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Title:
Macrophage subsets in atherosclerosis
Authors:
Chinetti-Gbaguidi, Giulia; Colin, Sophie; Staels, Bart
Abstract:
Macrophage accumulation within the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. In atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages respond to various environmental stimuli, such as modified lipids, cytokines, and senescent erythrocytes, which can modify their functional phenotypes. The results of studies on human atherosclerotic plaques demonstrate that the relative proportions of macrophage subsets within a plaque might be a better indicator of plaque phenotype and stability than the total number of macrophages. Understanding the function of specific macrophage subsets and their contribution to the composition and growth of atherosclerotic plaques would aid the identification of novel strategies to delay or halt the development of the disease and its associated pathophysiological consequences. However, most studies aimed at characterizing the phenotypes of human macrophages are performed in vitro and, therefore, their functional relevance to human pathology remains uncertain. In this Review, the diverse range of macrophage phenotypes in atherosclerotic lesions and their potential roles in both plaque progression and stability are discussed, with an emphasis on human pathology.
Published:
2015-01
Title:
Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise
Authors:
Volek, Jeff S.; Noakes, Timothy; Phinney, Stephen D.
Abstract:
A key element contributing to deteriorating exercise capacity during physically demanding sport appears to be reduced carbohydrate availability coupled with an inability to effectively utilize alternative lipid fuel sources. Paradoxically, cognitive and physical decline associated with glycogen depletion occurs in the presence of an over-abundance of fuel stored as body fat that the athlete is apparently unable to access effectively. Current fuelling tactics that emphasize high-carbohydrate intakes before and during exercise inhibit fat utilization. The most efficient approach to accelerate the body's ability to oxidize fat is to lower dietary carbohydrate intake to a level that results in nutritional ketosis (i.e., circulating ketone levels \textgreater0.5 mmol/L) while increasing fat intake for a period of several weeks. The coordinated set of metabolic adaptations that ensures proper interorgan fuel supply in the face of low-carbohydrate availability is referred to as keto-adaptation. Beyond simply providing a stable source of fuel for the brain, the major circulating ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate, has recently been shown to act as a signalling molecule capable of altering gene expression, eliciting complementary effects of keto-adaptation that could extend human physical and mental performance beyond current expectation. In this paper, we review these new findings and propose that the shift to fatty acids and ketones as primary fuels when dietary carbohydrate is restricted could be of benefit for some athletes.
Published:
2015-01
Title:
Stable Isotope Ratios as Biomarkers of Diet for Health Research
Authors:
O'Brien, Diane M.
Abstract:
Diet is a leading modifiable risk factor for chronic disease, but it remains difficult to measure accurately due to the error and bias inherent in self-reported methods of diet assessment. Consequently, there is a pressing need for more objective biomarkers of diet for use in health research. The stable isotope ratios of light elements are a promising set of candidate biomarkers because they vary naturally and reproducibly among foods, and those variations are captured in molecules and tissues with high fidelity. Recent studies have identified valid isotopic measures of short- and long-term sugar intake, meat intake, and fish intake in specific populations. These studies provide a strong foundation for validating stable isotopic biomarkers in the general US population. Approaches to improve specificity for specific foods are needed; for example, by modeling intake using multiple stable isotope ratios or by isolating and measuring specific molecules linked to foods of interest.
Published:
2015-01
Title:
The interaction between epigenetics, nutrition and the development of cancer
Authors:
Bishop, Karen S; Ferguson, Lynnette R
Abstract:
Unlike the genome, the epigenome can be modified and hence some epigenetic risk markers have the potential to be reversed. Such modifications take place by means of drugs, diet or environmental exposures. It is widely accepted that epigenetic modifications take place during early embryonic and primordial cell development, but it is also important that we gain an understanding of the potential for such changes later in life. These "later life" epigenetic modifications in response to dietary intervention are the focus of this paper. The epigenetic modifications investigated include DNA methylation, histone modifications and the influence of microRNAs. The epigenotype could be used not only to predict susceptibility to certain cancers but also to assess the effectiveness of dietary modifications to reduce such risk. The influence of diet or dietary components on epigenetic modifications and the impact on cancer initiation or progression has been assessed herein.
Published:
2015-01
Title:
Thematic Review Series: Living History of Lipids: Discovery of essential fatty acids
Authors:
Spector, Arthur A.; Kim, Hee-Yong
Abstract:
Dietary fat was recognized as a good source of energy and fat-soluble vitamins by the first part of the 20th century, but fatty acids were not considered to be essential nutrients because they could be synthesized from dietary carbohydrate. This well-established ...
Published:
2015-01
Title:
Warburg meets non-coding RNAs: the emerging role of ncRNA in regulating the glucose metabolism of cancer cells
Authors:
Yu, Chenxiao; Xue, Jiao; Zhu, Wei; Jiao, Yang; Zhang, Shuyu; Cao, Jianping
Abstract:
Unlike normal differentiated cells, cancer cells primarily rely on glycolysis to generate energy needed for cellular processes even in normoxia conditions. This phenomenon is called aerobic glycolysis or "the Warburg effect." Aerobic glycolysis is inefficient to generate ATP, but the advantages it confers to cancer cells remain to be fully explained. Several oncogenic signaling pathways, interplaying with enzymes and kinases involved in glucose metabolism, participate in the switch from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to aerobic glycolysis. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a family of functional RNA molecules that are not further translated into proteins, which exert regulatatory roles in gene transcription and translation. ncRNAs, especially miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), may also have great effect on glucose metabolism by targeting not only glycolysis enzymes directly but also oncogenic signaling pathways indirectly. A better understanding of the Warburg effect and the regulatory role of ncRNAs in cancer glucose metabolism may contribute to the treatment of cancers.
Published:
2015-01
Title:
'The Penny Lunch Has Spread Faster Than the Measles': Children’s Health and the Debate over School Lunches in New York City, 1908–1930
Authors:
Ruis, A. R.
Abstract:
Published:
2015
Title:
A Difference in Fatty Acid Composition of Isocaloric High-Fat Diets Alters Metabolic Flexibility in Male C57BL/6JOlaHsd Mice
Authors:
Duivenvoorde, Loes P. M.; van Schothorst, Evert M.; Swarts, Hans M.; Kuda, Ondrej; Steenbergh, Esther; Termeulen, Sander; Kopecky, Jan; Keijer, Jaap
Abstract:
Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered to be healthier than saturated fatty acids (SFAs), but others postulate that especially the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs (n6/n3 ratio) determines health. Health can be determined with biomarkers, but functional health status is likely better reflected by challenge tests that assess metabolic flexibility. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high-fat diets with different fatty acid compositions, but similar n6/n3 ratio, on metabolic flexibility. Therefore, adult male mice received isocaloric high-fat diets with either predominantly PUFAs (HFpu diet) or predominantly SFAs (HFs diet) but similar n6/n3 ratio for six months, during and after which several biomarkers for health were measured. Metabolic flexibility was assessed by the response to an oral glucose tolerance test, a fasting and re-feeding test and an oxygen restriction test (OxR; normobaric hypoxia). The latter two are non-invasive, indirect calorimetry-based tests that measure the adaptive capacity of the body as a whole. We found that the HFs diet, compared to the HFpu diet, increased mean adipocyte size, liver damage, and ectopic lipid storage in liver and muscle; although, we did not find differences in body weight, total adiposity, adipose tissue health, serum adipokines, whole body energy balance, or circadian rhythm between HFs and HFpu mice. HFs mice were, furthermore, less flexible in their response to both fasting- re-feeding and OxR, while glucose tolerance was indistinguishable. To conclude, the HFs versus the HFpu diet increased ectopic fat storage, liver damage, and mean adipocyte size and reduced metabolic flexibility in male mice. This study underscores the physiological relevance of indirect calorimetry-based challenge tests.
