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Title:
Autophagy: The last defense against cellular nutritional stress
Authors:
He, Long; Zhang, Jie; Zhao, Jinshan; Ma, Ning; Kim, Sung Woo; Qiao, Shiyan; Ma, Xi
Abstract:
Homeostasis of nutrient metabolism is critical for maintenance of the normal physiologic status of the cell and the integral health of humans and mammals. In vivo, there is a highly efficient and precise process involved in nutrient recycling and organelle cleaning. This process is named autophagy, and it can be induced in response to the dynamic change of nutrients. When cells face nutritional stress, such as stress caused by nutrient deficiency or nutrient excess, the autophagy pathway will be activated. Generally, when nutrients are withdrawn, cells will sense the signs of starvation and respond. AMP-activated protein kinase and the mammalian target of rapamycin, two of the major metabolic kinases, are responsible for monitoring cellular energy and the concentration of amino acids, respectively. Nutrient excess also induces autophagy, mainly via the reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. When nutritional stress activates the autophagy pathway, the nutrients or damaged organelles will be recycled for cell survival. However, if autophagy is overwhelmingly induced, autophagic cell death will possibly occur. The balance of the autophagy induction is the crucial factor for cell survival or death. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the induction of autophagy, the autophagy response under nutritional stresses, and autophagic cell death and related diseases, which will highlight the process of nutritional stress-induced autophagy and its important physiologic and/or pathologic roles in cell metabolism and diseases, and shed light on the research into the mechanism and clinical applications of autophagy induced by nutritional stresses.
Published:
2018-07
Title:
Beneficial health effects of lupenone triterpene: A review
Authors:
Xu, Feng; Huang, Xulong; Wu, Hongmei; Wang, Xiangpei
Abstract:
There are a large number of new structure compounds with good pharmacological activity in the natural plants, can be applied to the treatment of human diseases. Finding active ingredients from the plants is one of the important ways to develop new drugs. Triterpenes are widespread in plants, and lupenone belongs to lupane type triterpenoids. Lupenone is very common natural ingredient distributed in multi-family plants including Asteraceae, Balanophoraceae, Cactaceae, Iridaceae, Musaceae, Urticaceae, Leguminosae, Bombacaceae, etc., but its distribution has no regular. The consumption of lupenone in vegetarian diet is high in human life. Pharmacological screening of lupenone revealed various pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, improving Chagas disease without major toxicity. Based on these important pharmacological activities, this review provides detailed account of pre-clinical studies conducted to determine the utility of lupenone as a therapeutic and chemopreventive agent for the treatment of various diseases.
Published:
2018-07
Title:
Effect of intermittent vs. daily calorie restriction on changes in weight and patient-reported outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis
Authors:
Fitzgerald, Kathryn C.; Vizthum, Diane; Henry-Barron, Bobbie; Schweitzer, Amy; Cassard, Sandra D.; Kossoff, Eric; Hartman, Adam L.; Kapogiannis, Dimitrios; Sullivan, Patrick; Baer, David J.; Mattson, Mark P.; Appel, Lawrence J.; Mowry, Ellen M.
Abstract:
An intermittent fasting or calorie restriction diet has favorable effects in the mouse forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and may provide additional anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective advantages beyond benefits obtained from weight loss alone. We conducted a pilot randomized controlled feeding study in 36 people with MS to assess safety and feasibility of different types of calorie restriction (CR) diets and assess their effects on weight and patient reported outcomes in people with MS. Patients were randomized to receive 1 of 3 diets for 8 weeks: daily CR diet (22% daily reduction in energy needs), intermittent CR diet (75% reduction in energy needs, 2 days/week; 0% reduction, 5 days/week), or a weight-stable diet (0% reduction in energy needs, 7 days/week). Of the 36 patients enrolled, 31 (86%) completed the trial; no significant adverse events occurred. Participants randomized to CR diets lost a median 3.4 kg (interquartile range [IQR]: -2.4, -4.0). Changes in weight did not differ significantly by type of CR diet, although participants randomized to daily CR tended to have greater weight loss (daily CR: -3.6 kg [IQR: -3.0, -4.1] vs. intermittent CR: -3.0 kg [IQR: -1.95, -4.1]; P = 0.15). Adherence to study diets differed significantly between intermittent CR vs. daily CR, with lesser adherence observed for intermittent CR (P = 0.002). Randomization to either CR diet was associated with significant improvements in emotional well-being/depression scores relative to control, with an average 8-week increase of 1.69 points (95% CI: 0.72, 2.66). CR diets are a safe/feasible way to achieve weight loss in people with MS and may be associated with improved emotional health.
Published:
2018-07
Title:
Efficacy and Safety of Intranasal Esketamine for the Rapid Reduction of Symptoms of Depression and Suicidality in Patients at Imminent Risk for Suicide: Results of a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors:
Canuso, Carla M.; Singh, Jaskaran B.; Fedgchin, Maggie; Alphs, Larry; Lane, Rosanne; Lim, Pilar; Pinter, Christine; Hough, David; Sanacora, Gerard; Manji, Husseini; Drevets, Wayne C.
Abstract:
Published:
2018-07
Title:
Glucose-regulated phosphorylation of TET2 by AMPK reveals a pathway linking diabetes to cancer
Authors:
Wu, Di; Hu, Di; Chen, Hao; Shi, Guoming; Fetahu, Irfete S.; Wu, Feizhen; Rabidou, Kimberlie; Fang, Rui; Tan, Li; Xu, Shuyun; Liu, Hang; Argueta, Christian; Zhang, Lei; Mao, Fei; Yan, Guoquan; Chen, Jiajia; Dong, Zhaoru; Lv, Ruitu; Xu, Yufei; Wang, Mei; Ye, Yong; Zhang, Shike; Duquette, Danielle; Geng, Songmei; Yin, Clark; Lian, Christine Guo; Murphy, George F.; Adler, Gail K.; Garg, Rajesh; Lynch, Lydia; Yang, Pengyuan; Li, Yiming; Lan, Fei; Fan, Jia; Shi, Yang; Shi, Yujiang Geno
Abstract:
Diabetes is a complex metabolic syndrome that is characterized by prolonged high blood glucose levels and frequently associated with life-threatening complications1,2. Epidemiological studies have suggested that diabetes is also linked to an increased risk of cancer3–5. High glucose levels may be a prevailing factor that contributes to the link between diabetes and cancer, but little is known about the molecular basis of this link and how the high glucose state may drive genetic and/or epigenetic alterations that result in a cancer phenotype. Here we show that hyperglycaemic conditions have an adverse effect on the DNA 5-hydroxymethylome. We identify the tumour suppressor TET2 as a substrate of the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), which phosphorylates TET2 at serine 99, thereby stabilizing the tumour suppressor. Increased glucose levels impede AMPK-mediated phosphorylation at serine 99, which results in the destabilization of TET2 followed by dysregulation of both 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and the tumour suppressive function of TET2 in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with the anti-diabetic drug metformin protects AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of serine 99, thereby increasing TET2 stability and 5hmC levels. These findings define a novel ‘phospho-switch’ that regulates TET2 stability and a regulatory pathway that links glucose and AMPK to TET2 and 5hmC, which connects diabetes to cancer. Our data also unravel an epigenetic pathway by which metformin mediates tumour suppression. Thus, this study presents a new model for how a pernicious environment can directly reprogram the epigenome towards an oncogenic state, offering a potential strategy for cancer prevention and treatment.
