin; Gibbons, Helena; Rundle, Milena; Frost, Gary; McNulty, Breige A.; Nugent, Anne P.; Walton, Janette; Flynn, Albert; Gibney, Michael J.; Brennan, Lorraine; Yin, Xiaofei
Abstract:
Background: Improved assessment of meat intake with the use of metabolomics-derived markers can provide objective data and could be helpful in clarifying proposed associations between meat intake and health.Objective: The objective of this study was to identify novel markers of chicken intake using a metabolomics approach and use markers to determine intake in an independent cohort.Methods: Ten participants [age: 62 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 28.25] in the NutriTech food intake study consumed increasing amounts of chicken, from 88 to 290 g/d, in a 3-wk span. Urine and blood samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, respectively. A multivariate data analysis was performed to identify markers associated with chicken intake. A calibration curve was built based on dose-response association using NutriTech data. A Bland-Altman analysis evaluated the agreement between reported and calculated chicken intake in a National Adult Nutrition Survey cohort.Results: Multivariate data analysis of postprandial and fasting urine samples collected in participants in the NutriTech study revealed good discrimination between high (290 g/d) and low (88 g/d) chicken intakes. Urinary metabolite profiles showed differences in metabolite levels between low and high chicken intakes. Examining metabolite profiles revealed that guanidoacetate increased from 1.47 to 3.66 mmol/L following increasing chicken intakes from 88 to 290 g/d (P < 0.01). Using a calibration curve developed from the NutriTech study, chicken intake was calculated through the use of data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey, in which consumers of chicken had a higher guanidoacetate excretion (0.70 mmol/L) than did nonconsumers (0.47 mmol/L; P
Published:
2017-10
Title:
Ethyl glucuronide in keratinous matrices as biomarker of alcohol use: A correlation study between hair and nails
Authors:
Cappelle, Delphine; Neels, Hugo; De Keukeleire, Steven; Fransen, Erik; Dom, Geert; Vermassen, Annemie; Covaci, Adrian; Crunelle, Cleo L.; van Nuijs, Alexander L. N.
Abstract:
To quantify alcohol use, objective, specific and sensitive long-term alcohol markers are necessary. Ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a direct metabolite of alcohol, accumulates in keratinous matrices such as hair and nails, and is a specific and sensitive long-term biomarker for the detection of chronic alcohol consumption. So far, research has primarily focused on the detection of EtG in hair, and studies on its measurement in nails are scarce. In this article, we assessed EtG concentrations in hair, finger- and toenails from the same individuals in order to evaluate the direct correlation between the matrices. To this end, a total amount of 45 hair, 41 fingernail, and 13 toenail samples were collected from patients treated for alcohol use disorders at two psychiatric centers in Belgium. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Hair EtG concentrations ranged from <LLOQ to 1149pg/mg (median=164pg/mg, IQR [42; 283]). Fingernail EtG concentrations ranged from <LLOQ to 4090pg/mg (median=250pg/mg, IQR [74; 645]). Toenail EtG concentrations ranged from 127 to 3792pg/mg (median=687pg/mg, IQR [379; 1370]). EtG levels in hair and nails were significantly and positively correlated (p-values123pg/mg for chronic excessive alcohol consumption, 59-123pg/mg for moderate alcohol consumption, and
Published:
2017-10
Title:
Incidence of early anxiety aggravation in trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in depression
Authors:
Näslund, J.; Hieronymus, F.; Emilsson, J. F.; Lisinski, A.; Nilsson, S.; Eriksson, E.
Abstract:
Objective: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may aggravate anxiety and agitation during the first days of treatment but the frequency of such reactions remains unknown. Method: We analysed patient-level data from placebo-controlled trials of sertraline, paroxetine or citalopram in depressed adults. Somatic anxiety, psychic anxiety and psychomotor agitation as assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were analysed in all trials (n = 8262); anxiety-related adverse events were analysed in trials investigating paroxetine and citalopram (n = 5712). Results: After one but not two weeks, patients on an SSRI were more likely than those on placebo to report enhanced somatic anxiety (adjusted risk 9.3% vs. 6.7%); likewise, mean rating of somatic anxiety was higher in the SSRI group. In contrast, patients receiving an SSRI were less likely to report aggravation of psychic anxiety (adjusted risk: 7.0% vs. 8.5%) with mean rating of psychic anxiety and agitation being lower in the SSRI group. The adverse event ‘nervousness’ was more common in patients given an SSRI (5.5% vs. 2.5%). Neither aggravation of HDRS-rated anxiety nor anxiety-related adverse events predicted poor antidepressant response. Conclusion: Whereas an anxiety-reducing effect of SSRIs is notable already during the first week of treatment, these drugs may also elicit an early increase in anxiety in susceptible subjects that however does not predict a poor subsequent response to treatment.
Published:
2017-10
Title:
Lacto-Vegetarian Diet and Correlation of Fasting Blood Sugar with Lipids in Population Practicing Sedentary Lifestyle
Authors:
Praharaj, Ardhendu Bhusan; Goenka, Ramesh Kumar; Dixit, Sujata; Gupta, Manoj Kumar; Kar, Shantanu Kumar; Negi, Sapna
Abstract:
Rising burden of diabetes in India requires quick intervention that integrates policies and programs for effective prevention and control of disease. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to observe effect of diet in two Indian communities practicing sedentary lifestyle. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for blood sugar, glycated-hemoglobin (HbA1C), and lipid profile. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) measurements were recorded. Diabetes incidence was lower in lacto-vegetarian (1.7%) than in non-vegetarian group (5.3%) despite similar lipid profiles and BMI/WC between the groups. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was positively correlated with LDL and VLDL levels and negatively correlated with HDL, only in lacto-vegetarian group. Study suggests: (1) Indian lacto-vegetarian diet has beneficial effects on diabetes incidence irrespective of high body weight and sedentary lifestyle; (2) intervention to reduce body lipids, such as lipid-lowering drugs and exercise, may have greater effect in reducing FBS levels in this lacto-vegetarian group.
Published:
2017-10
Title:
MYC and MCL1 Cooperatively Promote Chemotherapy-Resistant Breast Cancer Stem Cells via Regulation of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation
Authors:
Lee, Kyung-min; Giltnane, Jennifer M.; Balko, Justin M.; Schwarz, Luis J.; Guerrero-Zotano, Angel L.; Hutchinson, Katherine E.; Nixon, Mellissa J.; Estrada, Mónica V.; Sánchez, Violeta; Sanders, Melinda E.; Lee, Taekyu; Gómez, Henry; Lluch, Ana; Pérez-Fidalgo, J. Alejandro; Wolf, Melissa Magdalene; Andrejeva, Gabriela; Rathmell, Jeffrey C.; Fesik, Stephen W.; Arteaga, Carlos L.