Published:
2015
Title:
A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System
Authors:
Committee on a Framework for Assessing the Health, Environmental, and Social Effects of the Food System; Food and Nutrition Board; Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources; Institute of Medicine; National Research Council
Abstract:
How we produce and consume food has a bigger impact on Americans' well-being than any other human activity. The food industry is the largest sector of our economy; food touches everything from our health to the environment, climate change, economic inequality, and the federal budget. From the earliest developments of agriculture, a major goal has been to attain sufficient foods that provide the energy and the nutrients needed for a healthy, active life. Over time, food production, processing, marketing, and consumption have evolved and become highly complex. The challenges of improving the food system in the 21st century will require systemic approaches that take full account of social, economic, ecological, and evolutionary factors. Policy or business interventions involving a segment of the food system often have consequences beyond the original issue the intervention was meant to address. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System develops an analytical framework for assessing effects associated with the ways in which food is grown, processed, distributed, marketed, retailed, and consumed in the United States. The framework will allow users to recognize effects across the full food system, consider all domains and dimensions of effects, account for systems dynamics and complexities, and choose appropriate methods for analysis. This report provides example applications of the framework based on complex questions that are currently under debate: consumption of a healthy and safe diet, food security, animal welfare, and preserving the environment and its resources. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System describes the U.S. food system and provides a brief history of its evolution into the current system. This report identifies some of the real and potential implications of the current system in terms of its health, environmental, and socioeconomic effects along with a sense for the complexities of the system, potential metrics, and some of the data needs that are required to assess the effects. The overview of the food system and the framework described in this report will be an essential resource for decision makers, researchers, and others to examine the possible impacts of alternative policies or agricultural or food processing practices.
Published:
2015
Title:
A Periodic Diet that Mimics Fasting Promotes Multi-System Regeneration, Enhanced Cognitive Performance, and Healthspan
Authors:
Brandhorst, Sebastian; Choi, In Young; Wei, Min; Cheng, Chia Wei; Sedrakyan, Sargis; Navarrete, Gerardo; Dubeau, Louis; Yap, Li Peng; Park, Ryan; Vinciguerra, Manlio; Di Biase, Stefano; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirisola, Mario G.; Childress, Patra; Ji, Lingyun; Groshen, Susan; Penna, Fabio; Odetti, Patrizio; Perin, Laura; Conti, Peter S.; Ikeno, Yuji; Kennedy, Brian K.; Cohen, Pinchas; Morgan, Todd E.; Dorff, Tanya B.; Longo, Valter D.
Abstract:
Summary Prolonged fasting (PF) promotes stress resistance, but its effects on longevity are poorly understood. We show that alternating PF and nutrient-rich medium extended yeast lifespan independently of established pro-longevity genes. In mice, 4 days of a diet that mimics fasting (FMD), developed to minimize the burden of PF, decreased the size of multiple organs/systems, an effect followed upon re-feeding by an elevated number of progenitor and stem cells and regeneration. Bi-monthly FMD cycles started at middle age extended longevity, lowered visceral fat, reduced cancer incidence and skin lesions, rejuvenated the immune system, and retarded bone mineral density loss. In old mice, FMD cycles promoted hippocampal neurogenesis, lowered IGF-1 levels and PKA activity, elevated NeuroD1, and improved cognitive performance. In a pilot clinical trial, three FMD cycles decreased risk factors/biomarkers for aging, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer without major adverse effects, providing support for the use of FMDs to promote healthspan.
Published:
2015
Title:
A high protein diet (3.4 g/kg/d) combined with a heavy resistance training program improves body composition in healthy trained men and women--a follow-up investigation
Authors:
Antonio, Jose; Ellerbroek, Anya; Silver, Tobin; Orris, Steve; Scheiner, Max; Gonzalez, Adriana; Peacock, Corey A.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: The consumption of a high protein diet (>4 g/kg/d) in trained men and women who did not alter their exercise program has been previously shown to have no significant effect on body composition. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to determine if a high protein diet in conjunction with a periodized heavy resistance training program would affect indices of body composition, performance and health. METHODS: Forty-eight healthy resistance-trained men and women completed this study (mean ± SD; Normal Protein group [NP n = 17, four female and 13 male]: 24.8 ± 6.9 yr; 174.0 ± 9.5 cm height; 74.7 ± 9.6 kg body weight; 2.4 ± 1.7 yr of training; High Protein group [HP n = 31, seven female and 24 male]: 22.9 ± 3.1 yr; 172.3 ± 7.7 cm; 74.3 ± 12.4 kg; 4.9 ± 4.1 yr of training). Moreover, all subjects participated in a split-routine, periodized heavy resistance-training program. Training and daily diet logs were kept by each subject. Subjects in the NP and HP groups were instructed to consume their baseline (~2 g/kg/d) and >3 g/kg/d of dietary protein, respectively. RESULTS: Subjects in the NP and HP groups consumed 2.3 and 3.4 g/kg/day of dietary protein during the treatment period. The NP group consumed significantly (p < 0.05) more protein during the treatment period compared to their baseline intake. The HP group consumed more (p < 0.05) total energy and protein during the treatment period compared to their baseline intake. Furthermore, the HP group consumed significantly more (p
Published:
2015
Title:
A protein extract from chicken reduces plasma homocysteine in rats
Authors:
Lysne, V.; Bjørndal, B.; Vik, R.; Nordrehaug, J.E.; Skorve, J.; Nygård, O.; Berge, R.K.
Abstract:
The present study aimed to evaluate effects of a water-soluble protein fraction of chicken (CP), with a low methionine/glycine ratio, on plasma homocysteine and metabolites related to homocysteine metabolism. Male Wistar rats were fed either a control diet with 20% w/w casein as the protein source, or an experimental diet where 6, 14 or 20% w/w of the casein was replaced with the same amount of CP for four weeks. Rats fed CP had reduced plasma total homocysteine level and markedly increased levels of the choline pathway metabolites betaine, dimethylglycine, sarcosine, glycine and serine, as well as the transsulfuration pathway metabolites cystathionine and cysteine. Hepatic mRNA level of enzymes involved in homocysteine remethylation, methionine synthase and betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, were unchanged, whereas cystathionine gamma-lyase of the transsulfuration pathway was increased in the CP treated rats. Plasma concentrations of vitamin B2, folate, cobalamin, and the B-6 catabolite pyridoxic acid were increased in the 20% CP-treated rats. In conclusion, the CP diet was associated with lower plasma homocysteine concentration and higher levels of serine, choline oxidation and transsulfuration metabolites compared to a casein diet. The status of related B-vitamins was also affected by CP. © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Published:
2015
Title:
A taste of an elephant: The probable role of elephant meat in Paleolithic diet preferences
Authors:
Reshef, Hagar; Barkai, Ran
Abstract:
A taste of an elephant: The probable role of elephant meat in Paleolithic diet preferences
Published:
2015
Title:
Adherence to cancer prevention recommendations and antioxidant and inflammatory status in premenopausal women
Authors:
Morimoto, Y.; Beckford, F.; Cooney, R.V.; Franke, A.A.; Maskarinec, G.
Abstract:
For cancer prevention, the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) emphasise recommendations to improve individual behaviour, including avoidance of tobacco products, maintaining a lean body mass, participating in physical activity, consuming a plant-based diet, and minimising the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as sodas, red and processed meats and alcohol. In the present study of 275 healthy premenopausal women, we explored the association of adherence scores with levels of three biomarkers of antioxidant and inflammation status: serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum γ-tocopherol and urinary F2-isoprostane. The statistical analysis applied linear regression across categories of adherence to WCRF/AICR recommendations. Overall, seventy-two women were classified as low (≤4), 150 as moderate (5-6), and fifty-three as high adherers (≥7). The unadjusted means for CRP were 2·7, 2·0 and 1·7 mg/l for low, moderate and high adherers(Ptrend= 0·03); this association was strengthened after adjustment for confounders (Ptrend= 0·006). The respective values for serum γ-tocopherol were 1·97, 1·63 and 1·45 μg/ml (Ptrend= 0·02 before and Ptrend= 0·03 after adjustment). Only for urinary F2-isoprostane, the lower values in high adherers (16·0, 14·5, and 13·3 ng/ml) did not reach statistical significance (Ptrend= 0·18). In an analysis by BMI, overweight and obese women had higher biomarker levels than normal weight women; the trend was significant for CRP (Ptrend <0·001) and γ-tocopherol (Ptrend= 0·003) but not for F2-isoprostane (Ptrend= 0·14). These findings suggest that both adherence to the WCRF/AICR guidelines and normal BMI status are associated with lower levels of biomarkers that indicate oxidative stress and inflammation. Copyright © The Authors 2015.