Published:
2018-07
Title:
Histidine catabolism is a major determinant of methotrexate sensitivity
Authors:
Kanarek, Naama; Keys, Heather R.; Cantor, Jason R.; Lewis, Caroline A.; Chan, Sze Ham; Kunchok, Tenzin; Abu-Remaileh, Monther; Freinkman, Elizaveta; Schweitzer, Lawrence D.; Sabatini, David M.
Abstract:
Histidine metabolism influences the sensitivity of cancer cells to methotrexate, with mice bearing leukaemia xenografts showing increased response to the drug upon histidine supplementation.
Published:
2018-07
Title:
Insights into clonal haematopoiesis from 8,342 mosaic chromosomal alterations
Authors:
Loh, Po-Ru; Genovese, Giulio; Handsaker, Robert E.; Finucane, Hilary K.; Reshef, Yakir A.; Palamara, Pier Francesco; Birmann, Brenda M.; Talkowski, Michael E.; Bakhoum, Samuel F.; McCarroll, Steven A.; Price, Alkes L.
Abstract:
Analysis of genotyping data for more than 150,000 individuals from the UK Biobank using long-range phase information sheds light on mechanisms of clonal haematopoiesis.
Published:
2018-07
Title:
Neuroketotherapeutics: A modern review of a century-old therapy
Authors:
Koppel, Scott J.; Swerdlow, Russell H.
Abstract:
Neuroketotherapeutics represent a class of bioenergetic medicine therapies that feature the induction of ketosis. These therapies include medium-chain triglyceride supplements, ketone esters, fasting, strenuous exercise, the modified Atkins diet, and the classic ketogenic diet. Extended experience reveals persons with epilepsy, especially pediatric epilepsy, benefit from ketogenic diets although the mechanisms that underlie its effects remain unclear. Data indicate ketotherapeutics enhance mitochondrial respiration, promote neuronal long-term potentiation, increase BDNF expression, increase GPR signaling, attenuate oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and alter protein post-translational modifications via lysine acetylation and β-hydroxybutyrylation. These properties have further downstream implications involving Akt, PLCγ, CREB, Sirtuin, and mTORC pathways. Further studies of neuroketotherapeutics will enhance our understanding of ketone body molecular biology, and reveal novel central nervous system therapeutic applications.
Published:
2018-07
Title:
Scaling up molecular pattern recognition with DNA-based winner-take-all neural networks
Authors:
Cherry, Kevin M.; Qian, Lulu
Abstract:
From bacteria following simple chemical gradients1 to the brain distinguishing complex odour information2, the ability to recognize molecular patterns is essential for biological organisms. This type of information-processing function has been implemented using DNA-based neural networks3, but has been limited to the recognition of a set of no more than four patterns, each composed of four distinct DNA molecules. Winner-take-all computation4 has been suggested5,6 as a potential strategy for enhancing the capability of DNA-based neural networks. Compared to the linear-threshold circuits7 and Hopfield networks8 used previously3, winner-take-all circuits are computationally more powerful4, allow simpler molecular implementation and are not constrained by the number of patterns and their complexity, so both a large number of simple patterns and a small number of complex patterns can be recognized. Here we report a systematic implementation of winner-take-all neural networks based on DNA-strand-displacement9,10 reactions. We use a previously developed seesaw DNA gate motif3,11,12, extended to include a simple and robust component that facilitates the cooperative hybridization13 that is involved in the process of selecting a ‘winner’. We show that with this extended seesaw motif DNA-based neural networks can classify patterns into up to nine categories. Each of these patterns consists of 20 distinct DNA molecules chosen from the set of 100 that represents the 100 bits in 10 × 10 patterns, with the 20 DNA molecules selected tracing one of the handwritten digits ‘1’ to ‘9’. The network successfully classified test patterns with up to 30 of the 100 bits flipped relative to the digit patterns ‘remembered’ during training, suggesting that molecular circuits can robustly accomplish the sophisticated task of classifying highly complex and noisy information on the basis of similarity to a memory.
Published:
2018-07
Title:
Virus-Induced Interferon-γ Causes Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle and Derails Glycemic Control in Obesity
Authors:
Šestan, Marko; Marinović, Sonja; Kavazović, Inga; Cekinović, Đurđica; Wueest, Stephan; Turk Wensveen, Tamara; Brizić, Ilija; Jonjić, Stipan; Konrad, Daniel; Wensveen, Felix M.; Polić, Bojan
Abstract:
Published:
2018-07
Title:
Continuation of Atypical Antipsychotic Medication During Early Pregnancy and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes
Authors:
Park, Yoonyoung; Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia; Bateman, Brian T.; Cohen, Jacqueline M.; Desai, Rishi J.; Patorno, Elisabetta; Glynn, Robert J.; Cohen, Lee S.; Mogun, Helen; Huybrechts, Krista F.
Abstract:
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Diet for stroke prevention
Authors:
Spence, J. David
Abstract:
Lifestyle is far more important than most physicians suppose. Dietary changes in China that have resulted from increased prosperity are probably responsible for a marked rise in coronary risk in the past several decades, accelerating in recent years. Intake of meat and eggs has increased, while intake of fruits, vegetables and whole grains has decreased. Between 2003 and 2013, coronary mortality in China increased 213%, while stroke mortality increased by 26.6%. Besides a high content of cholesterol, meat (particularly red meat) contains carnitine, while egg yolks contain phosphatidylcholine. Both are converted by the intestinal microbiome to trimethylamine, in turn oxidised in the liver to trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO). TMAO causes atherosclerosis in animal models, and in patients referred for coronary angiography high levels after a test dose of two hard-boiled eggs predicted increased cardiovascular risk. The strongest evidence for dietary prevention of stroke and myocardial infarction is with the Mediterranean diet from Crete, a nearly vegetarian diet that is high in beneficial oils, whole grains, fruits, vegetables and legumes. Persons at risk of stroke should avoid egg yolk, limit intake of red meat and consume a diet similar to the Mediterranean diet. A crucial issue for stroke prevention in China is reduction of sodium intake. Dietary changes, although difficult to implement, represent an important opportunity to prevent stroke and have the potential to reverse the trend of increased cardiovascular risk in China.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Effects of a 4-Week Very Low-Carbohydrate Diet on High-Intensity Interval Training Responses
Authors:
Cipryan, Lukas; Plews, Daniel J.; Ferretti, Alessandro; Maffetone, Phil B.; Laursen, Paul B.