Abstract:
Most patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) develop drug resistance. MYC and MCL1 are frequently co-amplified in drug-resistant TNBC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Herein, we demonstrate that MYC and MCL1 cooperate in the maintenance of chemotherapy-resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs) in TNBC. MYC and MCL1 increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (mtOXPHOS) and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), processes involved in maintenance of CSCs. A mutant of MCL1 that cannot localize in mitochondria reduced mtOXPHOS, ROS levels, and drug-resistant CSCs without affecting the antiapoptotic function of MCL1. Increased levels of ROS, a by-product of activated mtOXPHOS, led to the accumulation of HIF-1a. Pharmacological inhibition of HIF-1a attenuated CSC enrichment and tumor initiation in vivo. These data suggest that (1) MYC and MCL1 confer resistance to chemotherapy by expanding CSCs via mtOXPHOS and (2) targeting mitochondrial respiration and HIF-1a may reverse chemotherapy resistance in TNBC.
Published:
2017-10
Title:
New trends on obesity and NAFLD in Asia
Authors:
Fan, Jian-Gao; Kim, Seung-Up; Wong, Vincent Wai-Sun
Abstract:
Traditionally, obesity and its related diseases have been considered a problem in Western countries. However, in the past two decades, urbanisation in many Asian countries has led to a sedentary lifestyle and overnutrition, setting the stage for the epidemic of obesity. This article reviews the epidemiological trend of obesity in Asia, with special emphasis on the emerging condition of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Currently, the population prevalence of NAFLD in Asia is around 25%, like many Western countries. While hepatocellular carcinoma and end-stage liver disease secondary to NAFLD remain uncommon, a rising trend has emerged. Around 8-19% of Asians with body mass indexes less than 25kg/m2 are also found to have NAFLD, a condition often described as "lean" or "non-obese" NAFLD. Although this condition is generally less severe than that in more obese patients, steatohepatitis and fibrotic disease are well recognized. Central adiposity, insulin resistance and weight gain are major risk factors, and genetic predisposition, such as the PNPLA3 polymorphism appears to be more important in the development of NAFLD in the non-obese population. Lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of management for obesity and NAFLD, but few patients can achieve adequate weight reduction and even fewer can maintain the weight in the long run. While pharmacological agents have entered phase III development for steatohepatitis, Asian patients are under-represented in most drug trials. Future studies should define the optimal management of obesity and NAFLD in Asia.
Published:
2017-10
Title:
Orthorexia nervosa and eating disorder symptoms in dietitians in the United States
Authors:
Tremelling, Kaylee; Sandon, Lona; Vega, Gloria L.; McAdams, Carrie J.
Abstract:
Background Dietitians are trained to identify optimal food choices for clients based on medical state and lifestyle. Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a proposed disorder related to obsessions about eating healthfully; eating disorders (ED) are serious mental illnesses with symptoms related to eating, body image, and self-esteem. Both ON and EDs are more common amongst dietitians than the general population. Objective This study examined the prevalence of ON and EDs in dietitians in the United States and, amongst this sample, assessed whether the presence of ON symptoms related to symptoms of EDs, including weight, shape, eating, and restraint. Design A cross-sectional design compared responses for participants after dividing into three groups: those scoring at-risk for ON, those with a current or past ED, and a comparison group. Participants A sample of 2,500 registered dietitians were invited to complete surveys electronically; 636 responses were received. Main Outcome Measures Scores on the ORTO-15 and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) determined prevalence of ON and EDs. Differences in these measures, and body mass index (BMI) were compared in the three groups. Statistical Analyses Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square analyses compared the groups. Results For the entire sample, scores on the ORTO-15 suggested 49.5% were at risk for ON, and scores on the EDE-Q suggested 12.9% were at risk for an ED, with 8.2% of dietitians self-disclosing treatment for an ED. Both the group disclosing ED treatment and the group at risk for ON had a lower mean BMI, lower scores on the ORTO-15 and higher scores on the EDE-Q and all its subscales than the comparison group. Conclusions Clarifying the relationship between ON and EDs is warranted, as ON symptoms appear to be associated not only with disturbances in eating but also with elevated shape and weight concerns.
Published:
2017-10
Title:
Quantity and source of dietary protein influence metabolite production by gut microbiota and rectal mucosa gene expression: a randomized, parallel, double-blind trial in overweight humans
Authors:
Beaumont, Martin; Portune, Kevin Joseph; Steuer, Nils; Lan, Annaïg; Cerrudo, Victor; Audebert, Marc; Dumont, Florent; Mancano, Giulia; Khodorova, Nadezda; Andriamihaja, Mireille; Airinei, Gheorghe; Tomé, Daniel; Benamouzig, Robert; Davila, Anne-Marie; Claus, Sandrine Paule; Sanz, Yolanda; Blachier, François
Abstract:
Background: Although high-protein diets (HPDs) are frequently consumed for body-weight control, little is known about the consequences for gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity and for large intestine mucosal homeostasis. Moreover, the effects of HPDs according to the source of protein need to be considered in this context.Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the quantity and source of dietary protein on microbiota composition, bacterial metabolite production, and consequences for the large intestinal mucosa in humans.Design: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-design trial was conducted in 38 overweight individuals who received a 3-wk isocaloric supplementation with casein, soy protein, or maltodextrin as a control. Fecal and rectal biopsy-associated microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Fecal, urinary, and plasma metabolomes were assessed by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance. Mucosal transcriptome in rectal biopsies was determined with the use of microarrays.Results: HPDs did not alter the microbiota composition, but induced a shift in bacterial metabolism toward amino acid degradation with different metabolite profiles according to the protein source. Correlation analysis identified new potential bacterial taxa involved in amino acid degradation. Fecal water cytotoxicity was not modified by HPDs, but was associated with a specific microbiota and bacterial metabolite profile. Casein and soy protein HPDs did not induce inflammation, but differentially modified the expression of genes playing key roles in homeostatic processes in rectal mucosa, such as cell cycle or cell death.Conclusions: This human intervention study shows that the quantity and source of dietary proteins act as regulators of gut microbiota metabolite production and host gene expression in the rectal mucosa, raising new questions on the impact of HPDs on the large intestine mucosa homeostasis. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02351297.
Published:
2017-10
Title:
Time for change
Authors:
Grant, John D.