Published:
2015
Title:
Advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry based on metabolomics studies for food – a review
Authors:
Rubert, J.; Zachariasova, M.; Hajslova, J.
Abstract:
Food authenticity becomes a necessity for global food policies, since food placed in the market without fail has to be authentic. It has always been a challenge, since in the past minor components, called also markers, have been mainly monitored by chromatographic methods in order to authenticate the food. Nevertheless, nowadays, advanced analytical methods have allowed food fingerprints to be achieved. At the same time they have been also combined with chemometrics, which uses statistical methods in order to verify food and to provide maximum information by analysing chemical data. These sophisticated methods based on different separation techniques or stand alone have been recently coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in order to verify the authenticity of food. The new generation of HRMS detectors have experienced significant advances in resolving power, sensitivity, robustness, extended dynamic range, easier mass calibration and tandem mass capabilities, making HRMS more attractive and useful to the food metabolomics community, therefore becoming a reliable tool for food authenticity. The purpose of this review is to summarise and describe the most recent metabolomics approaches in the area of food metabolomics, and to discuss the strengths and drawbacks of the HRMS analytical platforms combined with chemometrics. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.
Published:
2015
Title:
Alzheimer's Model Develops Early ADHD Syndrome
Authors:
Zhang, Qiang; Du, Guiping; John, V.; Kapahi, Pankaj; Bredesen, Dale E.
Abstract:
We describe the first invertebrate model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that reproduces its major features, including hyperactivity, male predominance, marked exacerbation by simple carbohydrates, reversible response to dextroamphetamine, and a "paradoxical response" to stimulants. This model may offer new insight into ADHD pathogenesis and treatment. Furthermore, these findings are of particular interest in light of the recent epidemiological evidence showing that patients with dementia have a high frequency of antecedent ADHD symptoms.
Published:
2015
Title:
An investigation into the association between DNA damage and dietary fatty acid in men with prostate cancer
Authors:
Bishop, K.S.; Erdrich, S.; Karunasinghe, N.; Han, D.Y.; Zhu, S.; Jesuthasan, A.; Ferguson, L.R.
Abstract:
Abstract: Prostate cancer is a growing problem in New Zealand and worldwide, as populations adopt a Western style dietary pattern. In particular, dietary fat is believed to be associated with oxidative stress, which in turn may be associated with cancer risk and development. In addition, DNA damage is associated with the risk of various cancers, and is regarded as an ideal biomarker for the assessment of the influence of foods on cancer. In the study presented here, 20 men with prostate cancer adhered to a modified Mediterranean style diet for three months. Dietary records, blood fatty acid levels, prostate specific antigen, C-reactive protein and DNA damage were assessed pre-and post-intervention. DNA damage was inversely correlated with dietary adherence (p = 0.013) and whole blood monounsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.009) and oleic acid (p = 0.020). DNA damage was positively correlated with the intake of dairy products (p = 0.043), red meat (p = 0.007) and whole blood omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.015). Both the source and type of dietary fat changed significantly over the course of the dietary intervention. Levels of DNA damage were correlated with various dietary fat sources and types of dietary fat. © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Published:
2015
Title:
Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research: Hypertension and Atherosclerosis
Authors:
Leong, Xin-Fang; Ng, Chun-Yi; Jaarin, Kamsiah
Abstract:
Hypertension and atherosclerosis are among the most common causes of mortality in both developed and developing countries. Experimental animal models of hypertension and atherosclerosis have become a valuable tool for providing information on etiology, pathophysiology, and complications of the disease and on the efficacy and mechanism of action of various drugs and compounds used in treatment. An animal model has been developed to study hypertension and atherosclerosis for several reasons. Compared to human models, an animal model is easily manageable, as compounding effects of dietary and environmental factors can be controlled. Blood vessels and cardiac tissue samples can be taken for detailed experimental and biomolecular examination. Choice of animal model is often determined by the research aim, as well as financial and technical factors. A thorough understanding of the animal models used and complete analysis must be validated so that the data can be extrapolated to humans. In conclusion, animal models for hypertension and atherosclerosis are invaluable in improving our understanding of cardiovascular disease and developing new pharmacological therapies.
Published:
2015
Title:
Apoptosis in muscle-to-meat aging process: The omic witness
Authors:
Longo, V.; Lana, A.; Bottero, M.T.; Zolla, L.
Abstract:
Meat derives from a muscle that undergoes a great number of biochemical and physiological changes. The anoxic condition established from the moment of animal sacrifice forces muscle cells to a sort of reaction, resulting in methodical programmed cell death to avoid necrosis. The duality autophagy and/or apoptosis is at the center of the scientific debate about the biological processes driving the muscle to meat conversion. Here we report an omic time course overview carried on proteome, phosphoproteome and metabolome of Piedmontese longissimus thoracis muscle searching for clues helping us to extricate through the dilemma. The survey depicts a progressive physiological impairing and our evidences push towards the apoptotic behavior: the proteomic time course trend of annexin A2, RKIP, HSPB6, αB crystalline, adenylate kinase, DJ-1 and 31. kDa actin fragment; the 0-1. day increased phosphorylation of myosin 2 and synaptopodin and the metabolomic time course trend of key metabolic indicators, like GSH/GSSG ratio, taurine and nitrotyrosine. The employed techniques provide strong indications about the likely apoptotic behavior of aging meat in muscle-to-meat conversion process. Biological significance: Our work underlines compelling evidences of the apoptotic behavior of Piedmontese beef muscle cells undergoing the muscle-to-meat process, whereas no autophagic clues are inferred from this omic investigation. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
Published:
2015
Title:
Association between sauna bathing and fatal cardiovascular and all-cause mortality events
Authors:
Laukkanen, Tanjaniina; Khan, Hassan; Zaccardi, Francesco; Laukkanen, Jari A.
Abstract:
Copyright 2015 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. IMPORTANCE: Sauna bathing is a health habit associated with better hemodynamic function; however, the association of sauna bathing with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality is not known. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of frequency and duration of sauna bathing with the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), fatal coronary heart disease (CHD), fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed a prospective cohort study (Finnish Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study) of a population-based sample of 2315 middle-aged (age range, 42-60 years) men from Eastern Finland. Baseline examinations were conducted from March 1, 1984, through December 31, 1989. EXPOSURES: Frequency and duration of sauna bathing assessed at baseline. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 20.7 years (interquartile range, 18.1-22.6 years), 190 SCDs, 281 fatal CHDs, 407 fatal CVDs, and 929 all-cause mortality events occurred. A total of 601, 1513, and 201 participants reported having a sauna bathing session 1 time per week, 2 to 3 times per week, and 4 to 7 times per week, respectively. The numbers (percentages) of SCDs were 61 (10.1%), 119 (7.8%), and 10 (5.0%) in the 3 groups of the frequency of sauna bathing. The respective numbers were 89 (14.9%), 175 (11.5%), and 17 (8.5%) for fatal CHDs; 134 (22.3%), 249 (16.4%), and 24 (12.0%) for fatal CVDs; and 295 (49.1%), 572 (37.8%), and 62 (30.8%) for all-cause mortality events. After adjustment for CVD risk factors, compared with men with 1 sauna bathing session per week, the hazard ratio of SCD was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.57-1.07) for 2 to 3 sauna bathing sessions per week and 0.37 (95% CI, 0.18-0.75) for 4 to 7 sauna bathing sessions per week (P for trend = .005). Similar associations were found with CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality (P for trend ≤.005). Compared with men having a sauna bathing session of less than 11 minutes, the adjusted hazard ratio for SCD was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.67-1.28) for sauna bathing sessions of 11 to 19 minutes and 0.48 (95% CI, 0.31-0.75) for sessions lasting more than 19 minutes (P for trend = .002); significant inverse associations were also observed for fatal CHDs and fatal CVDs (P for trend \textless .03) but not for all-cause mortality events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Increased frequency of sauna bathing is associated with a reduced risk of SCD, CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality. Further studies are warranted to establish the potential mechanism that links sauna bathing and cardiovascular health.