Abstract:
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of altering from habitual mixed Western-based (HD) to a very low-carbohydrate high-fat (VLCHF) diet over a 4-week timecourse on performance and physiological responses during high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Eighteen moderately trained males (age 23.8 ± 2.1 years) consuming their HD (48 ± 13% carbohydrate, 17 ± 3% protein, 35 ± 9% fat) were assigned to 2 groups. One group was asked to remain on their HD, while the other was asked to switch to a non-standardized VLCHF diet (8 ± 3% carbohydrate, 29 ± 15% protein, 63 ± 13% fat) for 4 weeks. Participants performed graded exercise tests (GXT) before and after the experiment, and an HIIT session (5x3min, work/rest 2:1, passive recovery, total time 34min) before, and after 2 and 4 weeks. Heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (V̇O2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), maximal fat oxidation rates (Fatmax) and blood lactate were measured. Total time to exhaustion (TTE) and maximal V̇O2 (V̇O2max) in the GXT increased in both groups, but between-group changes were trivial (ES ± 90% CI: -0.1 ± 0.3) and small (0.57 ± 0.5), respectively. Between-group difference in Fatmax change (VLCHF: 0.8 ± 0.3 to 1.1 ± 0.2 g/min; HD: 0.7 ± 0.2 to 0.8 ± 0.2 g/min) was large (1.2±0.9), revealing greater increases in the VLCHF versus HD group. Between-group comparisons of mean changes in V̇O2 and HR during the HIIT sessions were trivial to small, whereas mean RER decreased more in the VLCHF group (-1.5 ± 0.1). Lactate changes between groups were unclear. Adoption of a VLCHF diet over 4 weeks increased Fatmax and did not adversely affect TTE during the GXT or cardiorespiratory responses to HIIT compared with the HD.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Elephant and Mammoth Hunting during the Paleolithic: A Review of the Relevant Archaeological, Ethnographic and Ethno-Historical Records
Authors:
Agam, Aviad; Barkai, Ran
Abstract:
Proboscideans and humans have shared habitats across the Old and New Worlds for hundreds of thousands of years. Proboscideans were included in the human diet starting from the Lower Paleolithic period and until the final stages of the Pleistocene. However, the question of how prehistoric people acquired proboscideans remains unresolved. Moreover, the effect of proboscidean hunting on the eventual extinction of these mega-herbivores was never seriously evaluated, probably because of the lack of acquaintance with the plethora of information available regarding proboscidean hunting by humans. The aim of this paper is to bridge this gap and bring to light the data available in order to estimate the extent and procedures of elephant and mammoth hunting by humans during the Quaternary. This study examines the archaeological evidence of proboscidean hunting during Paleolithic times, and provides a review of ethnographic and ethno-historical accounts, demonstrating a wide range of traditional elephant-hunting strategies. We also discuss the rituals accompanying elephant hunting among contemporary hunter-gatherers, further stressing the importance of elephants among hunter-gatherers. Based on the gathered data, we suggest that early humans possessed the necessary abilities to actively and regularly hunt proboscideans; and performed this unique and challenging task at will.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Foods and Supplements Associated with Vitamin B12 Biomarkers among Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Participants of the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) Calibration Study
Authors:
Jaceldo-Siegl, Karen; Beeson, W. Lawrence; Fraser, Gary; Oda, Keiji; Haddad, Ella H.; Damayanti, Didit
Abstract:
To investigate the association between plasma concentration of vitamin B12 and B12 intake from supplements, fortified foods, and animal source foods among vegetarians and non-vegetarians, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 728 participants of the Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS-2) calibration study. The median age of participants was 58 years, 65.4% were female, and 50.3% were White. We used six 24 h dietary recalls to measure B12 intake, serum vitamin B12, and holotranscobalamin (holoTC) concentration. B12 supplements had a significantly positive association with plasma B12 among all subjects (p trend < 0.001), especially among vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians (p trend < 0.001). Among non-users of B12 supplements, B12 intake from milk substitutes was significantly positively associated with holoTC (p trend < 0.004) and serum B12 (p trend < 0.030). In non-vegetarians, holoTC was significantly positively associated with B12 intake from eggs, while serum B12 was significantly positively associated with B12 intake from milk in the upper tertile compared to the lower, and B12 intake from meat in the middle compared to the lower tertile intake (p
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Foods and Supplements Associated with Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> Biomarkers among Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Participants of the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) Calibration Study
Authors:
Damayanti, Didit; Jaceldo-Siegl, Karen; Beeson, W. Lawrence; Fraser, Gary; Oda, Keiji; Haddad, Ella H.
Abstract:
To investigate the association between plasma concentration of vitamin B12 and B12 intake from supplements, fortified foods, and animal source foods among vegetarians and non-vegetarians, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 728 participants of the Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS-2) calibration study. The median age of participants was 58 years, 65.4% were female, and 50.3% were White. We used six 24 h dietary recalls to measure B12 intake, serum vitamin B12, and holotranscobalamin (holoTC) concentration. B12 supplements had a significantly positive association with plasma B12 among all subjects (p trend < 0.001), especially among vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians (p trend < 0.001). Among non-users of B12 supplements, B12 intake from milk substitutes was significantly positively associated with holoTC (p trend < 0.004) and serum B12 (p trend < 0.030). In non-vegetarians, holoTC was significantly positively associated with B12 intake from eggs, while serum B12 was significantly positively associated with B12 intake from milk in the upper tertile compared to the lower, and B12 intake from meat in the middle compared to the lower tertile intake (p < 0.011). Supplements containing B12 followed by B12 intake from milk substitutes were significant contributors of plasma vitamin B12 concentration.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States
Authors:
Mattson, Mark P.; Arumugam, Thiruma V.
Abstract:
During aging, the cellular milieu of the brain exhibits tell-tale signs of compromised bioenergetics, impaired adaptive neuroplasticity and resilience, aberrant neuronal network activity, dysregulation of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, the accrual of oxidatively modified molecules and organelles, and inflammation. These alterations render the aging brain vulnerable to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and stroke. Emerging findings are revealing mechanisms by which sedentary overindulgent lifestyles accelerate brain aging, whereas lifestyles that include intermittent bioenergetic challenges (exercise, fasting, and intellectual challenges) foster healthy brain aging. Here we provide an overview of the cellular and molecular biology of brain aging, how those processes interface with disease-specific neurodegenerative pathways, and how metabolic states influence brain health. Mattson and Arumugam provide a comprehensive view of the cellular and molecular biology of brain aging and discuss how metabolic states influence brain health, including susceptibility to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and stroke. They consider how the sedentary lifestyle accelerates brain aging and discuss the potential for intermittent metabolic switching to counteract the process.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Influence of trans fatty acids on glucose metabolism in soleus muscle of rats fed diets enriched in or deprived of linoleic acid
Authors:
Fariña, Ana C.; Hirabara, Sandro; Sain, Juliana; González, Marcela; Curi, Rui; Bernal, Claudio
Abstract:
PURPOSE: Industrial trans fatty acid (TFA) intake leads to impaired glucose metabolism. However, the overall effects reported are inconsistent and vary with the dietary FA composition and TFA isomer type and levels. We investigated TFA effects on glucose uptake, incorporation and oxidation, and glycogen synthesis in incubated soleus muscle under basal conditions or after treatment with insulin and/or palmitate. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were fed either linoleic acid (LA)-enriched (+LA) or LA-deprived (-LA) diet, supplemented (+LA + TFA or -LA + TFA) or not with TFA, for 60 days. Soleus muscle glucose metabolism was assessed in the absence or presence of insulin and/or palmitic acid. RESULTS: Under basal conditions, TFA enhanced glucose uptake and oxidation regardless of the LA status. Both TFA-supplemented groups had lower insulin response to glucose metabolism. Under insulin-stimulated conditions, TFA prevented the palmitate inhibition of muscle glucose uptake and metabolism in the +LA + TFA group. CONCLUSION: Dietary TFA enhanced glucose utilization in incubated soleus muscle under basal conditions and prevented the palmitate-induced inhibition in insulin-stimulated conditions. However, TFA reduced the insulin response to glucose uptake and metabolism. The effects mentioned above were influenced by the FA profile modifications induced by the dietary LA levels, suggesting that lipid metabolization and incorporation into plasma membrane are important determining factors of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Metabolic Effects of a Chronic Dietary Exposure to a Low-Dose Pesticide Cocktail in Mice: Sexual Dimorphism and Role of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor
Authors:
Lukowicz, Céline; Ellero-Simatos, Sandrine; Régnier, Marion; Polizzi, Arnaud; Lasserre, Frédéric; Montagner, Alexandra; Lippi, Yannick; Jamin, Emilien L.; Martin, Jean-François; Naylies, Claire; Canlet, Cécile; Debrauwer, Laurent; Bertrand-Michel, Justine; Al Saati, Talal; Théodorou, Vassilia; Loiseau, Nicolas; Mselli-Lakhal, Laïla; Guillou, Hervé; Gamet-Payrastre, Laurence
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence suggests a link between pesticide exposure and the development of metabolic diseases. However, most experimental studies have evaluated the metabolic effects of pesticides using individual molecules, often at nonrelevant doses or in combination with other risk factors such as high-fat diets. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate, in mice, the metabolic consequences of chronic dietary exposure to a pesticide mixture at nontoxic doses, relevant to consumers' risk assessment. METHODS: A mixture of six pesticides commonly used in France, i.e., boscalid, captan, chlorpyrifos, thiofanate, thiacloprid, and ziram, was incorporated in a standard chow at doses exposing mice to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of each pesticide. Wild-type (WT) and constitutive androstane receptor-deficient (CAR-/-) male and female mice were exposed for 52 wk. We assessed metabolic parameters [body weight (BW), food and water consumption, glucose tolerance, urinary metabolome] throughout the experiment. At the end of the experiment, we evaluated liver metabolism (histology, transcriptomics, metabolomics, lipidomics) and pesticide detoxification using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RESULTS: Compared to those fed control chow, WT male mice fed pesticide chow had greater BW gain and more adiposity. Moreover, these WT males fed pesticide chow exhibited characteristics of hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance, which were not observed in those fed control chow. WT exposed female mice exhibited fasting hyperglycemia, higher reduced glutathione (GSH):oxidized glutathione (GSSG) liver ratio and perturbations of gut microbiota-related urinary metabolites compared to WT mice fed control chow. When we performed these experiments on CAR-/- mice, pesticide-exposed CAR-/- males did not exhibit BW gain or changes in glucose metabolism compared to the CAR-/- males fed control chow. Moreover, CAR-/- females fed pesticide chow exhibited pesticide toxicity with higher BWs and mortality rate compared to the CAR-/- females fed control chow. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate a sexually dimorphic obesogenic and diabetogenic effect of chronic dietary exposure to a common mixture of pesticides at TDI levels, and to provide evidence for a partial role for CAR in an in vivo mouse model. This raises questions about the relevance of TDI for individual pesticides when present in a mixture.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Metabolic Footprinting of Fermented Milk Consumption in Serum of Healthy Men
Authors:
Pimentel, Grégory; Burton, Kathryn J; Ah, Ueli von; Bütikofer, Ueli; Pralong, François P; Vionnet, Nathalie; Portmann, Reto; Vergères, Guy
Abstract:
Background: Fermentation is a widely used method of natural food preservation that has consequences on the nutritional value of the transformed food. Fermented dairy products are increasingly investigated in view of their ability to exert health benefits beyond their nutritional qualities.Objective: To explore the mechanisms underpinning the health benefits of fermented dairy intake, the present study followed the effects of milk fermentation, from changes in the product metabolome to consequences on the human serum metabolome after its ingestion.Methods: A randomized crossover study design was conducted in 14 healthy men [mean age: 24.6 y; mean body mass index (in kg/m2): 21.8]. At the beginning of each test phase, serum samples were taken 6 h postprandially after the ingestion of 800 g of a nonfermented milk or a probiotic yogurt. During the 2-wk test phases, subjects consumed 400 g of the assigned test product daily (200 g, 2 times/d). Serum samples were taken from fasting participants at the end of each test phase. The serum metabolome was assessed through the use of LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics.Results: Postprandial serum metabolomes after milk or yogurt intake could be differentiated [orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) Q2 = 0.74]. Yogurt intake was characterized by higher concentrations of 7 free amino acids (including proline, P = 0.03), reduced concentrations of 5 bile acids (including glycocholic acid, P = 0.04), and modulation of 4 indole derivative compounds (including indole lactic acid, P = 0.01). Fasting serum samples after 2 wk of daily intake of milk or yogurt could also be differentiated based on their metabolic profiles (OPLS-DA Q2 = 0.56) and were discussed in light of the postprandial results.Conclusion: Metabolic pathways related to amino acids, indole derivatives, and bile acids were modulated in healthy men by the intake of yogurt. Further investigation to explore novel health effects of fermented dairy products is warranted.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02230345.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Non-invasive, transdermal, path-selective and specific glucose monitoring via a graphene-based platform
Authors:
Lipani, Luca; Dupont, Bertrand G. R.; Doungmene, Floriant; Marken, Frank; Tyrrell, Rex M.; Guy, Richard H.; Ilie, Adelina
Abstract:
Currently, there is no available needle-free approach for diabetics to monitor glucose levels in the interstitial fluid. Here, we report a path-selective, non-invasive, transdermal glucose monitoring system based on a miniaturized pixel array platform (realized either by graphene-based thin-film technology, or screen-printing). The system samples glucose from the interstitial fluid via electroosmotic extraction through individual, privileged, follicular pathways in the skin, accessible via the pixels of the array. A proof of principle using mammalian skin ex vivo is demonstrated for specific and ‘quantized’ glucose extraction/detection via follicular pathways, and across the hypo- to hyper-glycaemic range in humans. Furthermore, the quantification of follicular and non-follicular glucose extraction fluxes is clearly shown. In vivo continuous monitoring of interstitial fluid-borne glucose with the pixel array was able to track blood sugar in healthy human subjects. This approach paves the way to clinically relevant glucose detection in diabetics without the need for invasive, finger-stick blood sampling.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: Updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group
Authors:
Kossoff, Eric H.; Zupec-Kania, Beth A.; Auvin, Stéphane; Ballaban-Gil, Karen R.; Christina Bergqvist, A. G.; Blackford, Robyn; Buchhalter, Jeffrey R.; Caraballo, Roberto H.; Cross, J. Helen; Dahlin, Maria G.; Donner, Elizabeth J.; Guzel, Orkide; Jehle, Rana S.; Klepper, Joerg; Kang, Hoon-Chul; Lambrechts, Danielle A.; Liu, Y. M. Christiana; Nathan, Janak K.; Nordli, Douglas R.; Pfeifer, Heidi H.; Rho, Jong M.; Scheffer, Ingrid E.; Sharma, Suvasini; Stafstrom, Carl E.; Thiele, Elizabeth A.; Turner, Zahava; Vaccarezza, Maria M.; van der Louw, Elles J. T. M.; Veggiotti, Pierangelo; Wheless, James W.; Wirrell, Elaine C.; Charlie Foundation; Matthew's Friends; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society
Abstract:
Ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) are established, effective nonpharmacologic treatments for intractable childhood epilepsy. For many years KDTs were implemented differently throughout the world due to lack of consistent protocols. In 2009, an expert consensus guideline for the management of children on KDT was published, focusing on topics of patient selection, pre-KDT counseling and evaluation, diet choice and attributes, implementation, supplementation, follow-up, side events, and KDT discontinuation. It has been helpful in outlining a state-of-the-art protocol, standardizing KDT for multicenter clinical trials, and identifying areas of controversy and uncertainty for future research. Now one decade later, the organizers and authors of this guideline present a revised version with additional authors, in order to include recent research, especially regarding other dietary treatments, clarifying indications for use, side effects during initiation and ongoing use, value of supplements, and methods of KDT discontinuation. In addition, authors completed a survey of their institution's practices, which was compared to responses from the original consensus survey, to show trends in management over the last 10 years.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Repeated Amblyomma testudinarium tick bites are associated with increased galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose carbohydrate IgE antibody levels: A retrospective cohort study in a single institution
Authors:
Hashizume, Hideo; Fujiyama, Toshiharu; Umayahara, Takatsune; Kageyama, Reiko; Walls, Andrew F.; Satoh, Takahiro
Abstract:
CONCLUSION: In Amblyomma tick bite lesions, basophils; eosinophils; and type 2, cytokine-producing T cells infiltrate the skin and alpha-gal IgE antibodies are produced. These findings provide a potential mechanistic connection between Amblyomma bites and red meat hypersensitivity. Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
The Big Breakfast Study: Chrono‐nutrition influence on energy expenditure and bodyweight
Authors:
Ruddick‐Collins, L. C.; Johnston, J. D.; Morgan, P. J.; Johnstone, A. M.