Abstract:
Published:
2017-10
Title:
VDAC1 at the crossroads of cell metabolism, apoptosis and cell stress
Authors:
Shoshan-Barmatz, Varda; Maldonado, Eduardo N.; Krelin, Yakov
Abstract:
This review presents current knowledge related to VDAC1 as a multi-functional mitochondrial protein acting on both sides of the coin, regulating cell life and death, and highlighting these functions in relation to disease. It is now recognized that VDAC1 does not only play a crucial role in regulating the metabolic and energetic functions of mitochondria. The location of VDAC1 at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) allows the control of metabolic cross-talk between mitochondria and the rest of the cell and also enables its interaction with proteins involved in metabolic and survival pathways. Along with regulating cellular energy production and metabolism, VDAC1 is also involved in the process of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by mediating the release of apoptotic proteins and interacting with anti-apoptotic proteins. VDAC1 functions in the release of apoptotic proteins located in the mitochondrion inter-membranal space via oligomerization to form a large channel that allows passage of cytochrome c and AIF and their release to the cytosol, subsequently apoptotic cell death. VDAC1 also regulates apoptosis via interactions with apoptosis regulatory proteins, such as hexokinase (HK), Bcl2 and Bcl-xL, some of which are also highly expressed in many cancers. This review also provide insight into VDAC1 function in Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative stress, and presents VDAC1 as a hub protein interacting with over 100 proteins. Such interactions enable VDAC1 to mediate and regulate the integration of mitochondrial functions with cellular activities. VDAC1 can thus be considered as standing at the crossroads between mitochondrial metabolite transport and apoptosis and hence represents an emerging cancer drug target.
Published:
2017-10
Title:
Changes in blood pressure, vascular reactivity and inflammatory biomarkers following consumption of heated corn oil
Authors:
Das, Srijit; Hamsi, Mohamed Afiq; Kamisah, Yusof; Qodriyah, Hj Mohd Saad; Othman, Faizah; Emran, Adel; Zakaria, Zaiton; Jaarin, Kamsiah
Abstract:
Consumption of corn oil for cooking purpose is gaining popularity. The present study examined the effect of heated corn oil on blood pressure and its possible mechanism in experimental rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups and were fed with the following diets, Group I was fed with basal diet only; whereas group II,III,IV and V were fed with basal diet fortified with 15% (w/w) either fresh, once-heated, five-times-heated or ten-times-heated corn oil, respectively for 16 weeks. Body weight, blood pressure were measured at baseline and weekly interval for 16 weeks. Inflammatory biomarkers which included soluble intracellular adhesion molecules (sICAM), soluble vascular adhesion molecules (sVCAM) and C reactive protein (CRP), were measured at baseline and the end of 16 weeks. The rats were sacrificed and thoracic aorta was taken for measurement of vascular reactivity. There was significant increase in the blood pressure in the groups fed with heated once, five-times (5HCO) and ten-times-heated corn oil (10-HCO) compared to the control. The increase in the blood pressure was associated with an increase in CRP, sICAM and sVCAM, reduction in vasodilatation response to acetylcholine and greater vasoconstriction response to phenylephrine. The results suggest that repeatedly heated corn oil causes elevation in blood pressure, vascular inflammation which impairs vascular reactivity thereby predisposing to hypertension. There is a need to educate people not to consume corn oil in a heated state.
Published:
2017-09
Title:
Effect of different marinating conditions on the evolution of spoilage microbiota and metabolomic profile of chicken breast fillets
Authors:
Lytou, Anastasia E.; Panagou, Efstathios Z.; Nychas, George-John E.
Abstract:
Five different marinades were prepared containing lemon juice, apple cider vinegar, pomegranate juice and combinations of them. Three different temperatures (4, 10, and 20 degreeC) and five marinating time intervals (1, 3, 6, and 9 h) were tested. Microbial, physicochemical as well as sensory analyses were performed to assess marination. Noticeable microbial reductions and satisfactory sensory results were observed only in samples treated for short time (1 and 3 h). The marinade in which pomegranate and lemon juices were combined caused a decrease in microbial counts and led to desirable sensory attributes. Each of the marinades was characterized by a distinguishable organic acid profile, while the discrimination of the samples, based on organic acid concentration, between low (1 and 3) and high (6 and 9) marinating time was feasible. It can be concluded that marinating time affected the indigenous microbiota and the sensory characteristics of chicken meat while pomegranate could be a promising marinating ingredient from a microbiological and physicochemical perspective. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published:
2017-09
Title:
Maternal SSRI exposure increases the risk of autistic offspring: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors:
Andalib, S.; Emamhadi, M.R.; Yousefzadeh-Chabok, S.; Shakouri, S.K.; Høilund-Carlsen, P.F.; Vafaee, M.S.; Michel, T.M.
Abstract:
Background: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most common antidepressants used to preclude maternal pregnancy depression. There is a growing body of literature assessing the association of prenatal exposure to SSRIs with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present systematic review and meta-analysis reviewed the medical literature and pooled the results of the association of prenatal exposure to SSRIs with ASD. Methods: Published investigations in English by June 2016 with keywords of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRI, autism spectrum disorder, ASD, pregnancy, childhood, children, neurodevelopment were identified using databases PubMed and PMC, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. Cochran’s Q statistic-value (Q), degree of freedom (df), and I2 indices (variation in odds ratio [OR] attributable to heterogeneity) were calculated to analyze the risk of heterogeneity of the within- and between-study variability. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported by a Mantel–Haenszel test. Results: There was a non-significant heterogeneity for the included studies ([Q = 3.61, df = 6, P = 0.730], I2 = 0%). The pooled results showed a significant association between prenatal SSRI exposure and ASD (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.59–2.10, Z = 8.49, P = 0.00). Conclusion: The evidence from the present study suggests that prenatal exposure to SSRIs is associated with a higher risk of ASD.
Published:
2017-09
Title:
Nutritional Sustainability: Aligning Priorities in Nutrition and Public Health with Agricultural Production
Authors:
Finley, John W.; Dimick, Dennis; Marshall, Elizabeth; Nelson, Gerald Charles; Mein, Jonathan R.; Gustafson, David I.
Abstract:
Nutrition science-based dietary advice urges changes that may have a great impact on agricultural systems. For example, the 2016 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends greatly increased fruit and vegetable consumption, but the present domestic production is insufficient to accommodate large-scale adoption of these guidelines. Increasing production to the extent needed to meet the DGA will necessitate changes in an already stressed agriculture and food system and will require nutrition and agriculture professionals to come together in open and collegial discourse. All involved need to understand the stress placed on the food system by increasing populations, changing diets, and changing environments, and recognize the major diet-based public health challenges. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the intricate interplay of the myriad parts of the food system and the vast amount of work necessary to make even small changes. New systems approaches are needed, especially at the research level, where nutrition, public health, agriculture, and the food industry work together to solve interconnected problems. Future well-being depends on a sustainable food system that continues to deliver optimal health with minimal impact on the environment.
Published:
2017-09
Title:
Screening for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children: do guidelines provide enough guidance?