Published:
2015
Title:
Associations between dietary patterns and impaired fasting glucose in Chinese men: A cross-sectional study
Authors:
Zhang, M.; Zhu, Y.; Li, P.; Chang, H.; Wang, X.; Liu, W.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, G.
Abstract:
Few studies have examined the association between Asian dietary pattern and prediabetes, in particular, the Chinese diet. We conducted a cross-sectional study to identify dietary patterns associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) which considered a state of prediabetes in Chinese men. The study included 1495 Chinese men aged 20 to 75 years. Information about diet was obtained using an 81-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and 21 predefined food groups were considered in a factor analysis. Three dietary patterns were generated by factor analysis: (1) a vegetables-fruits pattern; (2) an animal offal-dessert pattern; and (3) a white rice-red meat pattern. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of IFG for the highest tertile of the animal offal-dessert pattern in comparison with the lowest tertile was 3.15 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.87–5.30). The vegetables-fruits dietary pattern was negatively associated with the risk of IFG, but a significant association was observed only in the third tertile. There was no significant association between IFG and the white rice-red meat pattern. Our findings indicated that the vegetables-fruits dietary pattern was inversely associated with IFG, whereas the animal offal-dessert pattern was associated with an increased risk of IFG in Chinese men. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the diet-prediabetes relationships. © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Published:
2015
Title:
Associations of coffee drinking with systemic immune and inflammatory markers
Authors:
Loftfield, E.; Shiels, M.S.; Graubard, B.I.; Katki, H.A.; Chaturvedi, A.K.; Trabert, B.; Pinto, L.A.; Kemp, T.J.; Shebl, F.M.; T.mayne, S.; Wentzensen, N.; Purdue, M.P.; Hildesheim, A.; Sinha, R.; Freedman, N.D.
Abstract:
Background: Coffee drinking has been inversely associated with mortality as well as cancers of the endometrium, colon, skin, prostate, and liver. Improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation are among the hypothesized mechanisms by which coffee drinking may affect cancer risk; however, associations between coffee drinking and systemic levels of immune and inflammatory markers have not been well characterized. Methods: We used Luminex bead-based assays to measure serum levels of 77 immune and inflammatory markers in 1,728 older non-Hispanic Whites. Usual coffee intake was selfreported using a food frequency questionnaire. We used weighted multivariable logistic regression models to examine associations between coffee and dichotomized marker levels. We conducted statistical trend tests by modeling the median value of each coffee category and applied a 20% false discovery rate criterion to P values. Results: Ten of the 77 markers were nominally associated (P trend
Published:
2015
Title:
Athletes: Fit but Unhealthy?
Authors:
Maffetone, Philip B.; Laursen, Paul B.
Abstract:
While the words "fit" and "healthy" are often used synonymously in everyday language, the terms have entirely separate meanings. Fitness describes the ability to perform a given exercise task, and health explains a person's state of well-being, where physiological systems work in harmony. Although we typically view athletes as fit and healthy, they often are not. The global term we place on unhealthy athletes is the overtraining syndrome. In this current opinion, we propose that two primary drivers may contribute to the development of the overtraining syndrome, namely high training intensity and the modern-day highly processed, high glycemic diet. Both factors elicit a sympathetic response through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, in turn driving systemic reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, and a metabolic substrate imbalance towards carbohydrate and away from fat oxidation, manifesting in an array of symptoms often labeled as the overtraining syndrome. Ultimately, these symptoms reveal an unhealthy athlete. We argue that practitioners, scientists, and athletes may work towards health and alleviate overtraining syndrome by lowering training intensity and removing processed and/or high glycemic foods from the diet, which together enhance fat oxidation rates. Athletes should be fit and healthy.
Published:
2015
Title:
Behaviorally Assessed Sleep and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
Authors:
Prather, Aric A.; Janicki-Deverts, Denise; Hall, Martica H.; Cohen, Sheldon
Abstract:
Study Objectives: Short sleep duration and poor sleep continuity have been implicated in the susceptibility to infectious illness. However, prior research has relied on subjective measures of sleep, which are subject to recall bias. The aim of this study was to determine whether sleep, measured behaviorally using wrist actigraphy, predicted cold incidence following experimental viral exposure. Design, Measurements, and Results: A total of 164 healthy men and women (age range, 18 to 55 y) volunteered for this study. Wrist actigraphy and sleep diaries assessed sleep duration and sleep continuity over 7 consecutive days. Participants were then quarantined and administered nasal drops containing the rhinovirus, and monitored over 5 days for the development of a clinical cold (defined by infection in the presence of objective signs of illness). Logistic regression analysis revealed that actigraphy- assessed shorter sleep duration was associated with an increased likelihood of development of a clinical cold. Specifically, those sleeping \textless5 h (odds ratio [OR] = 4.50, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-18.69) or sleeping between 5 to 6 h (OR = 4.24, 95% CI, 1.08-16.71) were at greater risk of developing the cold compared to those sleeping \textgreater7 h per night; those sleeping 6.01 to 7 h were at no greater risk (OR = 1.66; 95% CI 0.40-6.95). This association was independent of prechallenge antibody levels, demographics, season of the year, body mass index, psychological variables, and health practices. Sleep fragmentation was unrelated to cold susceptibility. Other sleep variables obtained using diary and actigraphy were not strong predictors of cold susceptibility. Conclusions: Shorter sleep duration, measured behaviorally using actigraphy prior to viral exposure, was associated with increased susceptibility to the common cold.
Published:
2015
Title:
Bioactive lipid components from ruminant milk and meat: The new face of human health
Authors:
Szumacher-Strabel, M.; El-Sherbiny, M.; Cieslak, A.; Szczechowiak, J.; Winiarska, H.
Abstract:
Rumen biohydrogenation is a natural process taking place in the rumen, where the microbial community, in order to avoid the negative impact of unsaturated fatty acids taken from the feed, cause a change in conformation and saturation of the fatty acids. As a result of the biohydrogenation process, fatty acids are formed not only as saturated fatty acids at the expense of unsaturated fatty acids, but also biologically active lipid components, like conjugated forms of unsaturated fatty acids. There is substantial evidence that milk and meat from ruminants contain bioactive compounds that benefit human health by reducing disease risk. In this chapter, we show current knowledge about bioactive lipid components from ruminant milk and meat, as well as discuss briefly the possibility of manipulation of biohydrogenation by using secondary plant metabolites as feed additives. Also, a brief description of the effect of improved/enriched milk and meat in bioactive lipid components on so-called "Western" disease prevention (e.g., atherosclerosis and diabetes development in humans) is given. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published:
2015
Title:
Body weight, meat quality and blood metabolite responses to carbohydrate administration in the drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal in broilers
Authors:
Kop-Bozbay, C.; Ocak, N.
Abstract:
Summary: This study was conducted to determine weights of body (BW), carcass (CW), gastrointestinal tract (GTW), meat quality and some blood metabolite responses to corn starch, saccharose or glucose administration in the drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal (FW) in broilers. On day 42 of age, 200 broilers (Ross 308) were allocated randomly to five treatments with four replicates. During a 10-h FW, control broilers (C) were provided with non-treated water and the standard finisher diet ad libitum, whereas fasted broilers provided with non-treated (NFW) or treated water, 3 g glucose (G), saccharose (S) or corn starch (CS)/L. Eight birds (four males and four females) per treatment were slaughtered. Birds receiving non-treated or treated water had lower BW and higher carcass yield than the full-fed broilers. The full-fed broilers had higher absolute and relative GTW than the fasted birds. Broilers consumed more readily treated water compared with non-treated water. While the a* value of breast meat from CS birds was higher than that from NFW, the b* value of that was higher than S and C birds. The c* values of breast meat from S birds were lower compared with that from the CS treatment. The thigh meat from NFW broilers had higher h* value than that from C and G broilers. The thigh meats of C and CS broilers had higher c* value than that of G birds. The full-fed broilers had higher plasma triglyceride concentration than NFW, S and G birds. The full-fed broilers had higher plasma uric acid and uric acid nitrogen concentrations than S birds. These results show that carbohydrate administration in the drinking water cannot be a good alternative for the FW period before slaughter due to the fact that the carbohydrates do not reduce BW losses and do not lead to increases in meat quality. © 2014 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
Published:
2015
Title:
Cardiovascular Disease in South Asian Migrants
Authors:
Fernando, E.; Razak, F.; Lear, S.A.; Anand, S.S.