Abstract:
A growing body of evidence highlights the importance of the biological clock as a modulator of energy balance and metabolism. Recent studies in humans have shown that ingested calories are apparently utilised more efficiently in the morning than in the evening and this is manifest through improved weight loss, even under iso‐energetic calorie intake. The mechanisms behind this enhanced morning energy metabolism are not yet clear, although it may result from behavioural adaptations or circadian driven variations in physiology and energy metabolism. A major objective of the newly funded Big Breakfast Study therefore is to investigate the mechanistic basis of this amplified morning thermogenesis leading to enhanced weight loss, by exploring behavioural and physiological adaptations in energy expenditure alongside the underlying circadian biology. This report briefly discusses the current research linking meal timing, circadian rhythms and metabolism; highlights the research gaps; and provides an overview of the studies being undertaken as part of the Medical Research Council‐funded Big Breakfast Study.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Vegans report less bothersome vasomotor and physical menopausal symptoms than omnivores
Authors:
Beezhold, Bonnie; Radnitz, Cynthia; McGrath, Robert E.; Feldman, Arielle
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: Lifestyle modifications that may reduce menopausal symptoms have generated much interest. The vegetarian diet has been associated with a lower risk of chronic disease as well as a more healthy hormonal milieu. Our objective in this cross-sectional study was to survey peri- and postmenopausal women to investigate menopausal symptoms and dietary pattern. STUDY DESIGN: Survey distribution in 2015-2016 was aimed at female vegans, vegetarians, and omnivores between the ages of 45 and 80 years, who were active on senior and vegetarian social networking websites and at vegan restaurants and events. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We investigated vasomotor and physical symptoms as measured by the Menopause-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) and dietary pattern classified by animal protein intakes reported in response to food frequency questions. RESULTS: Out of 754 participants who completed the survey, 604 reported they were perimenopausal (n = 121) or postmenopausal (n = 483), of whom 539 also completed the food frequency questions. We compared vasomotor and physical symptoms in omnivores (n = 304, consumed meat and/or poultry at least monthly) and vegans (n = 125, abstained from all animal proteins) using general linear models; covariates included age, exercise, hormone replacement therapy, presence of reproductive organs, and age at menopause. Among perimenopausal women, vegans reported less bothersome vasomotor (p < 0.01) and physical symptoms (p < 0.01) than omnivores. For both symptom types, more vegetables and less flesh food were associated with less bothersome symptoms (p values
Published:
2018-06
Title:
Vegetarian diet, food substitution, and nonalcoholic fatty liver
Authors:
Th, Chiu; Mn, Lin; Wh, Pan; Yc, Chen; Cl, Lin
Abstract:
Vegetarian diets, replacing meat and fish with soy, and replacing refined carbohydrates with whole grains, may be inversely associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver related to BMI.
Published:
2018-06
Title:
A Review of Plant-based Diets to Prevent and Treat Heart Failure
Authors:
Kerley, Conor P.
Abstract:
Evidence supporting the role of nutrition in heart failure (HF) incidence and severity is growing. A comprehensive search of online databases was conducted using relevant keywords to identify human studies including diet and HF. Several plant-based diets have consistently been associated with decreased HF incidence and severity, notably the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean diets. Several other plant-based dietary patterns, including low-fat diets and the rice diet, also show promise. Higher dietary quality, as assessed using different scores, seems to provide protective qualities. Fruit, vegetables, legumes and wholegrains appear to be beneficial, whereas red/processed meats, eggs and refined carbohydrates appear harmful. Some evidence suggests detrimental effects of dairy products and poultry, but more research is needed. There is observational and interventional evidence that a plant-based diet high in antioxidants, micronutrients, nitrate and fibre but low in saturated/trans fats may decrease the incidence and severity of HF. Potential mechanisms for this include decreased oxidative stress, homocysteine and inflammation levels, as well as higher antioxidant defence and nitric oxide bioavailability with gut microbiome modulation. Well-designed randomised, controlled nutrition intervention trials specific to HF are urgently required.
Published:
2018-05
Title:
Advances in Pharmacotherapy of Late-Life Depression
Authors:
Beyer, John L.; Johnson, Kim G.
Abstract:
Purpose of Summary This paper reviews recent research on late-life depression (LLD) pharmacotherapy, focusing on updated information for monotherapy and augmentation treatments. We then review new research on moderators of clinical response and how to use the information for improved efficacy.
Published:
2018-05
Title:
Maternal protein restriction during lactation induces early and lasting plasma metabolomic and hepatic lipidomic signatures of the offspring in a rodent programming model
Authors:
Martin Agnoux, Aurore; El Ghaziri, Angélina; Moyon, Thomas; Pagniez, Anthony; David, Agnès; Simard, Gilles; Parnet, Patricia; Qannari, El Mostafa; Darmaun, Dominique; Antignac, Jean-Philippe; Alexandre-Gouabau, Marie-Cécile
Abstract:
Perinatal undernutrition affects not only fetal and neonatal growth but also adult health outcome, as suggested by the metabolic imprinting concept. However, the exact mechanisms underlying offspring metabolic adaptations are not yet fully understood. Specifically, it remains unclear whether the gestation or the lactation is the more vulnerable period to modify offspring metabolic flexibility. We investigated in a rodent model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) induced by maternal protein restriction (R) during gestation which time window of maternal undernutrition (gestation, lactation or gestation-lactation) has more impact on the male offspring metabolomics phenotype. Plasma metabolome and hepatic lipidome of offspring were characterized through suckling period and at adulthood using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Multivariate analysis of these fingerprints highlighted a persistent metabolomics signature in rats suckled by R dams, with a clear-cut discrimination from offspring fed by control (C) dams. Pups submitted to a nutritional switch at birth presented a metabolomics signature clearly distinct from that of pups nursed by dams maintained on a consistent perinatal diet. Control rats suckled by R dams presented transiently higher branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) oxidation during lactation besides increased fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation, associated with preserved insulin sensitivity and lesser fat accretion that persisted throughout their life. In contrast, IUGR rats displayed permanently impaired β-oxidation, associated to increased glucose or BCAA oxidation at adulthood, depending on the fact that pups experienced slow postnatal or catch-up growth, as suckled by R or C dams, respectively. Taken together, these findings provide evidence for a significant contribution of the lactation period in metabolic programming.