Authors:
Koot, B. G. P.; Nobili, V.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the industrialized world in children. Its high prevalence and important health risks make NAFLD highly suitable for screening. In practice, screening is widely, albeit not consistently, performed. AIM: To review the recommendations on screening for NAFLD in children. METHOD: Recommendations on screening were reviewed from major paediatric obesity guidelines and NAFLD guidelines. A literature overview is provided on open questions and controversies. RESULTS: Screening for NAFLD is advocated in all obesity and most NAFLD guidelines. Guidelines are not uniform in whom to screen, and most guidelines do not specify how screening should be performed in practice. Screening for NAFLD remains controversial, due to lack of a highly accurate screening tool, limited knowledge to predict the natural course of NAFLD and limited data on its cost effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines provide little guidance on how screening should be performed. Screening for NAFLD remains controversial because not all conditions for screening are fully met. Consensus is needed on the optimal use of currently available screening tools. Research should focus on new accurate screening tool, the natural history of NAFLD and the cost effectiveness of different screening strategies in children.
Published:
2017-09
Title:
Are more environmentally sustainable diets with less meat and dairy nutritionally adequate?
Authors:
Seves, S. Marije; Verkaik-Kloosterman, Janneke; Biesbroek, Sander; Temme, Elisabeth Hm
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: Our current food consumption patterns, and in particular our meat and dairy intakes, cause high environmental pressure. The present modelling study investigates the impact of diets with less or no meat and dairy foods on nutrient intakes and assesses nutritional adequacy by comparing these diets with dietary reference intakes. DESIGN: Environmental impact and nutrient intakes were assessed for the observed consumption pattern (reference) and two replacement scenarios. For the replacement scenarios, 30 % or 100 % of meat and dairy consumption (in grams) was replaced with plant-based alternatives and nutrient intakes, greenhouse gas emissions and land use were calculated. SETTING: The Netherlands. SUBJECTS: Dutch adults (n 2102) aged 19-69 years. RESULTS: Replacing 30 % of meat and dairy with plant-based alternatives did not substantially alter percentages below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for all studied nutrients. In the 100 % replacement scenario, SFA intake decreased on average by ~35 % and Na intake by ~8 %. Median Ca intakes were below the Adequate Intake. Estimated habitual fibre, Fe and vitamin D intakes were higher; however, non-haem Fe had lower bioavailability. For Zn, thiamin and vitamin B12, 10-31 % and for vitamin A, 60 % of adults had intakes below the EAR. CONCLUSIONS: Diets with all meat and dairy replaced with plant-based foods lowered environmental impacts by >40 %. Estimated intakes of Zn, thiamin, vitamins A and B12, and probably Ca, were below recommendations. Replacing 30 % was beneficial for SFA, Na, fibre and vitamin D intakes, neutral for other nutrients, while reducing environmental impacts by 14 %.
Published:
2017-08
Title:
Association between process measures and mortality in individuals with opioid use disorders
Authors:
Watkins, Katherine E.; Paddock, Susan M.; Hudson, Teresa J.; Ounpraseuth, Songthip; Schrader, Amy M.; Hepner, Kimberly A.; Stein, Bradley D.
Abstract:
Background: Individuals with opioid use disorders have high rates of mortality relative to the general population. The relationship between treatment process and mortality is unknown. Aim: To examine the association between 7 process measures and 12- and 24-month mortality. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of patients with opioid use disorders who received care from the Veterans Administration between October 2006 and September 2007. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between 12 and 24-month mortality and 7 patient-level process measures, while risk-adjusting for patient characteristics. Process measures included quarterly physician visits, any opioid use disorder pharmacotherapy, continuous pharmacotherapy, psychosocial treatment, Hepatitis B/C and HIV screening, and no prescriptions for benzodiazepines or opioids. We conducted sensitivity analyses to examine the robustness of our findings to an unobserved confounder. Results: Among individuals with opioid use disorders, not being prescribed opioids or benzodiazepines, receipt of any psychosocial treatment and quarterly physician visits were significantly associated with lower mortality at both 12 and 24 months, but Hepatitis and HIV screening, and measures related to opioid use disorder pharmacotherapy were not. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the difference in the prevalence of an unobserved confounder would have to be unrealistically large given the observed data, or there would need to be a large effect of the confounder, to render these findings non-significant. Conclusions and relevance: This is the first study to show an association between process measures and mortality in patients with opioid use disorders and provides initial evidence for their use as quality measures.
Published:
2017-08
Title:
Design of the FINS-TEENS study: A randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of fatty fish on cognitive performance in adolescents
Authors:
Skotheim, Siv; Dahl, Lisbeth; Handeland, Katina; Frøyland, Livar; Lie, Øyvind; Øyen, Jannike; Kjellevold, Marian; Stormark, Kjell Morten; Graff, Ingvild Eide
Abstract:
AIMS: To describe the rationale, study design, population and dietary compliance in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating the effect of fatty fish on cognitive performance and mental health in adolescents. METHOD: In the Fish Intervention Studies-TEENS (FINS-TEENS) study we individually randomized 478 adolescents (14-15-year-olds) from eight secondary schools in Norway to receive school meal lunches with fatty fish or meat or n-3 supplements three times a week for 12 weeks. Demographic factors, psychological tests and biological measures were collected pre-and post-intervention. Duplicate portions of lunch meals were collected and individual intake recorded throughout the study. RESULTS: In total, 481 out of 785 adolescents (61%) agreed to participate and 34 (7%) dropped out. Breakfast consumption was the only group difference in background characteristics. Analyses of selected nutrients in the lunch meals showed higher levels of n-3 fatty acids, vitamin D and n-6 fatty acids in the fish compared to the meat meals. Dietary compliance (score 0-144) revealed that the intake in the Fish group (mean = 59, standard deviation (SD) = 35) were lower than in the Meat group (mean = 83, SD = 31, p < 0.01) and Supplement group (mean = 105, SD = 25, p
Published:
2017-08
Title:
Early Postnatal Diets Affect the Bioregional Small Intestine Microbiome and Ileal Metabolome in Neonatal Pigs
Authors:
Piccolo, Brian D.; Mercer, Kelly E.; Bhattacharyya, Sudeepa; Bowlin, Anne K.; Saraf, Manish K.; Pack, Lindsay; Chintapalli, Sree V.; Shankar, Kartik; Adams, Sean H.; Badger, Thomas M.; Yeruva, Laxmi
Abstract:
Background: Breastfeeding is known to be protective against gastrointestinal disorders and may modify gut development. Although the gut microbiome has been implicated, little is known about how early diet affects the small intestine microbiome.Objective: We hypothesized that disparate early diets would promote unique microbial profiles in the small intestines of neonatal pigs.Methods: Male and female 2-d-old White Dutch Landrace pigs were either sow fed or provided dairy (Similac Advance powder; Ross Products Abbott Laboratories) or soy (Enfamil Prosobee Lipil powder; Mead Johnson Nutritionals) infant formulas until day 21. Bacterial ecology was assessed in the contents of the small intestine through the use of 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. α-Diversity, β-diversity, and differential abundances of operational taxonomic units were assessed by ANOVA, permutational ANOVA, and negative binomial regression, respectively. Ileum tissue metabolomics were measured by LC-mass spectrometry and assessed by weighted correlation network analysis.Results: Greater α-diversity was observed in the duodena of sow-fed compared with formula-fed neonatal pigs (P 60% relative abundance in all of the groups. In the duodenum, 77 genera were altered by diet, followed by 48 in the jejunum and 19 in the ileum. Metabolomics analyses revealed associations between ileum tissue metabolites (e.g., acylcarnitines, 3-aminoisobutyric acid) and diet-responsive microbial genera.Conclusions: These results indicate that the neonatal diet has regional effects on the small intestine microbiome in pigs, with the most pronounced effects occurring in the duodena. Regional effects may be important factors when considering gut tissue metabolism and development in the postnatal period.