Abstract:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a significant cause of global mortality and morbidity. South Asians (SAs) have a particularly high burden of coronary artery disease (CAD). This review describes current literature regarding the prevalence, incidence, etiology, and prognosis of CVD in SA migrants to high-income nations. We conducted a narrative review of CVD in the SA diaspora through a search of MEDLINE and PubMed. We included observational studies, randomized clinical trials, nonsystematic reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses written in English. Of 15,231 articles identified, 827 articles were screened and 124 formed the basis for review. SA migrants have a 1.5-2 times greater prevalence of CAD than age- and sex-adjusted Europids. Increased abdominal obesity and body fat and increased burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia appear to be primary drivers of the excess CAD burden in SAs. Sedentary lifestyle and changes in diet after immigration are important contributors to weight gain and adiposity. Early life factors, physical activity patterns and, in some cases, reduced adherence to medical therapy may contribute to increased CVD risks in SAs. Novel biomarkers like leptin and adipokines may show distinct patterns in SAs and provide insights into cardiometabolic risk determinants. In conclusion, SAs have distinct CVD risk predispositions, with a complex relationship to cultural, innate, and acquired factors. Although CVD risk factor management and treatment among SAs is improving, opportunities exist for further advances. © 2015 Canadian Cardiovascular Society.
Published:
2015
Title:
Chapter 18 - Nutritional Epigenetic Regulators in the Field of Cancer: New Avenues for Chemopreventive Approaches
Authors:
Schnekenburger, Michael; Diederich, Marc
Abstract:
Cancer is a growing health problem worldwide. Over the past years, epigenetic events emerged as key mechanisms in the initiation and development of tumors by altering gene expression profiles. Epigenetic marks are dynamic and reversible; conversely, they are greatly influenced by environmental factors and especially diet. Indeed, the activity of epigenetic enzymes involved in editing DNA methylation and histone modification patterns requires multiple cofactors. Synthesis and cellular levels of these essential compounds are tightly regulated by diet, metabolism and energy production. Many phytochemicals from food were now identified as regulators of the activity or expression of epigenetic enzymes. Here, we discuss several dietary factors including nutrients and phytochemicals that may represent new avenues for “epigenetic” dietary interventions in the perspective of cancer chemoprevention.
Published:
2015
Title:
Chronic oedema/lymphoedema: under-recognised and under-treated
Authors:
Keast, David H.; Despatis, Marc; Allen, Jill O.; Brassard, Alain
Abstract:
Even though it is estimated that at least 300 000 people in Canada may be affected by chronic oedema/lymphoedema, recognition of the seriousness of this chronic disease in health care is scarce. Lymphoedema affects up to 70% of breast and prostate cancer patients, substantially increasing their postoperative medical costs. Adding to this problem are the escalating rates of morbid obesity across North America and the fact that 80% of these individuals are thought to suffer with an element of lymphoedema. The costs related to these patient populations and their consumption of health care resources are alarming. Untreated chronic oedema/lymphoedema is progressive and leads to infection, disfigurement, disability and in some cases even death. Thus, prognosis for the patient is far worse and treatment is more costly when the disease is not identified and treated in the earlier stages. Although the number of individuals coping with chronic oedema/lymphoedema continues to increase, the disparity between diagnosis, treatment and funding across Canada endures. The reasons for this include a lack of public awareness of the condition, insufficient education and knowledge among health care providers regarding aetiology and management and limited financial coverage to support appropriate methods and materials.
Published:
2015
Title:
Clinical Applications of Neuromodulation in Psychiatry
Authors:
Shiozawa, Pedro; Raza, Rosamaria; Cordeiro, Quirino; Brunoni, André Russowsky
Abstract:
Published:
2015
Title:
Comparable dietary patterns describe dietary behavior across ethnic groups in the Netherlands, but different elements in the diet are associated with glycated hemoglobin and fasting glucose concentrations
Authors:
Dekker, L.H.; van Dam, R.M.; Snijder, M.B.; Peters, R.J.G.; Dekker, J.M.; de Vries, J.H.M.; de Boer, E.J.; Schulze, M.B.; Stronks, K.; Nicolaou, M.
Abstract:
Background: Ethnic minority populations in Western societies suffer from a disproportionate burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Insight into the role of dietary patterns in T2D may assist public health nutrition efforts in addressing these health disparities. Objective: We explored the association between dietary patterns and biomarkers of T2D in 5 ethnic groups living in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Methods: A total of 3776 men and women aged 18-70 y of Dutch, South Asian Surinamese, African-Surinamese, Turkish, and Moroccan origin from the HELIUS (HEalthy LIfe in an Urban Setting) study were included. Diet was assessed by using a food-frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were derived separately per ethnic group. First, food group-based dietary patterns were derived by using principal components analysis and the association with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and plasma fasting glucose was assessed by using multivariable linear regression. Second, biomarker-driven dietary patterns based on HbA1c and fasting glucose concentrations were derived by applying reduced rank regression. Results: Two comparable food group-based dietary patterns were identified in each ethnic group: a "meat and snack" pattern and a "vegetable" pattern. The meat-and-snack pattern derived within the Dutch origin population was significantly associated with HbA1c (β = 0.09; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.19) and fasting glucose (β = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.26) concentrations. A biomarker-derived pattern characterized by red and processed meat was observed among Dutch-origin participants; however, among ethnic minority groups, this pattern was characterized by other foods including ethnicity-specific foods (e.g., roti, couscous). Conclusions: Although similar food group dietary patterns were derived within 5 ethnic groups, the association of the meat-and-snack pattern with fasting glucose concentrations differed by ethnicity. Taken together with the finding of ethnic differences in biomarker-driven dietary patterns, our results imply that addressing T2D risk in multiethnic populations requires ethnicity-specific approaches. © 2015 American Society for Nutrition.
Published:
2015
Title:
Complementary action of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-17A induces interleukin-23, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, and matrix metalloproteinases and drives bone and cartilage pathology in experimental arthritis: rationale for combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors:
van Nieuwenhuijze, Annemarie E. M.; van de Loo, Fons A.; Walgreen, Birgitte; Bennink, Miranda; Helsen, Monique; van den Bersselaar, Liduine; Wicks, Ian P.; van den Berg, Wim B.; Koenders, Marije I.
Abstract:
Introduction Type 17 T helper cells and interleukin (IL)-17 play important roles in the pathogenesis of human and murine arthritis. Although there is a clear link between IL-17 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the inflammatory cascade, details about their interaction in arthritic synovial joints are unclear. In view of the introduction of GM-CSF and IL-17 inhibitors to the clinic, we studied how IL-17 and GM-CSF orchestrate the local production of inflammatory mediators during experimental arthritis. Methods To allow detection of additive, complementary or synergistic effects of IL-17 and GM-CSF, we used two opposing experimental approaches: treatment of arthritic mice with neutralising antibodies to IL-17 and GM-CSF and local overexpression of these cytokines in naive synovial joints. Mice were treated for 2 weeks with antibodies against IL-17 and/or GM-CSF after onset of collagen-induced arthritis. Naive mice were injected intraarticularly with adenoviral vectors for IL-17 and/or GM-CSF, resulting in local overexpression. Joint inflammation was monitored by macroscopic scoring, X-rays and histology. Joint washouts, synovial cell and lymph node cultures were analysed for cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory mediators by Luminex analysis, flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Combined therapeutic anti-IL-17 and anti-GM-CSF ameliorated arthritis progression, and joint damage was dramatically reduced compared with treatment with anti-IL-17 or anti-GM-CSF alone. Anti-IL-17 specifically reduced synovial IL-23 transcription, whereas anti-GM-CSF reduced transcription of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). Overexpression of IL-17 or GM-CSF in naive knee joints elicited extensive inflammatory infiltrate, cartilage damage and bone destruction. Combined overexpression revealed additive and synergistic effects on the production of MMPs, RANKL and IL-23 in the synovium and led to complete destruction of the joint structure within 7 days. Conclusions IL-17 and GM-CSF differentially mediate the inflammatory process in arthritic joints and show complementary and local additive effects. Combined blockade in arthritic mice reduced joint damage not only by direct inhibition of IL-17 and GM-CSF but also by indirect inhibition of IL-23 and RANKL. Our results provide a rationale for combination therapy in autoinflammatory conditions, especially for patients who do not fully respond to inhibition of the separate cytokines.