Published:
2018-05
Title:
Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: A prospective multi-center study
Authors:
Amarapurkar, Anjali D.; Amarapurkar, Deepak N.; Rathi, Pravin; Sawant, Prabha; Patel, Nikhil; Kamani, Praful; Rawal, Krishnakant; Baijal, Rajiv; Sonawane, Ameya; Narawane, Nitin; Kolekar, Samrat; Totla, Naveen
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Environmental risk factors have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). With rising incidence, it is important to know risk factors associated with IBD in our population. This study was aimed to evaluate risk factors for IBD from western India. METHODS: This was prospective, multi-center case-control study which included 1054 patients with IBD of which 765 (72.5%) were ulcerative colitis (UC) and 289 (27.4%) Crohn's disease (CD). Asymptomatic individuals without a history of any major illness served as controls. The questionnaire containing risk factors for IBD was given to patients and control group. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated for each variable. RESULT: Significant numbers of patients with CD were from rural area. Rural environment (OR 1.071, 0.82-1.38 and OR 1.441, 1.02-2.02), higher education (OR 1.830, 1.52-2.19 and OR 1.519, 1.16-1.97), professional by occupation (OR 1.754, 1.46-2.09 and OR 1.293, 0.99-1.67), annual family income >100,000 Indian national rupees (OR 2.185, 1.52-3.13 and OR 4.648, 3.10-6.95), history of appendectomy (OR 3.158, 1.71-5.80 and OR 3.158, 1.71-5.80), and family history of IBD (OR 4.510, 2.19-9.25 and OR 3.972, 1.58-9.96) were the risk factors for UC and CD, respectively. Vegetarian diet was protective factor for UC (OR 0.29, 0.27-0.39) and risk for CD (OR 1.179, 0.88-1.57). Smoking and chronic alcoholism were not found to be the risk factors. CONCLUSION: This study highlights association between socioeconomic, dietary factors, appendectomy, and family history as risk factors for IBD.
Published:
2018-05
Title:
Selenium Supplementation Alters Hepatic Energy and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Mice
Authors:
Hu, Xin; Chandler, Joshua D; Orr, Michael L; Hao, Li; Liu, Ken; Uppal, Karan; Go, Young-Mi; Jones, Dean P
Abstract:
Background: Human and animal studies have raised concerns that supplemental selenium can increase the risk of metabolic disorders, but underlying mechanisms are unclear.Objective: We used an integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis of liver to test for functional pathway and network responses to supplemental selenium in mice.Methods: Male mice (8-wk-old, C57BL/6J) fed a standard diet (0.41 ppm Se) were given selenium (Na2SeO4, 20 μmol/L) or vehicle (drinking water) for 16 wk. Livers were analyzed for selenium concentration, activity of selenoproteins, reduced glutathione (GSH) redox state, gene expression, and high-resolution metabolomics. Transcriptomic and nontargeted metabolomic data were analyzed with biostatistics, bioinformatics, pathway enrichment analysis, and combined transcriptome-metabolome-wide association study (TMWAS).Results: Mice supplemented with selenium had greater body mass gain from baseline to 16 wk (55% ± 5%) compared with controls (40% ± 3%) (P < 0.05); however, no difference was observed in liver selenium content, selenoenzyme transcripts, or enzyme activity. Selenium was higher in the heart, kidney, and urine of mice supplemented with selenium. Gene enrichment analysis showed that supplemental selenium altered pathways of lipid and energy metabolism. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome network analysis showed 2 major gene-metabolite clusters, 1 centered on the transcript for the bidirectional glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) and the other centered on the transcripts for carnitine-palmitoyl transferase 2 (Cpt2) and acetyl-CoA acyltransferase (Acaa1). Pathway analysis showed that highly associated metabolites (P
Published:
2018-05
Title:
Studies of advanced glycation end products and oxidation biomarkers for type 2 diabetes
Authors:
Chiu, Chung-Jung; Rabbani, Naila; Rowan, Sheldon; Chang, Min-Lee; Sawyer, Sherilyn; Hu, Frank B.; Willett, Walter; Thornalley, Paul J.; Anwar, Attia; Bar, Liliana; Kang, Jae H.; Taylor, Allen
Abstract:
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed upon nonenzymatic reactions of sugars or their metabolites with proteins and other cellular constituents. Many AGEs are long lived. Recent findings suggest that AGEs may predict diabetes and its complications and thus may warrant further study. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of our experimental procedures for measuring AGEs in stored blood sample and to conduct a pilot study for developing AGE biomarkers for diabetes and/or age-related changes of glucose metabolism. We conducted a reliability study of the samples and methods using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS assays for 10 AGEs (including methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone (MG-H1), glucosepane (GSP) and two oxidation measures, in stored repository blood samples from the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We also analyzed data relating blood GSP levels to type 2 diabetes status in a case-control study (25 cases and 15 controls). Among the AGEs, GSP, and MG-H1 showed the highest reliability across the various measures: reliability in duplicate samples and stability with delayed processing and storage over 1-2 year period. Furthermore, plasma GSP was associated with older age (P = 0.04) and type 2 diabetes status (age-adjusted P = 0.0475). Our findings suggest that analysis of these AGEs may be developed as biomarkers for diabetes and/or age-related changes of glucose metabolism. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(3):281-288, 2018.
Published:
2018-05
Title:
The influence of exposome on acne
Authors:
Dréno, B.; Bettoli, V.; Araviiskaia, E.; Sanchez Viera, M.; Bouloc, A.
Abstract:
Background Acne vulgaris is one of the main reasons for dermatological consultations. Severity and response to treatment may be impacted by various external factors or exposome. Aim To assess the impact of environmental factors on acne and to provide a comprehensive overview of the acne exposome. Methods Two consensus meetings of five European dermatologists and a comprehensive literature search on exposome factors triggering acne served as a basis for this review. Results Acne exposome was defined as the sum of all environmental factors influencing the occurrence, duration and severity of acne. Exposome factors impact on the response and the frequency of relapse to treatments by interacting with the skin barrier, sebaceous gland, innate immunity and cutaneous microbiota. They may be classified into the following six main categories: nutrition, psychological and lifestyle factors, occupational factors including cosmetics, as well as pollutants, medication and climatic factors. Moreover, practical considerations for the dermatologist's clinical practice are proposed. Conclusion Exposome factors including nutrition, medication, occupational factors, pollutants, climatic factors, and psychosocial and lifestyle factors may impact on the course and severity of acne and on treatment efficacy. Identifying and reducing the impact of exposome is important for an adequate acne disease management.
Published:
2018-05
Title:
Web-Based Recruitment and Survey Methodology to Maximize Response Rates from Followers of Popular Diets: the Adhering to Dietary Approaches for Personal Taste (ADAPT) Feasibility Survey
Authors:
Karlsen, Micaela C.; Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Economos, Christina D.; Folta, Sara C.; Rogers, Gail; Jacques, Paul F.; Livingston, Kara A.; Rancaño, Katherine M.; McKeown, Nicola M.