Published:
2017-08
Title:
Long-Term Effects of High-Protein Diets on Renal Function
Authors:
Kamper, Anne-Lise; Strandgaard, Svend
Abstract:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a prevalence of approximately 13% and is most frequently caused by diabetes and hypertension. In population studies, CKD etiology is often uncertain. Some experimental and observational human studies have suggested that high-protein intake may increase CKD progression and even cause CKD in healthy people. The protein source may be important. Daily red meat consumption over years may increase CKD risk, whereas white meat and dairy proteins appear to have no such effect, and fruit and vegetable proteins may be renal protective. Few randomized trials exist with an observation time greater than 6 months, and most of these were conducted in patients with preexisting diseases that dispose to CKD. Results conflict and do not allow any conclusion about kidney-damaging effects of long-term, high-protein intake. Until additional data become available, present knowledge seems to substantiate a concern. Screening for CKD should be considered before and during long-term, high-protein intake.
Published:
2017-08
Title:
Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting
Authors:
Patterson, Ruth E.; Sears, Dorothy D.
Abstract:
The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved health outcomes. A MEDLINE search was performed using PubMed and the terms "intermittent fasting," "fasting," "time-restricted feeding," and "food timing." Modified fasting regimens appear to promote weight loss and may improve metabolic health. Several lines of evidence also support the hypothesis that eating patterns that reduce or eliminate nighttime eating and prolong nightly fasting intervals may result in sustained improvements in human health. Intermittent fasting regimens are hypothesized to influence metabolic regulation via effects on (a) circadian biology, (b) the gut microbiome, and (c) modifiable lifestyle behaviors, such as sleep. If proven to be efficacious, these eating regimens offer promising nonpharmacological approaches to improving health at the population level, with multiple public health benefits.
Published:
2017-08
Title:
MtDNA depletion influences the transition of CD44 subtypes in human prostate cancer DU145 cells
Authors:
Li, Xiaoran; Grigalavicius, Mantas; Li, Yaqing; Li, Xiaoli; Zhong, Yali; Huang, Ruixia; Yu, Dandan; Berge, Viktor; Goscinski, Mariusz Adam; Kvalheim, Gunnar; Nesland, Jahn M.; Suo, Zhenhe
Abstract:
Our earlier study revealed that long-term ethidium bromide application causes mitochondrial DNA depletion in human prostate cancer DU145 cell line (DU145MtDP), and this DU145MtDP subline appears to have expanded CD44Bright cell population than its parental wild type DU145 cells (DU145WT). Increasing evidence suggests that CD44Bright cells are highly cancer stem cell like, but it is not clear about their dynamic transition between CD44Dim and CD44Bright phenotypes in prostate cancer cells, and how it is affected by mitochondrial DNA depletion. To address these questions, four cell subpopulations were isolated from both DU145WT and DU145MtDP cell lines based on their CD44 expression level and mitochondrial membrane potential. The cell motility and colony formation capability of the fluorescence activated cell sorting-sorted cell subpopulations were further examined. It was discovered in the DU145WT cells that CD44Dim cells could transit into both CD44Dim and CD44Bright phenotypes and that CD44Bright cells were prone to sustain their CD44Bright phenotype as renewal. However, such transition principle was altered in the DU145MtDP cells, in which CD44Bright cells showed similar capability to sustain a CD44Bright phenotype, while the transition of CD44Dim cells to CD44Bright were suppressed. It is concluded that mitochondrial DNA depletion in the human prostate cancer DU145 cells influences their renewal and CD44 subphenotype transition. Such alterations may be the driving force for the enrichment of CD44Bright DU145 cells after the mitochondrial DNA depletion, although the molecular mechanisms remain unclear.
Published:
2017-08
Title:
Principal aspects regarding the maintenance of mammalian mitochondrial genome integrity
Authors:
Vasileiou, Panagiotis V.S.; Mourouzis, Iordanis; Pantos, Constantinos
Abstract:
Mitochondria have emerged as key players regarding cellular homeostasis not only due to their contribution regarding energy production through oxidative phosphorylation, but also due to their involvement in signaling, ion regulation, and programmed cell death. Indeed, current knowledge supports the notion that mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Mitochondrial biogenesis and function require the coordinated action of two genomes: nuclear and mitochondrial. Unfortunately, both intrinsic and environmental genotoxic insults constantly threaten the integrity of nuclear as well as mitochondrial DNA. Despite the extensive research that has been made regarding nuclear genome instability, the importance of mitochondrial genome integrity has only recently begun to be elucidated. The specific architecture and repair mechanisms of mitochondrial DNA, as well as the dynamic behavior that mitochondria exert regarding fusion, fission, and autophagy participate in mitochondrial genome stability, and therefore, cell homeostasis.