Published:
2015
Title:
Components of a Mediterranean diet and their impact on cognitive functions in aging
Authors:
Huhn, S.; Masouleh, S.K.; Villringer, A.; Witte, A.V.
Abstract:
Background: Adhering to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) is known to be beneficial with regard to many age-associated diseases including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Recent studies also suggest an impact on cognition and brain structure, and increasing effort is made to track effects down to single nutrients. Aims: We aimed to review whether two MeDi components, i.e. long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (LC-n3-FA) derived from sea-fish, and plant polyphenols including resveratrol (RSV), exert positive effects on brain health in aging. Content: We summarized health benefits associated with the MeDi and evaluated available studies on the effect of (1) fish-consumption and LC-n3-FA supplementation as well as (2) diet-derived or supplementary polyphenols such as RSV, on cognitive performance and brain structure in animal models and human studies. Also, we discussed possible underlying mechanisms. Conclusion: A majority of available studies suggest that consumption of LC-n3-FA with fish or fishoil-supplements exerts positive effects on brain health and cognition in older humans. However, more large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to draw definite recommendations. Considering polyphenols and RSV, only few controlled studies are available to date, yet the evidence based on animal research and first interventional human trials is promising and warrants further investigation. In addition, the concept of food synergy within the MeDi encourages future trials that evaluate the impact of comprehensive lifestyle patterns to help maintaining cognitive functions into old age. © 2015 Huhn, Kharabian_masouleh, Stumvoll, Villringer and Witte.
Published:
2015
Title:
Copper bioavailability, blood parameters, and nutrient balance in mink
Authors:
Wu, X.Z.; Zhang, T.T.; Guo, J.G.; Liu, Z.; Yang, F.H.; Gao, X.H.
Abstract:
A 3 × 3 + 1 factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of different sources of copper on plasma metabolites, nutrient digestibility, relative copper bioavailability, and retention of some minerals in male mink. Animals in the control group were fed a basal diet, which mainly consisted of corn, fish meal, meat and bone meal, and soybean oil, with no copper supplementation. Mink in the other 9 treatments were fed the basal diet supplemented with Cu from reagentgrade copper sulfate (CuSO4), tribasic copper chloride (TBCC), or copper methionine (CuMet). Copper concentrations of the experimental diets were 50, 100, and 150 mg Cu/kg DM. Blood samples were collected via the toe clip at the end of study (d 42) to determine blood hematology and blood metabolites. A metabolism trial of 4 d was conducted during the last week of experimental feeding. There was a linear (P < 0.01) effect of dose of Cu on plasma Cu concentrations, ceruloplasmin concentration, and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity. A linear response to Cu dose was noted for fat (P < 0.05) digestibility. Supplemental dose of Cu linearly increased (P < 0.05) liver Cu and decreased (P < 0.05) liver Zn level but did not alter liver Fe. The concentration of liver Cu of the mink fed with TBCC and CuMet diets was greater (P < 0.05) than that fed CuSO4. Compared with CuSO4 (100%), relative bioavailability values of TBCC were 104 and 104%, based on serum ceruloplasmin and liver copper, respectively, and relative bioavailability values of CuMet were 130 and 111%. CuMet and TBCC are more bioavailable than CuSO4. In conclusion, the relative bioavailability of CuMet obtained in this study was greater than that of CuSO4 and TBCC. Dose of Cu had an important effect on the regulating ceruloplasmin concentration, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity, and the digestion of dietary fat in mink. © 2015 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.
Published:
2015
Title:
Daidzein enhances intramuscular fat deposition and improves meat quality in finishing steers
Authors:
Zhao, X.-H.; Yang, Z.-Q.; Bao, L.-B.; Wang, C.-Y.; Zhou, S.; Gong, J.-M.; Fu, C.-B.; Xu, L.-J.; Liu, C.-J.; Qu, M.
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soy isoflavone daidzein on carcass characteristics, fat deposition, meat quality, and blood metabolites in finishing steers. Fourteen crossbred steers were used in a 120-d finishing study. These steers were stratified by weight into groups and randomly allotted by group to one of two dietary treatments: (1) control and (2) daidzein (500 mg/kg concentrate). The steers were fed a 90% concentrate diet. Supplemental daidzein did not affect slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, and dressing percentage, but tended to reduce fat proportion (not including intramuscular fat) in carcass and backfat thickness of steers. The carcass bone proportion was greater in steers fed daidzein diets than those fed control diets. Daidzein supplementation reduced pH at 24 h after slaughtered and moisture content and increased isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, fat content (16.28% and 7.94%), marbling score (5.29 and 3.36), redness (a*), and chroma (C*) values in longissimus muscle relative to control treatment. The concentrations of blood metabolites including glucose, blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, total cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acid, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were all lower in steers fed daidzein diets than those fed control diets. Current results suggest that supplemental daidzein can affect lipid metabolism, increase intramuscular fat content and marbling score, and improve meat quality in finishing steers. Daidzein should be a promising feed additive for production of high-quality beef meat. © 2014 by the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.
Published:
2015
Title:
Dairy consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: an updated meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors:
Qin, Li-Qiang; Xu, Jia-Ying; Han, Shu-Fen; Zhang, Zeng-Li; Zhao, You-You; Szeto, Ignatius My
Abstract:
CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis provided further evidence supporting the beneficial effect of dairy consumption on CVD. Low-fat dairy products and cheese may protect against stroke or CHD incidence.
Published:
2015
Title:
Diet and bipolar disorder: a review of its relationship and potential therapeutic mechanisms of action
Authors:
Lopresti, Adrian L.; Jacka, Felice N.