Abstract:
Background: Although there is interest in popular diets such as vegan and vegetarian, Paleo, and other "whole food" diets, existing cohort studies lack data for these subgroups. The use of electronic data capture and Web-based surveys in nutrition research may be valuable for future studies by allowing targeting of specific dietary subgroups. Objective: The aim was to perform a Feasibility Survey (FS) to assess the practicality of Web-based research methods to gather data and to maximize response rates among followers of popular diets. Methods: The FS was an open, voluntary, 15-min survey conducted over 8 wk in the summer of 2015. Recruitment targeted self-identified followers of popular diets from a convenience sample, offering no incentives, via social media and e-newsletters shared by recruitment partners. Feasibility was assessed by number of responses, survey completion rate, distribution of diets, geographic location, and willingness to participate in future research. Results: A total of 14,003 surveys were initiated; 13,787 individuals consented, and 9726 completed the survey (71% of consented). The numbers of unique visitors to the questionnaire site, view rate, and participation rate were not captured. Among respondents with complete demographic data, 83% were female and 93% were white. Diet designations were collapsed into the following groups: whole-food, plant-based (25%); vegan and raw vegan (19%); Paleo (14%); try to eat healthy (11%); vegetarian and pescatarian (9%); whole food (8%); Weston A Price (5%); and low-carbohydrate (low-carb) (4%). Forced-response, multiple-choice questions produced the highest response rates (0-2% selected "prefer not to answer"). The percentage who were willing to complete future online questionnaires was 86%, diet recall was 93%, and food diary was 75%; the percentages willing to provide a finger-stick blood sample, venipuncture blood sample, urine sample, and stool sample were 60%, 44%, 58%, and 42%, respectively. Conclusions: This survey suggests that recruiting followers of popular diets is feasible with the use of Web-based methods. The unbalanced sample with respect to sex and race/ethnicity could be corrected with specific recruitment strategies using targeted online marketing techniques.
Published:
2018-05
Title:
Web-Based Recruitment and Survey Methodology to Maximize Response Rates from Followers of Popular Diets: the Adhering to Dietary Approaches for Personal Taste (ADAPT) Feasibility Survey
Authors:
Karlsen, Micaela C.; Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Economos, Christina D.; Folta, Sara C.; Rogers, Gail; Jacques, Paul F.; Livingston, Kara A.; Rancaño, Katherine M.; McKeown, Nicola M.
Abstract:
Background: Although there is interest in popular diets such as vegan and vegetarian, Paleo, and other "whole food" diets, existing cohort studies lack data for these subgroups. The use of electronic data capture and Web-based surveys in nutrition research may be valuable for future studies by allowing targeting of specific dietary subgroups. Objective: The aim was to perform a Feasibility Survey (FS) to assess the practicality of Web-based research methods to gather data and to maximize response rates among followers of popular diets. Methods: The FS was an open, voluntary, 15-min survey conducted over 8 wk in the summer of 2015. Recruitment targeted self-identified followers of popular diets from a convenience sample, offering no incentives, via social media and e-newsletters shared by recruitment partners. Feasibility was assessed by number of responses, survey completion rate, distribution of diets, geographic location, and willingness to participate in future research. Results: A total of 14,003 surveys were initiated; 13,787 individuals consented, and 9726 completed the survey (71% of consented). The numbers of unique visitors to the questionnaire site, view rate, and participation rate were not captured. Among respondents with complete demographic data, 83% were female and 93% were white. Diet designations were collapsed into the following groups: whole-food, plant-based (25%); vegan and raw vegan (19%); Paleo (14%); try to eat healthy (11%); vegetarian and pescatarian (9%); whole food (8%); Weston A Price (5%); and low-carbohydrate (low-carb) (4%). Forced-response, multiple-choice questions produced the highest response rates (0-2% selected "prefer not to answer"). The percentage who were willing to complete future online questionnaires was 86%, diet recall was 93%, and food diary was 75%; the percentages willing to provide a finger-stick blood sample, venipuncture blood sample, urine sample, and stool sample were 60%, 44%, 58%, and 42%, respectively. Conclusions: This survey suggests that recruiting followers of popular diets is feasible with the use of Web-based methods. The unbalanced sample with respect to sex and race/ethnicity could be corrected with specific recruitment strategies using targeted online marketing techniques.
Published:
2018-05
Title:
A Comparison of Eating Attitudes Between Vegans/Vegetarians and Nonvegans/Nonvegetarians in Terms of Orthorexia Nervosa
Authors:
Çiçekoğlu, Pınar; Tunçay, Güzin Yasemin
Abstract:
This descriptive study was performed to compare signs of orthorexia nervosa and eating habits and attitudes of vegans/vegetarians and nonvegans/nonvegetarians. The study sample included 62 people, of whom 31 were vegan/vegetarian and 31 were nonvegan/nonvegetarian. Data were gathered with a personal characteristics form, Orthorexia Nervosa Evaluation Scale-11, Eating Attitudes Test-40 and Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory. There were not any significant differences between scores for Orthorexia Nervosa Evaluation Scale-11, Eating Attitudes Test-40 and Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (p>0,05). As scores for Orthorexia Nervosa Evaluation Scale-11 decreased, predisposition to orthorexia nervosa increased. Therefore, although correlation coefficients were negative, they were considered positive. There was a significant, negative relation between Eating Habits Test-40 scores and Orthorexia Nervosa Evaluation Scale-11 scores (r=-0.290, p=0.002) and between Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory scores and Orthorexia Nervosa Evaluation Scale-11 scores (r=-0.319, p=0.012). As poor eating habits and obsessive symptoms increased, so did orthorectic symptoms. In light of obtained results, it seems that people become vegan/vegetarian mainly for ethical reasons and that veganism/vegetarianism is not associated with obsession of healthy eating.
Published:
2018-04
Title:
Can Nutrition Lower the Risk of Recurrence in Breast Cancer?
Authors:
Weigl, Julia; Hauner, Hans; Hauner, Dagmar
Abstract:
Background: The impact of diet on breast cancer prognosis is poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted a literature search summarizing the current evidence on the effect of diet on breast cancer recurrence and mortality. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for original studies, reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2010 and 2017. Studies related to diet, dietary patterns, special diets or specific dietary factors, and breast cancer recurrence or mortality were included. Results: Adherence to high diet quality indices (relative risk (RR) 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60-0.90) and a prudent/healthy dietary pattern (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60-0.95) may have a beneficial effect on breast cancer prognosis, whereas a Western/unhealthy diet is associated with poorer overall mortality (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.17-1.77). For low-fat diets, the findings are inconsistent. A positive effect of the Mediterranean Diet was found for all-cause mortality, but no beneficial effect from other diets such as low-carbohydrate, ketogenic or vegetarian/vegan diets was observed. Alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk for breast cancer recurrence. No general recommendation for soy exists, but occasional intake seems to be acceptable, whereas the use of other supplements is not justified. Conclusion: Adherence to high-quality diets and a prudent/healthy dietary pattern seem to be beneficial for breast cancer prognosis. No clear evidence for a benefit from special diets, soy products, or other supplements was found.
Published:
2018-04
Title:
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors:
Cipriani, Andrea; Furukawa, Toshi A; Salanti, Georgia; Chaimani, Anna; Atkinson, Lauren Z; Ogawa, Yusuke; Leucht, Stefan; Ruhe, Henricus G; Turner, Erick H; Higgins, Julian P T; Egger, Matthias; Takeshima, Nozomi; Hayasaka, Yu; Imai, Hissei; Shinohara, Kiyomi; Tajika, Aran; Ioannidis, John P A; Geddes, John R
Abstract:
Background Major depressive disorder is one of the most common, burdensome, and costly psychiatric disorders worldwide in adults. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are available; however, because of inadequate resources, antidepressants are used more frequently than psychological interventions. Prescription of these agents should be informed by the best available evidence. Therefore, we aimed to update and expand our previous work to compare and rank antidepressants for the acute treatment of adults with unipolar major depressive disorder.
Published:
2018-04
Title:
Effectiveness and Safety of a Novel Care Model for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes at 1 Year: An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Controlled Study
Authors:
Hallberg, Sarah J.; McKenzie, Amy L.; Williams, Paul T.; Bhanpuri, Nasir H.; Peters, Anne L.; Campbell, Wayne W.; Hazbun, Tamara L.; Volk, Brittanie M.; McCarter, James P.; Phinney, Stephen D.; Volek, Jeff S.