Published:
2017-08
Title:
Timeline of changes in appetite during weight loss with a ketogenic diet
Authors:
Nymo, S.; Coutinho, S. R.; Jørgensen, J.; Rehfeld, J. F.; Truby, H.; Kulseng, B.; Martins, C.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Diet-induced weight loss (WL) leads to increased hunger and reduced fullness feelings, increased ghrelin and reduced satiety peptides concentration (glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY)). Ketogenic diets seem to minimise or supress some of these responses. The aim of this study was to determine the timeline over which changes in appetite occur during progressive WL with a ketogenic very-low-energy diet (VLED). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Thirty-one sedentary adults (18 men), with obesity (body mass index: 37±4.5 kg m-2) underwent 8 weeks (wks) of a VLED followed by 4 wks of weight maintenance. Body weight and composition, subjective feelings of appetite and appetite-related hormones (insulin, active ghrelin (AG), active GLP-1, total PYY and CCK) were measured in fasting and postprandially, at baseline, on day 3 of the diet, 5 and 10% WL, and at wks 9 and 13. Data are shown as mean±s.d. RESULTS: A significant increase in fasting hunger was observed by day 3 (2±1% WL), (P<0.01), 5% WL (12±8 days) (P<0.05) and wk 13 (17±2% WL) (P<0.05). Increased desire to eat was observed by day 3 (P<0.01) and 5% WL (P<0.05). Postprandial prospective food consumption was significantly reduced at wk 9 (16±2% WL) (P<0.01). Basal total PYY was significantly reduced at 10% WL (32±8 days) (P<0.05). Postprandial active GLP-1 was increased at 5% WL (P<0.01) and CCK reduced at 5 and 10% WL (P<0.01, for both) and wk 9 (P<0.001). Basal and postprandial AG were significantly increased at wk 13 (P
Published:
2017-08
Title:
A 5-Year Observational Study of Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression Treated With Vagus Nerve Stimulation or Treatment as Usual: Comparison of Response, Remission, and Suicidality
Authors:
Aaronson, Scott T.; Sears, Peter; Ruvuna, Francis; Bunker, Mark; Conway, Charles R.; Dougherty, Darin D.; Reimherr, Frederick W.; Schwartz, Thomas L.; Zajecka, John M.
Abstract:
Published:
2017-07
Title:
A methodologic framework for modeling and assessing biomarkers of environmental enteropathy as predictors of growth in infants: an example from a Peruvian birth cohort
Authors:
Colston, Josh M.; Peñataro Yori, Pablo; Colantuoni, Elizabeth; Moulton, Lawrence H.; Ambikapathi, Ramya; Lee, Gwenyth; Rengifo Trigoso, Dixner; Siguas Salas, Mery; Kosek, Margaret N.
Abstract:
Background: Environmental enteropathy (EE) impairs the gut's absorptive capacity and immune function and causes decelerations in statural growth that manifest gradually over time.Objective: To illustrate an approach for assessing emerging biomarkers of EE, we separately assessed the associations between 3 such markers and subsequent nutritional status.Design: Stool samples were routinely collected between January 2010 and November 2014 from a cohort of 303 Peruvian infants and analyzed for concentrations of the biomarkers α-1-antitrypsin (AAT), myeloperoxidase, and neopterin. For each marker, a mixed-effects linear regression model was fitted for length-for-age z scores (LAZs) obtained from anthropometric assessments that incorporated covariate predictors, polynomial terms for age, and product interaction terms to test associations over varying lag lengths. The biomarkers' contribution to the models was assessed with the use of the likelihood ratio test and partial R2 statistics.Results: Test statistics for the combined inclusion of the 4-model terms that involved the biomarker were highly statistically significant for AAT (28.71; P < 0.0001) and myeloperoxidase (62.79; P
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Challenges in conducting clinical nutrition research
Authors:
Weaver, Connie M.; Miller, Joshua W.
Abstract:
Clinical nutrition research has played a pivotal role in establishing causality between diet or nutrient intake and health outcome measures and in the determination of dietary requirements and levels of supplementation to achieve specific outcomes. Because the studies are performed with humans, clinical nutrition research can be readily translated into public health messages. However, there are many challenges and considerations unique to the field, such as the baseline nutritional status of study participants, defining appropriate control groups, effective blinding of participants and investigators, the evolving ethics of randomized control trials, and a tension in a priori decisions regarding inclusion of nutritionally vulnerable participants versus representative samples of general populations. Regulatory approvals that place increasing burdens on the ability of investigators to carry out and complete research protocols have grown dramatically in recent years. There is much room for improved efficiency in the approval and reporting processes aimed at protecting volunteers and providing transparency to the public. Decreased redundancy would have a direct benefit to clinical nutrition research and investigators. Despite these challenges, the information to be gained and the rewards of clinical nutrition research remain high.
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Dietary Red and Processed Meat Intake and Markers of Adiposity and Inflammation: The Multiethnic Cohort Study
Authors:
Chai, Weiwen; Morimoto, Yukiko; Cooney, Robert V.; Franke, Adrian A.; Shvetsov, Yurii B.; Le Marchand, Loïc; Haiman, Christopher A.; Kolonel, Laurence N.; Goodman, Marc T.; Maskarinec, Gertraud; Le Marchand, Loïc
Abstract:
Objective: The potential influence of dietary factors on inflammation is important for cancer prevention. Utilizing data from control participants (312 men, 911 women) in 2 nested case-control studies of cancer within the Multiethnic Cohort, we examined the associations of red and processed meat intake with serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 and the mediator effect of body mass index (BMI) on the above associations (if present).Methods: Multivariable linear models were applied to assess the association between red and processed meat intake at cohort entry and serum biomarker levels measured 9.1 years later after adjusting for covariates and to determine the mediator effect of BMI.Results: Overall red and processed meat intake was positively associated with serum leptin levels in men (β = 0.180, p = 0.0004) and women (β = 0.167, p 0.05), whereas BMI remained significantly associated with serum leptin (men: β = 3.209, p < 0.0001; women: β = 2.891, p < 0.0001), adiponectin (women: β = -1.085, p < 0.0001), and CRP (women: β = 1.581, p
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Effect of pistachio consumption on the modulation of urinary gut microbiota-related metabolites in prediabetic subjects
Authors:
Hernández-Alonso, Pablo; Cañueto, Daniel; Giardina, Simona; Salas-Salvadó, Jordi; Cañellas, Nicolau; Correig, Xavier; Bulló, Mònica
Abstract:
The specific nutritional composition of nuts could affect different metabolic pathways involved in a broad range of metabolic diseases. We therefore investigated whether chronic consumption of pistachio nuts modifies the urine metabolome in prediabetic subjects. We designed a randomized crossover clinical trial in 39 prediabetic subjects. They consumed a pistachio-supplemented diet (PD, 50% carbohydrates, 33% fat, including 57 g/d of pistachios daily) and a control diet (CD, 55% carbohydrates, 30% fat) for 4 months each, separated by a 2-week wash-out. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NRM) was performed to determine changes in 24-h urine metabolites. Significant changes in urine metabolites according to the different intervention periods were found in uni- and multivariate analysis. Score plot of the first two components of the multilevel partial least squares discriminant analysis (ML-PLS-DA) showed a clear separation of the intervention periods. Three metabolites related with gut microbiota metabolism (i.e., hippurate, p-cresol sulfate and dimethylamine) were found decreased in PD compared with CD (P
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Emulsification Increases the Acute Ketogenic Effect and Bioavailability of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Humans: Protein, Carbohydrate, and Fat Metabolism
Authors:
Courchesne-Loyer, Alexandre; Lowry, Carolyn-Mary; St-Pierre, Valérie; Vandenberghe, Camille; Fortier, Mélanie; Castellano, Christian-Alexandre; Wagner, J. Richard; Cunnane, Stephen C.