Abstract:
Published:
2015
Title:
Dietary animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with obesity and cardio-metabolic indicators in European adolescents: The HELENA cross-sectional study
Authors:
Lin, Y.; Mouratidou, T.; Vereecken, C.; Kersting, M.; Bolca, S.; De Moraes, A.C.F.; Cuenca-García, M.; Moreno, L.A.; González-Gross, M.; Valtueña, J.; Labayen, I.; Grammatikaki, E.; Hallstrom, L.; Leclercq, C.; Ferrari, M.; Gottrand, F.; Beghin, L.; Manios, Y.; Ottevaere, C.; Van Oyen, H.; Molnar, D.; Kafatos, A.; Widhalm, K.; Gómez-Martinez, S.; Prieto, L.E.D.; De Henauw, S.; Huybrechts, I.; Gottrand, F.; De Henauw, S.; González-Gross, M.; Gilbert, C.; Kafatos, A.; Libersa, C.; De Henauw, S.; Sánchez, J.; Kersting, M.; Sjöstrom, M.; Molnár, D.; Dallongeville, J.; Hall, G.; Maes, L.; Scalfi, L.; Meléndez, P.; Stynis, F.; Fleta, J.; Casajús, J.A.; Rodríguez, G.; Tomás, C.; Mesana, M.I.; Vicente-Rodríguez, G.; Villarroya, A.; Gil, C.M.; Ara, I.; Revenga, J.; Lachen, C.; Fernández-Alvira, J.; Bueno, G.; Lázaro, A.; Bueno, O.; León, J.F.; Garagorri, J.Ma.; Bueno, M.; López, J.P.R.; Iglesia, I.; Velasco, P.; Bel-Serrat, S.; Gracia-Marco, L.; Jiménez-Pavón, D.; Marcos, A.; Wärnberg, J.; Nova, E.; Gómez-Martínez, S.; Díaz, E.L.; Romeo, J.; Veses, A.; Puertollano, M.A.; Zapatera, B.; Pozo, T.; Beghin, L.; Libersa, C.; Gottrand, F.; Iliescu, C.; Von Berlepsch, J.; Kersting, M.; Sichert-Hellert, W.; Koeppen, E.; Molnar, D.; Erhardt, E.; Csernus, K.; Török, K.; Bokor, S.; Angster, Mrs.; Nagy, E.; Kovács, O.; Répasi, J.; Kafatos, A.; Codrington, C.; Plada, M.; Papadaki, A.; Sarri, K.; Viskadourou, A.; Hatzis, C.; Kiriakakis, M.; Tsibinos, G.; Vardavas, C.; Sbokos, M.; Protoyeraki, E.; Fasoulaki, M.; Stehle, P.; Pietrzik, K.; González-Gross, M.; Breidenassel, C.; Spinneker, A.; Al-Tahan, J.; Segoviano, M.; Berchtold, A.; Bierschbach, C.; Blatzheim, E.; Schuch, A.; Pickert, P.; Castillo, M.J.; Gutiérrez, A.; Ortega, F.B.; Ruiz, J.R.; Artero, E.G.; España, V.; Jiménez-Pavón, D.; Chillón, P.; Sánchez-Muñoz, C.; Cuenca, M.; Arcella, D.; Azzini, E.; Barrison, E.; Bevilacqua, N.; Buonocore, P.; Catasta, G.; Censi, L.; Ciarapica, D.; D'Acapito, P.; Ferrari, M.; Galfo, M.; Le Donne, C.; Leclercq, C.; Maiani, G.; Mauro, B.; Mistura, L.; Pasquali, A.; Piccinelli, R.; Polito, A.; Spada, R.; Sette, S.; Zaccaria, M.; Scalfi, L.; Vitaglione, P.; Montagnese, C.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; De Henauw, S.; De Vriendt, T.; Maes, L.; Matthys, C.; Vereecken, C.; De Maeyer, M.; Ottevaere, C.; Huybrechts, I.; Widhalm, K.; Phillipp, K.; Dietrich, S.; Kubelka, B.; Boriss-Riedl, M.; Manios, Y.; Grammatikaki, E.; Bouloubasi, Z.; Cook, T.L.; Eleutheriou, S.; Consta, O.; Moschonis, G.; Katsaroli, I.; Kraniou, G.; Papoutsou, S.; Keke, D.; Petraki, I.; Bellou, E.; Tanagra, S.; Kallianoti, K.; Argyropoulou, D.; Kondaki, K.; Tsikrika, S.; Karaiskos, C.; Dallongeville, J.; Meirhaeghe, A.; Sjöström, M.; Ruiz, J.; Ortega, F.B.; Hagströmer, M.; Hallström, L.; Patterson, E.; Kwak, L.; Wärnberg, J.; Rizzo, N.; Wennlöf, A.H.; Sánchez-Molero, J.; Picó, E.; Navarro, M.; Viadel, B.; Carreres, J.E.; Merino, G.; Sanjuán, R.; Lorente, M.; Sánchez, M.J.; Castelló, S.; Gilbert, C.; Thomas, S.; Allchurch, E.; Burguess, P.; Hall, G.; Astrom, A.; Sverkén, A.; Broberg, A.; Masson, A.; Lehoux, C.; Brabant, P.; Pate, P.; Fontaine, L.; Sebok, A.; Kuti, T.; Hegyi, A.; Maldonado, C.; Llorente, A.; García, E.; Von Fircks, H.; Hallberg, M.L.; Messerer, M.; Larsson, M.; Fredriksson, H.; Adamsson, V.; Börjesson, I.; Fernández, L.; Smillie, L.; Wills, J.; González-Gross, M.; Valtueña, J.; Albers, U.; Pedrero, R.; Meléndez, A.; Benito, P.J.; Cañada, D.; Jiménez-Pavón, D.; Urzanqui, A.; Ortiz, J.C.; Fuentes, F.; Lorente, J.J.G.; Torres, R.M.; Navarro, P.
Abstract:
Background: Previous studies suggest that dietary protein might play a beneficial role in combating obesity and its related chronic diseases. Total, animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with anthropometry and serum biomarkers in European adolescents using one standardised methodology across European countries are not well documented. Objectives: To evaluate total, animal and plant protein intakes in European adolescents stratified by gender and age, and to investigate their associations with cardio-metabolic indicators (anthropometry and biomarkers). Methods: The current analysis included 1804 randomly selected adolescents participating in the HELENA study (conducted in 2006-2007) aged 12.5-17.5 y (47% males) who completed two non-consecutive computerised 24-h dietary recalls. Associations between animal and plant protein intakes, and anthropometry and serum biomarkers were examined with General linear Model multivariate analysis. Results: Average total protein intake exceeded the recommendations of World Health Organization and European Food Safety Authority. Mean total protein intake was 96 g/d (59% derived from animal protein). Total, animal and plant protein intakes (g/d) were significantly lower in females than in males and total and plant protein intakes were lower in younger participants (12.5-14.9 y). Protein intake was significantly lower in underweight subjects and higher in obese ones; the direction of the relationship was reversed after adjustments for body weight (g/(kg.d)). The inverse association of plant protein intakes was stronger with BMI z-score and body fat percentage (BF%) compared to animal protein intakes. Additionally, BMI and BF% were positively associated with energy percentage of animal protein. Conclusions: This sample of European adolescents appeared to have adequate total protein intake. Our findings suggest that plant protein intakes may play a role in preventing obesity among European adolescents. Further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the potential beneficial effects observed in this study in the prevention of obesity and related chronic diseases. © 2015 Lin et al.; licensee BioMed Central.
Published:
2015
Title:
Diets with high-fat cheese, high-fat meat, or carbohydrate on cardiovascular risk markers in overweight postmenopausal women: A randomized crossover trial1,2
Authors:
Thorning, T.K.; Raziani, F.; Bendsen, N.T.; Astrup, A.; Tholstrup, T.; Raben, A.
Abstract:
Background: Heart associations recommend limited intake of saturated fat. However, effects of saturated fat on low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations and cardiovascular disease risk might depend on nutrients and specific saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in food. Objective: We explored the effects of cheese and meat as sources of SFAs or isocaloric replacement with carbohydrates on blood lipids, lipoproteins, and fecal excretion of fat and bile acids. Design: The study was a randomized, crossover, open-label intervention in 14 overweight postmenopausal women. Three fulldiet periods of 2-wk duration were provided separated by 2-wk washout periods. The isocaloric diets were as follows: 1) a highcheese (96-120-g) intervention [i.e., intervention containing cheese (CHEESE)], 2) a macronutrient-matched nondairy, highmeat control [i.e., nondairy control with a high content of high-fat processed and unprocessed meat in amounts matching the saturated fat content from cheese in the intervention containing cheese (MEAT)], and 3) a nondairy, low-fat, high-carbohydrate control (i.e., nondairy low-fat control in which the energy from cheese fat and protein was isocalorically replaced by carbohydrates and lean meat (CARB). Results: The CHEESE diet caused a 5% higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration (P = 0.012), an 8% higher apo A-I concentration (P , 0.001), and a 5% lower apoB:apo A-I ratio (P = 0.008) than did the CARB diet. Also, the MEAT diet caused an 8% higher HDL-cholesterol concentration (P , 0.001) and a 4% higher apo A-I concentration (P = 0.033) than did the CARB diet. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apoB, and triacylglycerol were similar with the 3 diets. Fecal fat excretion was 1.8 and 0.9 g higher with the CHEESE diet than with CARB and MEAT diets (P , 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) and 0.9 g higher with the MEAT diet than with the CARB diet (P = 0.005). CHEESE and MEAT diets caused higher fecal bile acid excretion than did the CARB diet (P , 0.05 and P = 0.006, respectively). The dominant type of bile acids excreted differed between CHEESE and MEAT diets. Conclusions: Diets with cheese and meat as primary sources of SFAs cause higher HDL cholesterol and apo A-I and, therefore, appear to be less atherogenic than is a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Also, our findings confirm that cheese increases fecal fat excretion. © 2015 American Society for Nutrition.
Published:
2015
Title:
Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors:
Gibson, A. A.; Seimon, R. V.; Lee, C. M.Y.; Ayre, J.; Franklin, J.; Markovic, T. P.; Caterson, I. D.; Sainsbury, A.