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Carbohydrate restriction markedly improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) but necessitates prompt medication changes. Therefore, we assessed the effectiveness and safety of a novel care model providing continuous remote care with medication management based on biometric feedback combined with the metabolic approach of nutritional ketosis for T2D management. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, non-randomized, controlled, before-and-after 1-year study of this continuous care intervention (CCI) and usual care (UC). Primary outcomes were glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), weight, and medication use. Secondary outcomes included fasting serum glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR, blood lipids and lipoproteins, liver and kidney function markers, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). RESULTS: 349 adults with T2D enrolled: CCI: n = 262 [mean (SD); 54 (8) years, 116.5 (25.9) kg, 40.4 (8.8) kg m2, 92% obese, 88% prescribed T2D medication]; UC: n = 87 (52 (10) years, 105.6 (22.15) kg, 36.72 (7.26) kg m2, 82% obese, 87% prescribed T2D medication]. 218 participants (83%) remained enrolled in the CCI at 1 year. Intention-to-treat analysis of the CCI (mean ± SE) revealed HbA1c declined from 59.6 ± 1.0 to 45.2 ± 0.8 mmol mol-1 (7.6 ± 0.09% to 6.3 ± 0.07%, P < 1.0 × 10-16), weight declined 13.8 ± 0.71 kg (P < 1.0 × 10-16), and T2D medication prescription other than metformin declined from 56.9 ± 3.1% to 29.7 ± 3.0% (P < 1.0 × 10-16). Insulin therapy was reduced or eliminated in 94% of users; sulfonylureas were entirely eliminated in the CCI. No adverse events were attributed to the CCI. Additional CCI 1-year effects were HOMA-IR - 55% (P = 3.2 × 10-5), hsCRP - 39% (P < 1.0 × 10-16), triglycerides - 24% (P < 1.0 × 10-16), HDL-cholesterol + 18% (P
Published:
2018-04
Title:
Effectiveness and Safety of a Novel Care Model for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes at 1 Year: An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Controlled Study
Authors:
Hallberg, Sarah J.; McKenzie, Amy L.; Williams, Paul T.; Bhanpuri, Nasir H.; Peters, Anne L.; Campbell, Wayne W.; Hazbun, Tamara L.; Volk, Brittanie M.; McCarter, James P.; Phinney, Stephen D.; Volek, Jeff S.
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Carbohydrate restriction markedly improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) but necessitates prompt medication changes. Therefore, we assessed the effectiveness and safety of a novel care model providing continuous remote care with medication management based on biometric feedback combined with the metabolic approach of nutritional ketosis for T2D management. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, non-randomized, controlled, before-and-after 1-year study of this continuous care intervention (CCI) and usual care (UC). Primary outcomes were glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), weight, and medication use. Secondary outcomes included fasting serum glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR, blood lipids and lipoproteins, liver and kidney function markers, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). RESULTS: 349 adults with T2D enrolled: CCI: n = 262 [mean (SD); 54 (8) years, 116.5 (25.9) kg, 40.4 (8.8) kg m2, 92% obese, 88% prescribed T2D medication]; UC: n = 87 (52 (10) years, 105.6 (22.15) kg, 36.72 (7.26) kg m2, 82% obese, 87% prescribed T2D medication]. 218 participants (83%) remained enrolled in the CCI at 1 year. Intention-to-treat analysis of the CCI (mean ± SE) revealed HbA1c declined from 59.6 ± 1.0 to 45.2 ± 0.8 mmol mol-1 (7.6 ± 0.09% to 6.3 ± 0.07%, P < 1.0 × 10-16), weight declined 13.8 ± 0.71 kg (P < 1.0 × 10-16), and T2D medication prescription other than metformin declined from 56.9 ± 3.1% to 29.7 ± 3.0% (P < 1.0 × 10-16). Insulin therapy was reduced or eliminated in 94% of users; sulfonylureas were entirely eliminated in the CCI. No adverse events were attributed to the CCI. Additional CCI 1-year effects were HOMA-IR - 55% (P = 3.2 × 10-5), hsCRP - 39% (P < 1.0 × 10-16), triglycerides - 24% (P < 1.0 × 10-16), HDL-cholesterol + 18% (P
Published:
2018-04
Title:
How does dietary particle size affect carnivore gastrointestinal transit: A dog model
Authors:
De Cuyper, A.; Hesta, M.; Tibosch, S.; Wanke, C.; Clauss, M.; Janssens, G. P. J.
Abstract:
The effect of dietary particle size on gastrointestinal transit in carnivores has not been studied and might offer more insight into their digestive physiology. This study evaluated the effect of two dietary particle sizes (fine = 7.8 mm vs. coarse = 13 mm) of chunked day-old chicks on transit parameters in dogs. Six beagle dogs were fed both dietary treatments in a crossover design of 7 days with transit testing on the fifth day. Transit parameters were assessed using two markers, that is a wireless motility capsule (IntelliCap® ) and titanium oxide (TiO2 ). Dietary particle size did not affect gastric emptying time (GRT), small bowel transit time (SBTT), colonic transit time (CTT) and total transit time (aTTT) of the capsule (p > .05). There was no effect of dietary particle size on TiO2 mean retention time (MRT) (p > .05). The time of last TiO2 excretion (MaxRT) differed (p = .013) between diets, being later for the coarse diet. Both MRT (R = 0.617, p = .032) and MaxRT (R = 0.814; p = .001) were positively correlated to aTTT. The ratio MRT/aTTT tended towards a difference between diets (p = .059) with the coarse diet exceeding fine diet values. Results show that the difference between capsule measurements and TiO2 is larger for the fine than the coarse diet suggesting that the capsule becomes more accurate when dietary particle size approaches marker size. Dietary particle size might have affected transit parameters but differences are too small to claim major physiological consequences.
Published:
2018-04
Title:
Impact of sirtuin-1 expression on H3K56 acetylation and oxidative stress: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with resveratrol supplementation
Authors:
Bo, Simona; Togliatto, Gabriele; Gambino, Roberto; Ponzo, Valentina; Lombardo, Giusy; Rosato, Rosalba; Cassader, Maurizio; Brizzi, Maria Felice
Abstract:
AIMS: Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) down-regulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been associated with epigenetic markers of oxidative stress. We herein aim to evaluate whether an increase in SIRT-1 expression affects histone 3 acetylation at the 56 lysine residue (H3K56ac) in T2DM patients randomly selected to receive either resveratrol (40 mg or 500 mg) or a placebo for 6 months. The primary outcome is changes in the H3K56ac level by variation in SIRT-1 expression and the secondary outcome is the evidence of association between SIRT-1 level, antioxidant markers (TAS), and metabolic variables. METHODS AND RESULTS: At baseline, peripheral blood mononuclear cell H3K56ac values among the SIRT-1 tertiles did not differ. At trial end, SIRT-1 levels were significantly higher in patients receiving 500 mg resveratrol. At follow-up, patients were divided into tertiles of delta (trial end minus baseline) SIRT-1 value. Significant reductions in H3K56ac and body fat percentage were found in the highest tertile as were increased TAS levels. A multiple logistic regression model showed that the highest delta SIRT-1 tertile was inversely associated with variations in H3K56ac (OR = 0.66; 95% CI 0.44-0.99), TAS (OR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.00-1.02), and body fat percentage (OR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.58-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: We provide new knowledge on H3K56ac and SIRT-1 association in T2DM. These data suggest that boosting SIRT-1 expression/activation may impact redox homeostasis in these patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02244879.
Published:
2018-04
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