Abstract:
Background: Lower-brain glucose uptake is commonly present before the onset of cognitive deterioration associated with aging and may increase the risk of Alzheimer disease. Ketones are the brain's main alternative energy substrate to glucose. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are rapidly β-oxidized and are ketogenic but also have gastrointestinal side effects. We assessed whether MCT emulsification into a lactose-free skim-milk matrix [emulsified MCTs (MCT-Es)] would improve ketogenesis, reduce side effects, or both compared with the same oral dose of MCTs consumed without emulsification [nonemulsified MCTs (MCT-NEs)]. Objectives: Our aims were to show that, in healthy adults, MCT-Es will induce higher ketonemia and have fewer side effects than MCT-NEs and the effects of MCT-NEs and MCT-Es on ketogenesis and plasma medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) will be dose-dependent. Methods: Using a metabolic study day protocol, 10 healthy adults were each given 3 separate doses (10, 20, or 30 g) of MCT-NEs or MCT-Es with a standard breakfast or no treatment [control (CTL)]. Blood samples were taken every 30 min for 4 h to measure plasma ketones (β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate), octanoate, decanoate, and other metabolites. Participants completed a side-effects questionnaire at the end of each study day. Results: Compared with CTL, MCT-NEs increased ketogenesis by 2-fold with no significant differences between doses. MCT-Es increased total plasma ketones by 2- to 4-fold in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with MCT-NEs, MCT-Es increased plasma MCFA bioavailability (F) by 2- to 3-fold and decreased the number of side effects by ∼50%. Conclusions: Emulsification increased the ketogenic effect and decreased side effects in a dose-dependent manner for single doses of MCTs ≤30 g under matching conditions. Further investigation is needed to establish whether emulsification could sustain ketogenesis and minimize side effects and therefore be used as a treatment to change brain ketone availability over a prolonged period of time. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02409927.
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Endogenous and Antipsychotic-Related Risks for Diabetes Mellitus in Young People With Schizophrenia: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors:
Rajkumar, Anto P.; Horsdal, Henriette Thisted; Wimberley, Theresa; Cohen, Dan; Mors, Ole; Børglum, Anders D.; Gasse, Christiane
Abstract:
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Entosis Is Induced by Glucose Starvation
Authors:
Hamann, Jens C.; Surcel, Alexandra; Chen, Ruoyao; Teragawa, Carolyn; Albeck, John G.; Robinson, Douglas N.; Overholtzer, Michael
Abstract:
Entosis is a mechanism of cell death that involves neighbor cell ingestion. This process occurs in cancers and promotes a form of cell competition, where winner cells engulf and kill losers. Entosis is driven by a mechanical differential that allows softer cells to eliminate stiffer cells. While this process can be induced by matrix detachment, whether other stressors can activate entosis is unknown. Here, we find that entosis is induced in adherent cells by glucose withdrawal. Glucose withdrawal leads to a bimodal distribution of cells based on their deformability, where stiffer cells appear in a manner requiring the energy-sensing AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We show that loser cells with high levels of AMPK activity are eliminated by winners through entosis, which supports winner cell proliferation under nutrient-deprived conditions. Our findings demonstrate that entosis serves as a cellular response to metabolic stress that enables nutrient recovery through neighbor cell ingestion.
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Inverse relationship between brain glucose and ketone metabolism in adults during short-term moderate dietary ketosis: A dual tracer quantitative positron emission tomography study
Authors:
Courchesne-Loyer, Alexandre; Croteau, Etienne; Castellano, Christian-Alexandre; St-Pierre, Valérie; Hennebelle, Marie; Cunnane, Stephen C.
Abstract:
Ketones (principally β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate (AcAc)) are an important alternative fuel to glucose for the human brain, but their utilisation by the brain remains poorly understood. Our objective was to use positron emission tomography (PET) to assess the impact of diet-induced moderate ketosis on cerebral metabolic rate of acetoacetate (CMRa) and glucose (CMRglc) in healthy adults. Ten participants (35 ± 15 y) received a very high fat ketogenic diet (KD) (4.5:1; lipid:protein plus carbohydrates) for four days. CMRa and CMRglc were quantified by PET before and after the KD with the tracers, 11C-AcAc and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), respectively. During the KD, plasma ketones increased 8-fold ( p = 0.005) while plasma glucose decreased by 24% ( p = 0.005). CMRa increased 6-fold ( p = 0.005), whereas CMRglc decreased by 20% ( p = 0.014) on the KD. Plasma ketones were positively correlated with CMRa (r = 0.93; p
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Long-term effectiveness of vedolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease: a national study based on the Swedish National Quality Registry for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (SWIBREG)
Authors:
Eriksson, Carl; Marsal, Jan; Bergemalm, Daniel; Vigren, Lina; Björk, Jan; Eberhardson, Michael; Karling, Pontus; Söderman, Charlotte; SWIBREG Vedolizumab Study Group; Myrelid, Pär; Cao, Yang; Sjöberg, Daniel; Thörn, Mari; Karlén, Per; Hertervig, Erik; Strid, Hans; Ludvigsson, Jonas F.; Almer, Sven; Halfvarson, Jonas
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of vedolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, these findings may not reflect the clinical practice. Therefore, we aimed to describe a vedolizumab-treated patient population and assess long-term effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients initiating vedolizumab between 1 June 2014 and 30 May 2015 were identified through the Swedish National Quality Registry for IBD. Prospectively collected data on treatment and disease activity were extracted. Clinical remission was defined as Patient Harvey Bradshaw index <5 in Crohn's disease (CD) and Patient Simple Clinical Colitis Activity index <3 in ulcerative colitis (UC). RESULTS: Two-hundred forty-six patients (147 CD, 92 UC and 7 IBD-Unclassified) were included. On study entry, 86% had failed TNF-antagonist and 48% of the CD patients had undergone ≥1 surgical resection. After a median follow-up of 17 (IQR: 14-20) months, 142 (58%) patients remained on vedolizumab. In total, 54% of the CD- and 64% of the UC patients were in clinical remission at the end of follow-up, with the clinical activity decreasing (p < .0001 in both groups). Faecal-calprotectin decreased in CD (p
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Meat and Seafood Consumption in Relation to Plasma Metabolic Profiles in a Chinese Population: A Combined Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics Study
Authors:
Yonghai Lu; Li Zou; Jin Su; E. Shyong Tai; Clare Whitton; van Dam, Rob M.; Choon Nam Ong
Abstract:
We examined the relationship between different patterns of meat and seafood consumption and plasma metabolic profiles in an Asian population. We selected 270 ethnic Chinese men and women from the Singapore Prospective Study Program based on their dietary habits assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Participants were divided into four subgroups: high meat and high seafood (n = 60), high meat and low seafood (n = 64), low meat and high seafood (n = 60), and low meat and low seafood (n = 86) consumers. Plasma metabolites were measured using both targeted and untargeted mass spectroscopy-based analyses. A total of 42 metabolites differed significantly by dietary group. Higher concentrations of essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and D-glucose were found in high meat and/or seafood consumers as compared with the group with a low consumption of these animal foods. Red meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, soy products, and dairy were each correlated with at least one differential metabolite (r = -0.308 to 0.448). Some observations, such as the correlation between fish and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), confirmed previous studies. Other observations, such as the correlation between shellfish and phosphatidylethanolamine (p36:4), were novel. We also observed significant correlations between plasma metabolites and clinical characteristics, such as CMPF with fasting blood glucose (r = 0.401). These findings demonstrate a significant influence of meat and seafood consumption on metabolic profiles in the Asian population.