Abstract:
Very-low-energy diets (VLEDs) and ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets (KLCDs) are two dietary strategies that have been associated with a suppression of appetite. However, the results of clinical trials investigating the effect of ketogenic diets on appetite are inconsistent. To evaluate quantitatively the effect of ketogenic diets on subjective appetite ratings, we conducted a systematic literature search and meta-analysis of studies that assessed appetite with visual analogue scales before (in energy balance) and during (while in ketosis) adherence to VLED or KLCD. Individuals were less hungry and exhibited greater fullness/satiety while adhering to VLED, and individuals adhering to KLCD were less hungry and had a reduced desire to eat. Although these absolute changes in appetite were small, they occurred within the context of energy restriction, which is known to increase appetite in obese people. Thus, the clinical benefit of a ketogenic diet is in preventing an increase in appetite, despite weight loss, although individuals may indeed feel slightly less hungry (or more full or satisfied). Ketosis appears to provide a plausible explanation for this suppression of appetite. Future studies should investigate the minimum level of ketosis required to achieve appetite suppression during ketogenic weight loss diets, as this could enable inclusion of a greater variety of healthy carbohydrate-containing foods into the diet.
Published:
2015
Title:
Effect of Raja Yoga Meditation on the Lipid Profile of Healthy Adults in Central India
Authors:
Mandape, Archana; Bharshankar, Jyotsana; Phatak, Mrunal
Abstract:
Published:
2015
Title:
Effects of Cr Methionine on Glucose Metabolism, Plasma Metabolites, Meat Lipid Peroxidation, and Tissue Chromium in Mahabadi Goat Kids
Authors:
Emami, A.; Ganjkhanlou, M.; Zali, A.
Abstract:
This study was designed to investigate the effects of chromium methionine (Cr–Met) on glucose metabolism, blood metabolites, meat lipid peroxidation, and tissue chromium (Cr) in Mahabadi goat kids. Thirty-two male kids (16.5 ± 2.8 kg BW, 4–5 months of age) were fed for 90 days in a completely randomized design with four treatments. Treatments were supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg Cr as Cr–Met/animal/daily. Blood samples were collected via heparin tubes from the jugular vein on 0, 21, 42, 63, and 90 days of experiment. On day 70, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was conducted. At the end of the feeding trial, the kids were slaughtered, and the liver, kidney, and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle samples were collected. Plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were decreased by Cr supplementation (P < 0.05). LD muscle malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased, and plasma and tissue Cr contents increased with increasing supplemental Cr levels (P < 0.05). Plasma glucose concentrations at 30 and 60 min after glucose infusion were lower in the kids fed 1.5 mg Cr diet than the kids fed control diet (P < 0.05). The IVGTT indicated that the kids supplemented with 1.5 mg Cr had higher glucose clearance rate (K) and lower glucose half-life (T½; P < 0.05). Glucose area under the response curve (AUC) from 0 to 180 min after glucose infusion was decreased linearly (P
Published:
2015
Title:
Efficacy of regular sauna bathing for chronic tension-type headache: A randomized controlled study
Authors:
Kanji, Giresh; Weatherall, Mark; Peter, Raja; Purdie, Gordon; Page, Rachel
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: Chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) is a chronic syndrome characterized by frequent headache occurring more than 15 days per month. The intensity and duration of headache pain can be very distressing and disabling on an individuals' well-being. The purpose of this study was to examine the applicability of sauna bathing as a new method of treatment for reducing pain in patients with CTTH. METHODS: Thirty-seven people who fulfilled the International Headache Society criteria for CTTH were randomly assigned into two groups. The control group (n=20) received advice and education while the intervention group (n=17) received the same advice and attended a sauna regularly for 8 weeks. Reductions in subjective pain were determined using the numerical pain rating scale (NPRS). Disturbance in sleep, depression as assessed by Beckman Disability Index (BDI), and Headache Disability Index (HDI) were measured. RESULTS: Mean change in headache intensity significantly differed between the sauna and control group by 1.27 (95% confidence interval, 0.48-2.07; F=10.17; df=1, 117; p=0.002). There was no statistically significant change in duration of headache or improvement in sleep, depression, or HDI between the sauna and control groups. CONCLUSION: Regular sauna bathing is a simple, self-directed treatment that is effective for reducing headache pain intensity in CTTH.
Published:
2015
Title:
Emerging concepts in the therapy of mitochondrial disease
Authors:
Viscomi, Carlo; Bottani, Emanuela; Zeviani, Massimo
Abstract:
a b s t r a c t Mitochondrial disorders are an important group of genetic conditions characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial disorders come with an impressive variability of symptoms, organ involve-ment, and clinical course, which considerably impact the quality of life and quite often shorten the lifespan expectancy. Although the last 20 years have witnessed an exponential increase in understanding the genet-ic and biochemical mechanisms leading to disease, this has not resulted in the development of effective therapeutic approaches, amenable of improving clinical course and outcome of these conditions to any sig-nificant extent. Therapeutic options for mitochondrial diseases still remain focused on supportive interven-tions aimed at relieving complications. However, new therapeutic strategies have recently been emerging, some of which have shown potential efficacy at the pre-clinical level. This review will present the state of the art on experimental therapy for mitochondrial disorders.
Published:
2015
Title:
Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors:
Zinman, Bernard; Wanner, Christoph; Lachin, John M.; Fitchett, David; Bluhmki, Erich; Hantel, Stefan; Mattheus, Michaela; Devins, Theresa; Johansen, Odd Erik; Woerle, Hans J.; Broedl, Uli C.; Inzucchi, Silvio E.
Abstract:
Published:
2015
Title:
Energy Expenditure in Humans and Other Primates: A New Synthesis
Authors:
Pontzer, Herman
Abstract:
This review examines the proximate, ecological, and evolutionary determinants of energy expenditure in humans and primates, with an emphasis on empirical measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE). Body size is the main proximate determinant of TEE, both within and between species; physical activity, genetic variation, and endocrine regulation explain substantially less of the variation in TEE. Basal metabolism is the single largest component of TEE, far exceeding the cost of physical activity, digestion, growth and reproduction, and thermoregulation in most instances. Notably, differences in physical activity do not generally result in corresponding differences in TEE, undermining the utility of activity-based factorial estimates of TEE. Instead, empirical measurements of energy expenditure in humans and other primates suggest that the body adapts dynamically to long-term changes in physical activity, maintaining TEE within an evolved, and relatively narrow, physiological range.
Published:
2015
Title:
Energy expenditure and activity among Hadza hunter-gatherers
Authors:
Pontzer, Herman; Raichlen, David A.; Wood, Brian M.; Thompson, Melissa Emery; Racette, Susan B.; Mabulla, Audax Z. P.; Marlowe, Frank W.
Abstract:
Objectives Studies of total energy expenditure, (TEE; kcal/day) among traditional populations have challenged current models relating habitual physical activity to daily energy requirements. Here, we examine the relationship between physical activity and TEE among traditional Hadza hunter-gatherers living in northern Tanzania. Methods Hadza adults were studied at two camps, with minimal intervention so as to monitor energy expenditure and activity during normal daily life. We measured daily walking distance and walking speed using wearable GPS units for 41 adults. For a subset of 30 adults, we measured TEE using doubly labeled water, three indices of work load (foraging return rate, maternal status, and number of dependent children), and urinary biomarkers of metabolic activity and stress (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, cortisol, and testosterone). Results Fat-free mass was the single strongest predictor of TEE among Hadza adults (r2 = 0.66, P
Published:
2015
Title:
Epidemiological-molecular evidence of metabolic reprogramming on proliferation, autophagy and cell signaling in pancreas cancer
Authors:
Søreide, K.; Sund, M.
Abstract:
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest human cancers with little progress made in survival over the past decades, and 5-year survival usually below 5%. Despite this dismal scenario, progresses have been made in understanding of the underlying tumor biology through among other definition of precursor lesions, delineation of molecular pathways, and advances in genome-wide technology. Further, exploring the relationship between epidemiological risk factors involving metabolic features to that of an altered cancer metabolism may provide the foundation for new therapies. Here we explore how nutrients and caloric intake may influence the KRAS-driven ductal carcinogenesis through mediators of metabolic stress, including autophagy in presence of TP53, advanced glycation end products (AGE) and the receptors (RAGE) and ligands (HMGB1), as well as glutamine pathways, among others. Effective understanding the cancer metabolism mechanisms in pancreatic cancer may propose new ways of prevention and treatment. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Published:
2015
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