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Multimodal Neuroimaging of Frontolimbic Structure and Function Associated With Suicide Attempts in Adolescents and Young Adults With Bipolar Disorder
Authors:
Johnston, Jennifer A.Y.; Wang, Fei; Liu, Jie; Blond, Benjamin N.; Wallace, Amanda; Liu, Jiacheng; Spencer, Linda; Cox Lippard, Elizabeth T.; Purves, Kirstin L.; Landeros-Weisenberger, Angeli; Hermes, Eric; Pittman, Brian; Zhang, Sheng; King, Robert; Martin, Andrés; Oquendo, Maria A.; Blumberg, Hilary P.
Abstract:
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Oral Candidal Carriage in Subjects with Pure Vegetarian and Mixed Dietary Habits
Authors:
Patil, Shankargouda; Rao, Roopa S.; Raj, A. Thirumal; Sanketh, D. S.; Sarode, Sachin; Sarode, Gargi
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Candida albicans being a part of the normal oral microbial flora is one of the most commonly isolated species from the oral cavity. Recent studies have shown a steady rise in the number of non C. albicans species, which are relatively resistant to common antifungal agents and are being recognized as potential pathogens. It is vital to ascertain the predisposing factors leading to such a shift in the oral candidal flora. AIM: To estimate the prevalence of candidal species among vegetarians and non-vegetarians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical data including age, gender, and diet preference of 238 participants were noted. Participants with a history of systemic disorders, oral prosthesis, salivary gland disorders and habits such as smoking, alcoholism, and tobacco usage were excluded from the study. The participants were asked to gargle a 10 ml solution of phosphate buffered saline for one minute before depositing the same in a sterile container. The samples were cultured using Hicrome agar media. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS software) version 10.5 and differences between individual groups were tested by Chi-square test. RESULTS: Among 238 samples, 127 (53.3%) samples were positive for Candida. The candidal prevalence in vegetarians (68.5%) was higher than non-vegetarians (40.7%). C. albicans was the most common species to be isolated in both vegetarians (35.1%) and non-vegetarians (39.2%). Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis showed a higher prevalence in vegetarians (30.5% and 10.1%, respectively) in comparison to non-vegetarians (8.4% and 2.3%, respectively). Candida krusei was isolated only from vegetarians (4.6%). CONCLUSION: Results indicate that diet plays a major role in oral candidal prevalence and species specificity which in turn may predispose the vegetarians toward these pathogenic organisms.
Published:
2017-07
Title:
Oral Candidal Carriage in Subjects with Pure Vegetarian and Mixed Dietary Habits
Authors:
Patil, Shankargouda; Rao, Roopa S.; Raj, A. Thirumal; Sanketh, D. S.; Sarode, Sachin; Sarode, Gargi
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Candida albicans being a part of the normal oral microbial flora is one of the most commonly isolated species from the oral cavity. Recent studies have shown a steady rise in the number of non C. albicans species, which are relatively resistant to common antifungal agents and are being recognized as potential pathogens. It is vital to ascertain the predisposing factors leading to such a shift in the oral candidal flora. AIM: To estimate the prevalence of candidal species among vegetarians and non-vegetarians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical data including age, gender, and diet preference of 238 participants were noted. Participants with a history of systemic disorders, oral prosthesis, salivary gland disorders and habits such as smoking, alcoholism, and tobacco usage were excluded from the study. The participants were asked to gargle a 10 ml solution of phosphate buffered saline for one minute before depositing the same in a sterile container. The samples were cultured using Hicrome agar media. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS software) version 10.5 and differences between individual groups were tested by Chi-square test. RESULTS: Among 238 samples, 127 (53.3%) samples were positive for Candida. The candidal prevalence in vegetarians (68.5%) was higher than non-vegetarians (40.7%). C. albicans was the most common species to be isolated in both vegetarians (35.1%) and non-vegetarians (39.2%). Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis showed a higher prevalence in vegetarians (30.5% and 10.1%, respectively) in comparison to non-vegetarians (8.4% and 2.3%, respectively). Candida krusei was isolated only from vegetarians (4.6%). CONCLUSION: Results indicate that diet plays a major role in oral candidal prevalence and species specificity which in turn may predispose the vegetarians toward these pathogenic organisms.
Published:
2017-07
Title:
PP2A Controls Genome Integrity by Integrating Nutrient-Sensing and Metabolic Pathways with the DNA Damage Response
Authors:
Ferrari, Elisa; Bruhn, Christopher; Peretti, Marta; Cassani, Corinne; Carotenuto, Walter Vincenzo; Elgendy, Mohamed; Shubassi, Ghadeer; Lucca, Chiara; Bermejo, Rodrigo; Varasi, Mario; Minucci, Saverio; Longhese, Maria Pia; Foiani, Marco
Abstract:
Mec1ATRmediates the DNA damage response (DDR), integrating chromosomal signals and mechanical stimuli. We show that the PP2A phosphatases, ceramide-activated enzymes, couple cell metabolism with the DDR. Using genomic screens, metabolic analysis, and genetic and pharmacological studies, we found that PP2A attenuates the DDR and that three metabolic circuits influence the DDR by modulating PP2A activity. Irc21, a putative cytochrome b5 reductase that promotes the condensation reaction generating dihydroceramides (DHCs), and Ppm1, a PP2A methyltransferase, counteract the DDR by activating PP2A; conversely, the nutrient-sensing TORC1-Tap42 axis sustains DDR activation by inhibiting PP2A. Loss-of-function mutations in IRC21, PPM1, and PP2A and hyperactive tap42 alleles rescue mec1 mutants. Ceramides synergize with rapamycin, a TORC1 inhibitor, in counteracting the DDR. Hence, PP2A integrates nutrient-sensing and metabolic pathways to attenuate the Mec1ATRresponse. Our observations imply that metabolic changes affect genome integrity and may help with exploiting therapeutic options and repositioning known drugs.
Published:
2017-07
bottom of page